Final Review Flashcards
Week 9
Genetic Diseases-Recessive
- both parents must have
-cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs Disease, Thalassemia
Genetic Diseases-Dominant
-Only one parent may have
-Huntington’s Disease, Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Xeroderma Pigmentation
Teratogens
-causes birth defects
-effects depend on; length of exposure, amount of exposure, and time during development
-drugs, viruses, chemicals, and infection
-Most vulnerable during organogenesis (Weeks 3-8 Embryonic-Embryo- Development)
Teratogenic Drugs; TERA-TOWAS
T-Thalidomide
E-Epileptics (Valproic Acid, Phenytoin)
R- Retinoid (Vitamin A)
A- Ace Inhibitors/ ARBS
T-Third Element (Lithium)
O-Oral Contraceptives
W-Warfarin (Coumadin)
A-Alcohol
S-Sulfonamides/ Sulfones
Teratogens- TORCH Infections
T- Toxoplasmosis
Parv-O- Virus B19 (fifth disease)
R- Rubella
C-Cytomegalovirus
H-Herpes Simplex Virus
Embryonic/ Fetal Development
*Weeks 3-8-organogenesis
-3-8, heart-beats at wk. 4
-3-38, CNS (brain/ spinal cord)
-4-8, Arms/ Legs
-4-38, eyes
-6-38, Teeth/ palate
-7-38, external genitals
-4-20 ears
Menstrual Cycle-Ovarian Cycle-egg development
*maturation of ova
1) Follicular (makes estrogen) Phase (1st day menstruation, last 12-14 days)-help from LH and FSH
2) Ovulatory Phase (Starts when estrogen levels peak-ends w/ release of oocyte (egg)-12-36 hrs. LH surges, estrogen drops, progesterone rises
3) Luteal Phase-Starts after ovulation, last about 14 days-corpus luteum breaks down/ progesterone production ends (if not pregnant), menstruation starts
Menstrual Cycle-Endometrial Cycle
*changes in the endometrium of the uterus in response to hormonal changes during the ovarian cycle
1) Proliferative phase- occurs following menstruation and ends with ovulation, estrogen thickens uterine lining
2) Secretory phase- begins after ovulation and ends with onset of menstruation, lining thickens even more due to progesterone, no pregnancy lining breaks down
3) Menstrual phase- sloughing off and expulsion of the endometrial tissue (period)
Conception-Fertilization
*sperm reaches egg (outer fallopian tube). Fertilized egg (zygote- 46-chromosones needed for life to form)
For Conception to occur three things must happen
1) Ovulation- egg released into the fallopian tube
2) Sperm must be able to travel all the way up to meet the egg
3) One sperm must be able to penetrate the egg
Ones an egg is fertilized…
It becomes a zygote (one cell-cleavage), which travels to the uterus rapidly dividing along the way. On third day becomes a 16 cell sphere (marula). Day 5-blastocyst entering the uterus.
The blastocyst has 2 main parts
1) embryoblast-becomes the embryo
2) trophoblast- assist w/ implantation (occurs day 5 or 6), becoming part of the placenta
Progesterone
*thicken the uterine lining, makes it rich with blood which supports the developing embryo
The trophoblast once implanted into the uterus is then called the chorion
*the chorion releases enzymes to secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall
Primary Germ layer-develop around day 14 (three)
1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Endoderm
Organogenesis- Ectoderm (outer layer)
*Outer surface -epidermal cells of skin
*CNS-neuron of brain
*Neural Crest- Pigment of cell (melanocyte)
Organogenesis-Mesoderm (middle layer)
-dermis, bones, cartilage, muscles, kidneys, adrenal cortex, bone marrow, blood, and lining of blood vessels
Organogenesis- Endoderm (Internal Layer)
-creates mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, respiratory tract, liver, gallbladder, thyroid gland, and pancreas
Fetal Development (Week 9 until birth)
*organ system continue to grow/ mature
Fetal Circulation- oxygen is provided through the placenta not the lungs
1) Ductus Venosus - connects umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.
2) ForamenOvale - opening between R and L atria, closes after birth-full closure can take up to 3 months-by pressure of blood from L. atrium
3) DuctusArteriosus- connects pulmonary artery with descending aorta, constricts (higher )2 levels/ prostaglandins)
Placenta Functions
Metabolic and gas exchange( oxygen and carbon dioxide), acts as liver/ lungs for the fetus, nutrients (glucose/ amino acids), electrolytes between mom/ fetus, removes fetal waste products, hormone production
The placenta produces several important hormones
1) Progesterone-helps w/ implantation/ reduces uterine contractions
2) Estrogen- promotes growth of breast/ uterus
3) HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)- maintains the corpus luteum, secretes hormones until the placenta takes over
4) Human placenta lactogen- supports fetal growth regulating glucose availability and stimulates breast development for lactation
Amniotic Sac (bag of waters)
*embryonic membranes; amnion (inner layer-from embryoblast), chorion (outer layer-from trophoblast)
*function- hold embryo/ amniotic fluids, maintains sterile environments
Amniotic Fluid-first trimester (amniotic membrane produces), second/ third trimester- produced by fetal kidneys)
*mostly water, contains proteins, carbs, lipids, electrolytes, and fetal cells, lanugo, vernix caseosa