Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Taylor
A
- for multiculturalism
- people want recognition, not choice
- misrecognition is harmful because we internalize what others ascribe to us
- starting point: recognition
1
Q
Kymlicka
A
- for multiculturalism
- liberal ideology
- culture as a means to an end (independence and autonomy)
- we need culture to add meaning and guidance to our everyday choices in order to be free individuals
- starting point: freedom
2
Q
Pettit/Lovett
A
- for multiculturalism
- freedom from domination
- the state should protect cultures to reduce domination
- always always reduce domination, even if it means intervening in a culture (French secularism)
3
Q
Spinner-Halev
A
- for multiculturalism
- historical injustice, question legitimacy of the state
- the state should never intervene in a culture even if it is ignoring rights (marriage of Muslims)
4
Q
Waldron
A
- against multiculturalism
- cosmopolitan view of culture, people are not assigned to only one culture
- one person many fragments
- multiculturalism hinders growth and interaction
5
Q
Barry
A
- against multiculturalism
- universalist ideal of equity, everyone shares the same identity as a citizen
- multiculturalism reinforces differences and inequality (not everyone can lobby for attention in the same way)
6
Q
Okin
A
- against multiculturalism
- feminist critique
- oppression occurs within cultures in the private sphere, multiculturalism over-protects these cultures that oppress women
7
Q
Coulthard/Fanon
A
- against multiculturalism
- post-colonial critique
- against politics of recognition, which exists within the same game that the oppressors are playing
- the oppressor recognizing the oppressed implies there is still a superior group
- tear it all down
8
Q
14th Amendment 1868
A
- birthplace citizenship
- reconstruction amendments create new era for who is a citizen
- law shifting from states to federal government
- equal protection under the law; basis for affirmative action
9
Q
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
A
- first federal law that explicitly denied immigration based on ethnicity/origin
- implicated how we police the border
- market forces are stronger, Chinese workers come anyway
10
Q
1790 Naturalization Act
A
- very first federal law about citizenship
11
Q
1921 Immigration Act
A
ORIGIN QUOTAS
- strict national origin quotas
- restrict from east and south Europe, barred Asian immigration
- eugenics, anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic
- US very closed off now, especially during WWII (except from Mexico for labor purposes)
12
Q
1924 Johnson-Reed Act
A
ORIGIN QUOTAS
- restrict immigration from certain parts of Europe and Asia
13
Q
1965 Hart Cellar Act
A
- pivot from exclusion to opening up with exception from Western Hemisphere (Latinos)
- abolish national origin quotas
14
Q
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA, Reagan)
A
- amnesty failed badly
- impose penalty on employers, but they could avoid this
- market wins again
15
Q
1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA, Clinton)
A
- deportation on a 3 and 10 year basis
- responsibility on immigrants rather than employers
- expanded crimes that made immigrants eligible for deportation
16
Q
2001 Patriot Act
A
- Dept. Homeland Security post 9/11
- expand border enforcement
17
Q
2008 Secure Communities
A
- increase cooperation between local law enforcement and ICE
- showed that there is an economic cost for deportation, also affects US citizen’s employment
- funding for immigration control on steroids after this
18
Q
2005 HR 4437
A
- started partisan polarization
- made being undocumented a crime
- Tom Wong article
- start of legislative paralysis
19
Q
Fouka language study
A
BAN –> BACKLASH
- assimilationist law using a ban
- German language discrimination post WWI, Americanization movement
- fear of German culture, towns renamed
- states pass English only requirements in public schools
- in states that had a language ban: more likely to marry other Germans, give their children German names, and less likely to volunteer in WWII
- example of backfire effect
- those under the ban actually assimilate less
20
Q
California PROP 227 1998
A
BAN –> BACKLASH
- assimilationist law
- ban use of bilingual education
- those under the ban less likely to finish high school, less likely to be employed later in life, more likely to earn lower incomes later in life
- backfire as in they don’t assimilate in the way intended
21
Q
France 2000 Required Language Course
A
TRAINING –> INTEGRATION
- assimilationist, but NOT through banning
- people who didn’t score well on the placement test took the French course
- those who got the course were more likely to join the labor force vs. those who did not
- information effect (exchanges when attending class), navigational integration
22
Q
French headscarf ban, Foulard Affair (1989)
A
BAN –> BACKLASH
Abdelgadir & Fouka:
- girls affected stayed in secondary school longer, higher rates of drop outs
- either feel more French or identify more with parents’ origins
- did not free them from domination
- less likely to be employed, more likely to have children and live with parents
23
Q
DACA
A
BAN –> BACKLASH
- temporary protection from deportation for children whose mothers were born after 1981 cutoff
- those whose mothers were protected from deportation had fewer diagnoses of adjustment and anxiety disorder than children with mothers whose birthdates preceded the cutoff
24
The Mariel Boatlift of 1980 from Cuba
- assessing **economic** theory for **why we exclude**
- US welcomes those fleeing from communist regimes
- no effect on US workers' wages
25
Deportations Hurt the US Economy, Secure Communities Act (East et al. 2023)
- assessing economic theory for **why we exclude**
- secure communities act caused significant reduction in employment of non-citizens by about 400,000 which ALSO reduced employment of citizen men by about 600,000
- low and high skilled workers and complementary in production
26
labor market competition predictions (Europe)
- assessing economic theory for **why we exclude**
- relationship between one's education and their preferences toward immigrants from richer/poorer countries
- ACROSS THE BOARD, respondents with more education are more pro-immigration
- this goes against the economic competition theory
- in general, people are more anti low-skill immigration than high-skill
- overall: public opinion **does not follow economic threat logic**
27
social identity theory (self-esteem)
- assessing **cultural** reasons for **why we exclude**
- people strive for more positive self-esteem, in doing so they are motivated to evaluate their group positively and other groups negatively
28
teenage boy painting groups (self-esteem)
- boys awarded more points to boys in their own group
- gave their group fewer points if it meant they could maximize the difference between their teams
- we easily attach meaning to arbitrary groups which we belong to and identify with
29
The Netherlands Study 1 ("the fitting in experiment")
- assessing cultural vs economic threat theories
- different groups got different descriptions of immigrants in survey; 1) some highly education and suited for well-paying jobs, some not; 2) some speak Dutch and have a good chance of fitting in and some don't
1. economic descriptions: people are more pro-immigration for highly education people
2. cultural descriptions: people are more pro-immigration for those who would fit in
BUT, describing people as fitting in well is more important than economic/educated status
- **more pro-immigration when it's about fitting in culturally rather than economically**
30
The Netherlands Study 2 (priming)
- can flash politics change someone's opinion even if they didn't initially feel threatened?
**PRIMING CAN CHANGE OUR OPINION EVEN IF WE DIDN'T SEE THE THREAT IN THE FIRST PLACE**
1. national prime: Dutch nationality most important identity
2. personal prime: each human has a unique identity
- at the beginning of the survey both groups are asked if they agree that the Dutch culture is threatened by ethnic minorities
- opinions of those who were **most** afraid of change **didn't matter** whether they were more Dutch identified or not
- opinions of those **least** afraid of change tended to be more anti-immigration when asked to think of themselves as with the Dutch nation
31
flash potential
- immigration politics became very politicized; it can mobilize people to become anti-immigration even if they weren't feeling threatened to begin with
- salience matters! (media and politicians exacerbate this)
32
resume experiment in France
- assessing **cultural threat** theory
- Muslim vs. Christian resume + a third secular French resume
- firms prefer secular resume, but overwhelmingly deny Muslims more often than Catholics
33
Syrian refugee crisis US survey
- assessing **cultural threat** theory
- people prefer middle aged refugees, fluent in English, high-skilled, Christians over Muslims, women over men
- penalized for being Muslim
34
Enos study, Boston commuters
- assessing effect of **salience**
- Mexican immigrants made salient to Boston (white) commuters
- after 3 days, those exposed to Spanish speakers are more likely to give exclusionary answers about immigrants
- causal introduction of outsiders cause an exclusionary reaction WITHOUT meaningful interaction
35
Refugee Corridor in Austria 2015
- exposure + salience without meaningful interaction
- Austrians at the German border witness Syrians traveling to Germany
- situational trigger
- disproportionate increase in far-right voting at the border just after transit of refugees
36
situational trigger
- bringing something to the top of your mind
- causes you to feel threatened even if they didn't previously
37
Greece 2019
- situational trigger (brings to the top of your mind, become more exclusionary)
- exposure + salience without meaningful interaction
- high amounts of far-right voting in islands that received more Syrian refugees
38
Exclusion and salience: Venezuelans in Brazil
- anti-immigration leader voted in when refugees started coming
39
Exclusion and salience: Africa
- how close you are to a refugee camp
- those closer were more fearful, more likely to report crime
40
channel ordering experiment
- media amplifying **salience**
- channels with lower numbers are watched more
- fox news increases republican vote
- political bias of news channel itself shapes views
41
Politicized Places, immigration in the news (Hopkins 2010)
- media amplifying **salience**
- how often immigration in the news
- actual influx of immigrants doesn't effect people's views
- BUT influx of immigrants coupled with salient national rhetoric DOES affect people's views of immigration
- both must happen at once
42
politicizing Muslim symbols in Switzerland
- biased coverage, disproportionate reporting of crimes by Muslims
- consistent with voting
- not causal but consistent
- media matters
43
Swiss attitudes towards free movement of persons (Swiss border)
**elite narratives**
- compare Swiss attitudes on the border vs slightly away from the border
- anti-immigrant support in close to border municipalities
1. increase in CBWs led to anti-immigrant voting
2. employment patterns haven't changed with more CBWs
3. no effect of increase in CBWs on local wages
4. no effect of increase in CBWs in Swiss perceptions of an economic threat
5. no effect of more CBWs on Swiss perceptions of a cultural or crime threat
- so what explains far-right voting?
- elite narratives about far-right voting
44
social contact theory (Allport)
- meaningful interaction reduces prejudice and conflict
1. equal status
2. common goals
3. intergroup cooperation
4. institutional support
45
Military Conscription in Norway
- meaningful contact, **social contact theory**
- strict enforcement of rules, bootcamp, same uniform, common goals, no competition, equal rank and status
- measure trust with minority ethnicity
- those who spent time rooming with an ethnic minority were more trusting of their partner with an ethnic name than those who did not
- limited generalizability
46
Soccer League in Iraq
- meaningful contact
- compare Christian only teams vs mixed teams
- measure on the field outcomes vs off the field
- those on mixed teams were more likely to vote for Muslim as best newcomer, agreed to register for mixed team again, regularly trained with Muslims 6 months later
- HOWEVER, off the field outcomes were not the same, the effect did not last
47
test doctor on Facebook ad
- migrant **exceptionalism**
- draws more clicks when doctor described as refugee or immigrant than just described as a doctor
48
Mo Salah: parasocial contact hypothesis
- migrant **exceptionalism**
- white Liverpool fans identify with him through soccer
- when he scores he prays, exhibits very Muslim customs
- Muslim exclusion in Liverpool starts to go down after Mo Salah signed with Liverpool
- hate crimes went down, anti-Muslim tweets went down, attitudes improved towards Muslims
- HOWEVER, when players have a bad day fans get racist again
49
the Hortefeux effect
- migrant exceptionalism
flip side of parasocial contact hypothesis
- conservative French politician stating "you're not like the other Muslims"
- when there's one Muslim it's okay, when they come in groups it's a problem
- experiment: people become less generous in a big group of Muslims vs in a group with just one Muslim
50
August 2021 Afghans
- about 100,000 resettled in the US, operation allies
- increasing role of the public in aiding refugees
- however, public opinion has always **opposed taking in refugees**
- discrepancy between gov't initiatives and public opinion
51
empathy perspective taking experiment
- 3rd of sample got empathy treatment, 3rd got information treatment, 3rd was the control
- outcome measure: whether they'd be willing to express support for refugees in an anonymous forum
- empathy worked, information did not
- HOWEVER, the effect is short term, disappeared after a week
52
empathy mobilized
- moves people who already felt warmly to refugees
- does not change opinion of those who did not
53
empathy through gaming
- choose your own adventure game
- those who played game expressed less prejudice and less intention to vote far right
- effects last a month later, but a little less large
- questions about scalability
