Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is a drug?
A
Any substance that is has the effect of altering bodily functions
2
Q
What are routes of administering drugs (absorption)?
A
Oral, sulingual/buccal, inhaled, topical (eyes, ears, nose, skin), vaginal, rectal, transdermal, injection (IV, IM, SC, IA)
3
Q
What are drug factors of absorption?
A
Formulation, solubility, particle size, pH and drug ionization
4
Q
What are host factors of absorption?
A
Motility of the gut, food in the stomach, vomiting/diarrhea, circulation to the site of adminsitration, surface area at the site of administration and degree of first-pass metabolism
5
Q
What are the steps of the first pass effect?
A
1.Drug is taken orally
2.Drug enters GI tract
3.Active drug absorbed from stomach and SI
4.High blood concentration of drug is in hepatic protal vein
5.Low blood levels after passing through liver
6
Q
What is the first pass effect?
A
A fraction of the dose administered that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged state
7
Q
Where are drugs distributed from?
A
Plasma, interstitial fluids, inracellular fluids, transcellular fluids (CSF, peritoneal, pleural) and fat
8
Q
What organs do drugs affect first?
A
The brain
9
Q
What factors affect distribution?
A
Mechanical (blood flow, barriers)
Biochemical (lipid solubility, binding to plasma proteins, accumulation in tissues, pH)
10
Q
What is phase I of the metabolism of a drug?
A
Conversion to a polar metabolite (oxidaiton, reduction, hydrolysis)
11
Q
What is phase II of the metabolism of a drug?
A
Coupling of drug with an endogenous substance
12
Q
What factors affect metabolism?
A
Genetic, environmental, physiological (age, liver disease, renal disease, nutrition, alcohol, smoking)
13
Q
Where are drugs eliminated from?
A
Kidneys, GI tract, exhalation, saliva
14
Q
What are pharmodynamics?
A
Physilogical effects of drug on the
body
15
Q
What is the lower limit?
A
Concentration that produces half the greatest possible effect
16
Q
What is the upper limit?
A
No more than 5-10% of patients experience a harmful side effect
17
Q
Where does the most alcohol get absorbed?
A
70-80% in the duodenum and jejunum
18
Q
What are the effects to tylenol?
A
Analgesic and anti-pyretic
19
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen?
A
- High absorption in the small intestine
- Metabolism in the liver
- Time to peak, 10-60 minutes
- half life, 2-3 hours
20
Q
What are the effects of NSAIDs?
A
Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-platelet and analgesic
21
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs?
A
- Absorbed rapidly by the stomach and upper small intestine
- Time to peak, 1-2 hours
- metabolized in liver
22
Q
What are teh side effcets of NSAIDs?
A
stomach - nausea, apin gastritis
Kidneys - hypertension, fluid retention, renal failure
platelets - dysfunction
vessels - vasocontriction
tinnitus
23
Q
What do NSAIDs do to injury?
A
- Inhibit protein sysnthesis and muscle repair/regeneration
- Inhibit of tenocyte proliferation and collagen formation
- Impairs bone healing??
24
Q
What are some topical NSAIDs?
A
Diclofenac, indomethacin, and ketoprofen
25
What are the two types of steroids in sport?
Anabolic and glucocorticoids/corticosteroids/cortisone
26
What do glucocorticoids do in the body?
Reduces pain and inflammation
Inhibits collagen synthesis
Toxic to chrondrocytes
27
What are cortisone injections used for?
Bursitis, tenosynovitis, osteoarthritis
Infection, prosthetic joint, fracture
28
What are the medical uses of opiods?
Pain relief (acute, chronic)
Sedation
Anesthesia
Cough
Diarrhea
Dyspnea
29
What are the side effects of opioids?
Nausea, dizziness, constipation, sedation, confusion
High risk of dependancy
30
What are the pharmacokinetics of cannaboids?
Oral absportion is slow,
distributed into fatty tissues,
excreted in feces
31
What are cannaboids used for?
Chemotherapy-induced N/V, spasticity, neuropathic/cancer pain, seizures and wasting syndromes
32
What are the side effects of cannaboids?
Acute: sedation, dizziness, sensory distubance, hallucination, euphoria, dsyphoria, etc.
Chronic: anxiety, depression, psychosis/schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, lung disease
33
What event led to the Dublin Inquiry?
Ben Johnson tested positive for Stanozol in the 1988 Seoul summer Olympics
34
What is WADA?
World Anti-Doping Agency
35
What is the CCES?
The Candian Centre for Ethics in Sport
36
How many international standards are there?
8
37
How many non mandatory guidelines are there?
12
38
What are WADA anti-doping violations?
- The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers
- Use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method
- Evading, refusing or failing to submit a sample for collection\
- Whereabouts failures
- Tampering or attempted tampering with any part of doping control
- Possession of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method
- Trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method
- Complicity
- Prohibited association
39
Who gets tested?
- Athletes who compete nationally and internationally
- Athletes competing in sports with higher doping risk
- University level athletes
- Within 18 months of retiring
- In-competition
- Out-of-competition
- Unannounced at anytime, anywhere
- Targeted
40
What is tested?
Urine and venous blood
41
What is a TUE?
Therapudic Use Exemption
42
What is a TUE?
Authorizes an athlete to use a prohibited medication (i.e. insulin, diuretic for high blood pressure, stimulant for ADHD)
43
What are iron containing proteins?
Ferritin, transferrin, hemoglobin and myoglobin
44
What is ferratin?
An iron-storage protein found in liver, bone marrow and spleen
45
What is transferrin?
Iron-binding protein produced in liver, brain and testes
46
What is hemoglobin?
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells
47
What is myoglobin?
An iron-containing protein in the muscles
48
What are iron stores in males and females?
Males: 55mg / kg
Females: 45mg / kg
49
What are the three stages of iron deficiency?
1. Pre-latent iron deficiency
2. Latent iron deficiency
3. Anemia
50
What are the characteristics of pre-latent iron deficiency (iron storage depletion)?
Iron stores are now depleted, low serem ferratin, increased transferrin saturation and normal Hb
51
What are the characteristics of latent iron deficiency (iron deficiency erythropoiesis)?
Erythropoiesis is impaired, iron supply to cells is reduced, low serum ferratin and normal Hb
52
What are the characteristics of anemia (iron deficiency anemia)?
Hb synthesis falls, low serum ferratin and low Hb
53
Who are at risk athletes for anemia?
- Female athletes
- Endurance athletes
- Low energy availability / REDs
- Athletes with disordered eating
- Vegan and vegatarian diet
- Medical conditions
54
What are exercise-induced mechanisms in iron loss?
Hemolysis, hematuria, sweating, gastrointestinal bleeding, and injuries
55
What are some signs and symptoms of iron deficiency?
- **Fatigue**
- **Poor athletic performance**
- Weakness
- Pale skin
- Light-headedness
- Cold hands and feet
- Fast heartbeat
- Shortness of breath
- Headache
- Mood swings
56
How often can athletes be screened for iron deficiency?
Annually, biannually, quarterly
57
What are the treatments for iron deficiency?
Iron supplements - side effects associated with the use of supplements
Iron rich diet - inclusion of iron rich products into the daily diet
Intravenous iron - for those who cannot tolerate or does not respond to oral iron
58
What are some iron rich foods?
Lean meats, beans, lentils, nuts, green leafy vegetables, etc.
59
What is a virus infection?
>200 viruses
Can effect many areas of the body including skin, reproductive, respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system
Vaccinations to protect against certain viruses
Usually goes away on its own, can take antivirals
60
What is a bacterial infection?
<100 can infect humans
Can infect any area of the body
Vaccinations protect against certain bacterial infections
Usually will go away on its own, can use antibiotics
61
What is a fungal infection?
A few hundred can infect humans
No vaccines
Can take antifungals to treat
Effects skin, nails, lungs, organs
62
What is a parasite infection?
3 types - protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites
Vaccines for animals and one vaccine for malaria
Take antiparasitics
63
What are routes of transmission?
- Direct contact
- indirect contact
- droplet
- airborne
- vehicle
- vector-borne
- bloodborne
- mother-to-child
64
What is the shape of the relationship between exercise and rate of infection?
A J shaped curve
Sedentary = increased rate of infection
Moderate = lower rate of infection
High = very high rate of infection
65
What is an upper respiratory infection (URTI)?
Viral infection caused by rhinovirus, can be spread through direct or indirect contact and/or droplets
66
What are the signs, symptoms and treatment of URTI?
Signs/symptoms = runny nose, sore throat, fatigue, low grade fever and cough
Treatment = fluids, pain control and rest
67
What is the neck check?
Symptoms above the neck (eg. nasal congestion) = can play, but proceed cautiously
Symptoms below the neck (eg. diarrhea) = stop activity, rest!
68
What is infectious mononucleosis (mono)?
Viral illness of the lymphoreticular sysytem (Epstein-Barr virus)
30-50 day incubation period
69
What are the signs, symptoms and treatment of mono?
Signs/symptoms = fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and headache
Treatment = Rest, eat healthy, fluids, tylenol and advil, NO antivirals
70
What are the complications of mono?
Spleen enlargement and subsequenly spleen rupture
71
What is influenza?
Not the common cold, highly contagious by small droplets
Influenza A or B virus
72
What are the symptoms and complications of influenza?
Symptoms = fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat
Complications = dehydration, pneumonia, bronchitis, myositis, death
73
What is the treatment for influenza?
Supportive care, maintain hydration, tylenol/NSAIDs, antiviral, isolate athlete for 5 days
74
What is the prevention for respiratory infections?
Vaccinations
* Avoid contacts with infected people and
contagious objects (keep distance)
* Wash hands
* Cough & sneeze into sleeve
* Avoid touching face
* Isolate a team member with symptoms
* Wear a face mask
* Don’t share water bottles or sport equipment
* Avoid getting wet and cold after exercise
* Heat and moisture exchanging mask at
temperatures below -15°C (e.g., Cross-country
skiing)
* Good recovery routines
75
What is a UTI?
Usually bacterial (E.coli)
76
What are the signs/symptoms, treatment and prevention for a UTI?
Symptoms = Frequent urge to urinate, burning sensation during urination, pelvic pain, hematuria
Treatment = antibiotics, pain relief, increased fluid intake
prevention = stay hydrated, hygiene, wear loose/breathable clothing
77
What is otitis external?
Usually bacterial
78
What are the signs/symptoms, treatment and prevention for otitis external?
Symptoms = itching, redness, pain, hearing loss
Treatment = antibiotic/steroid combination drops, NSAIDs
Prevention = keep ears dry, dont damage the skin
79
What is cellulitis?
Acute spreading infection of dermal and subcutaneous tissues, occurs via bacterial invasion into damaged skin tissue
80
What are the signs/symptoms and treatment of cellulitis?
Symptoms = pain, redness, swelling, warm tense skin with or without fever
Treatment = Skin hygiene and antibiotics
81
What is impetigo?
Superficial skin infection, casued by direct skin to skin contact
82
What are the signs/symptoms and treatments of impetigo?
Symptoms = stage 1 - tender red papules, stage 2 - non-tender vesicles with surrounding redness, stage 3 - honey coloured crust
Treatment = skin hygiene, antibiotics
83
What is Herpes Simplex?
Spread on skin-to-skin contact, highly contagious
84
What are the signs/symptoms and treatment for herpes simplex?
Symptoms = Mild like flu symptoms, burn/tingle, lesions, re-activation
Treatment = Pain relief, keep dry, oral antivirals
85
What is tinea?
A fungal skin infection, highly contagious, heat and moisture help it grow
86
What is tinea pedis?
A superficial skin infection of the feet, itching, scratching, vesicles, treat with topical or oral antifungals
87
What are the lower respiratory infections?
Bronchitis, pertussis and pneumonia
88
What is bronchitis and what are the symptoms?
An inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, can be viral or bacterial
Symptoms = Nasal throat congestion, sore throat, mild cough, but cough increases after 10 days, then fatigue, fever, shortness of breath ensues
89
What is the diagnosis and treatment for bronchitis?
Diagnosis = Auscultation (wheezing), slight fever or may be afebrile
Treatment = Suspension of training, adequate hydration, cough supressant, asthma inhaler, usually resolved without antibiotics and antivirals
90
What is pertussis (whooping cough)?
A highly contagious, acute respiratory illness characterized by severe spasmodic coughing episodes
A bacterial infection, transmitted by droplets
91
What are the signs/symptoms for pertussis?
Symptoms = stage 1 - runny nose, low grade fever, mild occasional cough, highly contagious, stage 2 - fits of numerous rapid coughs followed by a whoop sound, vomiting and exhaustion and stage 3 - coughing lessens, but fits might continue
92
What are the complications and treatment for pertussis?
Complications = pneumonia
Treatment = Antibiotics and supportive care
93
What is pneumonia?
Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, fills sacs fluid or pus
Bacterial, viral, or fungal
94
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Persistant cough, fever, chills, night sweats, shortness of breath, chest pain, cyanosis, headache, muscle ache, fatigue, confusion
95
What is the diagnosis and treatment for pneumonia?
Diagnosis = physical examination, **x-ray**, laboratory tests
Treatment = antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals, supporitve care, rest, fluids, pain management, cough supressant, oxygen therapy
96
What is a pneumothorax?
Air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall causing the lung to collapse
Can be caused by trauma, can be spontaneous or from damage from an underlying disease
97
What are the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for a pneumothorax?
Symptoms = sudden chest pain, shortness of breath
Diagnosis = physical exam, chest x-ray, CT scan
Treatment = Small, conservative treatment with weekly x-rays, larger, chest tube in the lung for re-expansion
98
What is asthma?
Reversible airway disease characterized by airway narrowing and inflammation due to mucous production
99
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing when expiring, coughing, chest tightness with exercise
100
How is asthma diagnosed?
Pulmonary function tests (spiromentry, diffusing capacity, bronchodilator and exercise testing), medical exam, physical exam and allergy tests
101
What is short term treatment for asthma?
Short acting beta agonists (inhaled), ipratropium, oral and intravenous corticosteroids
102
What is exercised induced asthma (EIA)?
Describes patients who have underlying asthma, and exercise is a trigger that exacerbates their asthma
103
What is exercise induced broncospasm (EIB)?
Describes patients who do not have a history of asthma and who have bronchospasm associated with exercise
104
What is treatment in EIB?
- Short-acting beta agonists are sued ot treat EIB, but long-acting beta agonsist have also been shown to help
- Warming and humidifying the air
- Avoiding exposure to cold and pollutants
105
What is premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
An early beat, p wave changes, QRS complex usually normal
Palpitations
Can be caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, fatigue, underlying heart conditions
106
What is the diagnosis and treatment for PAC?
Diagnosis = EKG
Treatment = lifestyle modifications, medications if frequent and symptomatic
107
What is athletes heart?
Normal structural and functional changes that occur with routine athletic training
Volume and pressure loads in the LV increase, therefore increased LV muscle mass, wall thickness and chamber size
108
What are the signs of athletes heart?
Physical exam may reveal bradycardia, systolic murmur and extra heart sounds
ECG/EKG
Ecocardiogram
109
What is sudden cardiac death?
Commonly death is the first indication of a problem
Most often caused by underlying condition
Causes - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, commotio cordis and myocarditis
110
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Genetic condition, LV hypertrophy which can lead to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and SCD
111
What is the treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Beta blockers
- Blood thinners
- Surgery
- Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
112
What is commotio cordis?
Blunt chest trauma over heart, leads to sudden cardic arrest
113
What is myocarditis?
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Usually caused by a viral infection
114
What are the symptoms of myocarditis?
Chest pain, fatigue, shortness og breath, can effect hearts electrical system, increased risk of blood clots
115
What is the diagnosis and treatment for myocarditis?
Diagnosis = EKG, echo, blood tests, cardiac MRI
Treatment = Prolonged period of rest, medication for arrhythmias
116
What is Marfan syndrome?
A genetic disorder that effects connective tissues
117
What are the signs of Marfan syndrome?
- Tall and slender build
- long, arms, legs and fingers
- long narrow face
- high arched neck and crowded teeth
- sternum caves in or out
- flexible joints
- curved spine
- high pressure in the eye
- cysytic changes in the lungs
- abnormal heart sounds
118
What are the complications of Marfan syndrome?
Increased risk for cardic problems and increased risk for pulmonary conditions
119
What is traveller's diarrhea?
Digestive tract disorder caused usually by escherichia coli (bacterial infection), but can be caused by slamonella, shigella, giardia
120
What are the symptoms and treatment for traveller's diarrhea?
Symptoms = malaise, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever
Treatment = **Stay hydrated!!** and** rest**, antibiotics if severe
121
What is prevention for traveller's diarrhea?
- Watch what you eat and drink
- Don't swim in potentially contaminated water
- Keep your mouth closed while showering
- Use bottled water to brush your teeth
- Dukoral (vaccine)
122
What is Hepatitis and what are the symptoms?
Inflammation of teh liver, most often casued by a virus
Symptoms = fever, fatigue, joint and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, loss of appetite
123
What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins
Can be casued by anything that prevents blood from circulating normally
124
What are the signs and symptoms of DVT?
Swelling, pain, red or bluish skin, feeling of warmth in the affected leg, can also be unnoticable!
125
What is the diagnosis for DVT?
History, physcial exam, ultrasound, venography, magnetic resonance venography (MRV), blood test (d dimer)
126
What is the treatment for DVT?
Blood thinners, clot busters, filters, compressions
127
What is a pulmonary embolism and what are the symptoms?
Severe life threating complication of DVT
Symptoms = sudden shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort, feeling lightheaded, dizziness, fainting, rapid pulse, coughing up blood, low blood pressure, sweating, fever, leg pain/swelling
128
What is the diagnosis and treatment of PE?
Diagnosis = history and physical, blood tests, chest x-ray, CT scan, MRI, US, pulmonary angiography
Treatment = Blood thinners for at least 3 months, clot busters, filters, surgery
129
How do you prevent a PE?
Avoid long periods of staying still, stay hydrated, wear loose fitting clothing when you travel, stay active
130
What is acute mountain sickness (AMS)?
Barometric pressure is lower than at sea level, reducing the availibilty of oxygen and necessitating physiological adjustments
131
How can you prevent AMS?
Avoid rapid ascent, acclimatize properly, take rest days and monitor symptoms
132
What is Jet lag vs. Travel fatigue
Jetlag - physiological changes when the body shifts into a new time zone (episodic)
Travel fatigue - Physiologic, psychologic and environmental effects of accumulated travel over a season (chronic and cumulative)
133
What is part of the pre-flight traval management program?
Get enough sleep, reduce training volume and intensity, adjust training to destination time
134
What is part of the in-flight traval management program?
Adjust watch to destination time and eat and sleep on destination schedule, create confortable environment, keep well hydrated, minimal use of electronics, short acting sedatives
135
What is part of the post-flight traval management program?
Move to 'new' time, reduce volume, intensity and frequency of training during the first few days, fatigue countermeasures, light exposure, melatonin, napping, caffeine
136
What does the SEM team do before travel?
Traval destination accomidation, traval insurance, vaccinations, EAP, fitness to traval assessment, nutrition and hydration plan, mitigate jetlag, injury and illness prevention
137
What does the SEM team do during travel?
Medical travel bag, compression stockings, ear plugs, eye masks, exercise, nutrition and hydration plan
138
What does the SEM team do on arrival?
Establish medical room, specify treatment hours, contact information, local EAP
139
What does the SEM team do on the journey home?
Medical travel bag, compression stockings, ear plugs, eye masks, exercise, nutrition and hydration plan, injuries and illness and medical staff meeting
140
What is the female athlete triad?
Three componants: energy availability, mentrual function, bone health
141
What is REDs?
Impaired physiological and/or psychological functioning that is caused by exposure to problematic LEA
142
What does the acronym RED mean?
Relative Energy Deficiency
143
What does the acronym LEA mean?
Low Energy Availability
144
What is LEA?
Mismatch between energy intake (diet) and the energy expended in exercise (disordered eating)
145
What is disordered eating (DE)?
Part of the continum of eating behaviour
146
What is an eating disorder (ED)?
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating
147
What are all the menstral disorders?
Eumenorrhea (normal), primary amenorrhea (absence by age 15), secondary amenorrhea (absence of 3 or more consecutuve cycles), ogliomenorrhea (cycle length longer than 35 days), functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (type of secondary amenorrhea cause by LEA)
148
What are the key points from body composition?
1. Causes: coaches can exert subtle pressures for ideal body image (lean sports), coaches lack communication
2. Tools: skinfold, B-mode ultrasound, DXA, adapt to athletes needs
3. Guidelines, ethics, confidentiality: 18+ except for medical use, pre-screening, dietary interventions and training for testing
149
What are the key points from IOC REDs clinical?
3 step process:
1. population specific questionnaire
2. indicators and implementing measures based on severity
3. expert disagnosis and multidisciplinary team
4 colour traffic light
1. green - full participation
2. yellow - monitoring
3. orange - medical intervention, minimal training
4. red - removal from sport, full medical support
150
What are the key points from prevention and treatment?
Primary prevention: education on REDs (causes, symptoms), nutrition, disordered eating
Secondary prevention: Early identification of REDs (screening, interviews and bio-marker tests)
Tertiary prevention: Restoration of optimal energy availability (increase food intake, and decrease training load), estrogen and progesterone to treat hormonal issues, treat dysfunstions of any organs that were damaged, team based approach with SEM team and family to provide support
151
How much sleep do we need?
Young adults 7-9 hours, athletes more!
152
What does sleep do for your health?
Optimized hormones, decrease in cortisol and more testosterone
Body compostiton and nutrition, decrease in fat mass and increase in lean mass, increase in kcals consumed
153
What does sleep do for your performance?
Less likely to get injured, reduced risk of concussions, better ahtletic performance
154
What are stratagies to improve sleep?
1. Educate and emphasize
2. Screen
2. Individualized plan
3. Be wary of wearable data
4. Bank sleep
5. Good sleep environment
6. Pre-sleep routine
7. Nap
8. Prepare for travel
155
What are thermoregulation mechnisms for warming up?
Vasoconstriction and thermogenesis
156
What are thermoregulation mechnisms for cooling dowm?
Vasodilation and sweating
157
What are the mechanisms for heat loss?
1. Radiation
2. Convection
3. Conduction
4. Evaporation
158
What is heat edema?
Normal core temp, but peripheral vasodilation to produce heat loss leads to pooling of fluid in the distal body parts
159
What is the treatment for heat edema?
Elevation of hand and feet, compressive stockings, hydration and salt intake, no diuretics
160
What is heat rash?
Sweating saturates the skin and clogs sweat glands, results in leakage of sweat into the epidermis or dermis, normal core body temp
161
What is the treatment for heat rash?
Cool the skin and prevent sweating, loose and light clothing, shower in cool water - let your skin air dry, mild anti-inflammatory lotion
162
What is heat syncope?
Occurs with orthostatic hypotension resulting from peripheral vasodilation and venous pooling, low blood pressure and fainting, normal core body temp
163
What is the treatment for heat syncope?
Supine position, elevate legs, hydration, check injuries, evaluation of teh cardiovascular and central nervous systems for serious causes of syncope
164
What are heat cramps?
Normal or elevated core temp, maybe electrolyte depletion, sodium loss
165
Where and when do heat cramps occur?
When: prolonged exercise, >2hrs
Where: thigh, calf, abdominals, back and shoulders
166
What is the treatment for heat cramps?
Removal from activity, hydration, light stretching or massage, cooling with ice
167
What is heat exhaustion and what are the symptoms?
Elevated core temp 37-40 degrees celcius
Symptoms: malasie, fatigue, dizziness, vomiting, weakness, cold and clammy skin, normal mental and neurologic status
168
What is the treatment for heat exhastion?
Removal from heat, supine position and elevate legs, cool the body, hydration with cool fluids, **monitor core temp**
169
What is heat stroke and what are the symptoms?
Elevated core temp of 40 degrees or more
Symptoms: Central nervous system disturbance, irritability, ataxia, confusion, coma, seizures
Two types:
- Classic, environmental
- Exertional, intrinsic
170
What is the treatment for heat stroke?
ABC assessment
**Reduce heat as quickly as possible**
Goal is to lower body temp to less than 38.9
Monitor core body temp
Call for medical assistnace
171
What are complications of heat stroke?
Seizure, hypotension, arrythmias, damage to vital organs, rhabdomyolysis
172
How can you prevent heat illnesses?
- education
- screening
- monitor those at risk
- no exercising when sick
- RTS after febrile illness
- check weather conditions
- schedule outdoor activities
- wear sunscreen
- sleep, diet and hydration
- EAP
- ensure acclimatization
173
What is the acclimatization guideline?
Minimum of 1 week, and an optimum of 2 weeks of acclimatization before competing in a hotter and more humid environment
174
What is hypothermia?
Develops when heat losses exceed heat production, core body temp <35 degrees celcius
175
What are the sugns and symptoms of hypothermia?
Mild - feeling cold, shivering, incoordination, apathy
Moderate - loss of shivering, confusion or sleepiness, slurred speech, decreased physiologic functioning, changes in behaviour or appreance may occur
Severe - major metabolic and physiologic abnormalities, asystole
176
What is the treatment for hypothermia?
- Passive core rewarming
- Move to a warm and dry place
- Remove wet clothing
- Cover with dry blankets
- Warm fluids
- Apply heat to trunk, axilla, and groin
- Don't apply heat to extremities
- Monitor closely
177
What is frostbite and whta are the three stages?
Freezing of the body tissues
1. Frostnip (superfical skin)
2. Mild frostbite (freezing of the skin and subcutaneous tissue)
3. Severe frostbite (freezing of the tissues below the skin and adjacent tissues)
178
How can you tell it's superficial frostbite?
involves dermis and or shallow subcutaneous tissue, skin is red or white, cold, painful, blistering
179
How can you tell it's deep frostbite?
Involves subdermal tissue, skin is white/gray, hard, insensitive, becomes black, loss of tissue
180
What is the treatment for frostbite?
Rewarming with warm water immersion, pain medication, antibiotics, important to check other injuries and conditions
181
What is prevention for cold injuries?
- Screening
- Education
- Hydration and nutrition
- Monitor environmental conditions
- proper clothing
- Training/competition environment
- EAP
182
What is the definition of a concussion?
A traumatic brain injury casued by a direct or indirect blow resulting in an impulsive force being transmitted to the brain that occurs in sports and exercise-related activites
183
What are the prevetion recommendations for concussions?
- Mouthguards in child and adolescent ice hockey
- Policy to disallow bodychecking in child and most levels of adolescent ice hockey
- Contact practice limitations in Americain football
- Neuromuscular training warm-up
- Concussion management strategy policies to reduce recurrent concussion rates
184
What are the symptoms of a concussion?
- Headache
- pressure in head
- balance problems
- nausea or vomiting
- drowsiness
- dizziness
- blurred vision
- more sensitive to light and/or noise
- fatigue or low energy
- neck pain
- 'don't feel right'
185
What is the CRT6 for?
Concussion Recognition Tool, used by anyone to identify a potential concussion
186
What is the SCAT6 and who is it used by?
Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, used by healthcare professionals
187
What is the SCOAT6?
Sport Concussion Office Assesment Tool, used by healthcare professionals
188
What are the rest recommendations for the first 24-48 hrs?
Light physical and cognitive activity
Limit screen time
Aerobic exercise as a treatment
