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KNES 323 - Integrative Human Physiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the kidneys in the body?

A
  • Cleansing the blood
  • regulation of pH
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Regulating concentration of solutes
  • Helps determine the concentration of red blood cells
  • Vital step in vitamin D activation
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2
Q

What is another way to think of the kidneys other than a urine producer

A

As a regulator of plasma

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3
Q

How much of resting CO do the kidneys receive?

A

20-25%

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4
Q

Where does aldosterone come from?

A

Adrenal cortex

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5
Q

Where do catecholamines come from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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6
Q

What are the regions of the kidneys called?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla: renal columns and renal pyramids

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7
Q

What is a renal pyramid?

A

Bundles of collecting ducts that transports urine to the calyces for excretion

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8
Q

What do renal columns and pyramids make up?

A

Kidney lobes

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9
Q

What is the renal corpsicle made up of?

A

The glomerulus capillaries and the bowmans capsule

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10
Q

What is found in the renal cortex?

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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11
Q

What is a nephron know as if it has a short loop of henle?

A

Cortical nephron

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12
Q

What is a nephron know as if it has a long loop of henle that extends deep into the medulla?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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13
Q

What is the principal task of a nephron?

A

Balance the plasma and excrete toxins

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14
Q

What are the secondary functions of the nephron?

A

Produce renin, secrete EPO and help make calcitrol

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15
Q

What are the three layers over the glomerulus capillaries?

A

Inner: fenestration (pore) of glomerular endothelial cell
Mid: Basement membrane of glomerulus (prevents large proteins)
Outer: Slit membrane between pedicals (prevents medium sized particles)

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16
Q

What do fenestrations not allow through?

A

Prevents blood cells from passing through or large proteins
There is also a charge associated with the pores, so negatively charged proteins are repelled

17
Q

What substances does filtrate contain and not contain after going through the glomerulus?

A

Does not contain cells (RBC) or large proteins (albumin)
Does contain positively charged molecules and is therefore slightlty positively charged

18
Q

What lines the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

A brush border to create lots of surface area

19
Q

What is reabsorbed and secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Na+, Cl-, glucose

20
Q

What cells are in the thick portion of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

21
Q

What cells are in the thin portion of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

22
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular appartus contain and where is it located?

A

Located outside where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and exit the bowmans capsule
Contains the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

23
Q

What does the macula densa do based on how fast the fluid is flowing and the contration of Na+ inthe fluid?

A

It releases paracrine signals, consisting of ATP asnd adenosine

24
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular cell?

A

A lining in the afferent arteriole that reacts to adenosine

25
Q

What happens if the osmolarity in the solute is too high?

A

The juxtaglomerular cells contract to decrease GFR and decrease water loss

26
Q

What happens if the osmolarity in the solute is too low?

A

The juxtaglomerular cells relax to increase GFR and enhance water loss

27
Q

What is a second function of the macula densa?

A

Regulate renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells

28
Q

How many terminal ducts do the collecting ducts form

A

30

29
Q

What are the collecting ducts lined with and what do they have receptors for?

A

Lined with simple squamous epithelium and has receptors for ADH

30
Q

What will happen when receptors in the collecting duct are stimulated?

A

Cells will insert aquaporin channel and allow water to readily pass and then get recovered by the vasa recta

31
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

The volume formed by both kidneys per minute

32
Q

How many litres of urine is produced in a day?

A

Only 1-2 litres

33
Q

How many litres of filtrate is produced in men and women?

A

180 litres/day for men
150 litres/day women

34
Q

What are the two pressure that influence glomerular filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

35
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure produced by a fluid against a surface, net fluid movement will be to the area of lower pressure

36
Q

Glomerular filtration occurs when…

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure exceeds the capsular (luminal) hydrostatic pressure of the bowman’s capsule

37
Q
A

KNES 323 - Integrative Human Physiology (2 decks)

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