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Oceanography > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Net primary production

A

Gain of organic matter through phytoplankton production minus phytoplankton respiration

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2
Q

Seasonal plankton succession in temperate latitudes

A
  • light limited in winter
  • nutrient limited in summer
    (fall + may are best)
    ^fall storms increase nutrient availability
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3
Q

Plankton

A

drifting organisms MOVED ALONG BY CURRENTS, central to all marine ecosystems

*some plankton are capable of vertical migrations

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4
Q

Nekton

A

organisms that can swim against currents, they are typically larger than plankton + multicellular
Ex. tuna, whales, big fish

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5
Q

Benthos

A

organisms that live on, in, or attached to sea floor
ex. crabs, starfish

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6
Q

Where does 50% of the 02 we breathe come from?

A

the ocean

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7
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • thrives in stratified, low nutrient waters
  • only bacteria under the phytoplankton : chlorophyll is organized in membranes, not chloroplasts
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8
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A
  • carbon
  • macronutrients - phosphate + nitrate
  • micronutrients - iron, zinc, manganese
  • silicate (diatoms)
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9
Q

diatoms

A
  • centric (mostly planktic_ + pennate (mostly benthic) forms, some species form chains
  • frustule is primarily composed of SILICA
    -prefers high nutrient waters: most abundant in temperate to high latitudes
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10
Q

Meroplankton

A

organisms that are only planktic for part of their live (larvae stage) and then graduate to either nekton or a benthic existence (larvae of sea urchins, starfish, crabs)

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11
Q

Phytoplankton blooms occur when

A

phytoplankton growth conditions are favorable (abundant nutrients + sunlight)

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12
Q

what is an example of a region with high primary productivity?

A

the western coast continents
^bc of coastal upwelling
- this brings a lot of nutrients

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13
Q

Nutrients + light =

A

high productivity

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14
Q

photosynthesis zones

A

photic zone is the region with sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur
- nutrients are more abundant deeper in water where its dark, but few algae can photosynthesize + respiration dominates

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15
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • cellulose cell walls, armored + unarmored species
  • some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
  • calm stratified waters, low nutrient environments
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16
Q

photic zone

A

upper level of water (phytoplankton + zooplankton)

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17
Q

aphotic zone

A

lower level of water, twilight + no light

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18
Q

eutrophic

A
  • high nutrient concentrations
  • high primary production
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19
Q

oligotrophic

A

regions with low concentrations of essential nutrients
- many small, competing phytoplankton species coexist
^low primary production
- subtropical gyres (blue + purple on ocean chlorophyll concentration map )

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20
Q

primary production

A

rate of organic matter production from inorganic nutrients

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21
Q

zooplankton

A

heterotrophic: nutrient recycling
- major part of the nutrient cycle because they eat a lot
* takes a long time to reproduce

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22
Q

holoplankton

A

spend their entire life in zooplankton

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23
Q

red light

A

only penetrates in the upper meters of the water column

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24
Q

blue light

A

penetrates to greater depths
- think of primary colors; if light is red it gets reflected green.
orange –> blue
violet –> yellow

25
Q

euphotic zone

A

the depth of the water that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur

26
Q

where do phytoplankton like to live

A

they are nutrient limited in surface waters, but where light availability is high
^ removal of nutrients due to production of organic matter (photosynthesis dominates )

27
Q

autotrophs

A

plants, phytoplankton, bacteria

28
Q

heterotrophs

A

animals (big fish)
bacteria

29
Q

shoaling behavior in fish (when they clump together)

A
  • protects from predators
  • ehanced foraging success
  • higher success for finding a mate
30
Q

anadromous fish

A

live in the sea mostly, breed in fresh water
ex. salmon

31
Q

catadromous fish

A

live in fresh water, breed in the sea
ex. American eel

32
Q

new production

A

based on nitrate being brought up from
deep waters by storms and ocean circulation, as well as small
amounts introduced through nitrogen fixation at the sea surface

33
Q

regenerated production

A

based on nitrogen that is recycled
within the water column: NH4+ and urea (CO(NH2 )2 )

34
Q

supralittoral or supratidal

A

SPLASH ZONE
- smallest benthic zone

35
Q

littoral or intertidal

A
  • immersed at high tides, exposed at low tides
    -filter feeders
  • herbivores support a diverse and abundant carnivore population
36
Q

sublittoral or subtidal

A
  • lies below low tide mark to outer edge of continental shelf
37
Q

characteristics of benthic algae

A

holdfast is used to attach to the ground, NOT A ROOT
- doesn’t produce seeds or flowers
-

38
Q

algae color zones

A

shallowest = green
intermediate = brown
deepest = red

^this is because the green algae absorbs RED light and red algae absorbs BLUE + GREEN light

39
Q

sea grass

A
  • NOT ALGAE
  • produces flowers, seeds, has roots
  • vascular plants
40
Q

sessile benthic

A
  • attached to sea floor
  • waits for food to pass by
  • planktic larvae is important for colonizing new areas and avoiding overcrowding
    ex. barnacles
41
Q

motile benthic

A

lives on sea floor
- pursue their prey, graze, scavenges over the bottom
ex. crabs

42
Q

macrofauna

A

starfish, mussels, most clams

43
Q

meiofauna

A

often found in mud or sand - tiny worms,

44
Q

scavengers

A

animals that consume already dead animals + plants: zooplankton, sea birds

45
Q

filter feeders

A

clams + worms, filter tiny foods through their “eyelashes”

46
Q

deposit feeders

A

deposit feeders

47
Q

decomposers

A

breaks down the remaining of living things - bacteria + fungi

48
Q

rocky shore environment

A

rocky shore environment

49
Q

Epifauna

A

living on hard substrate (rock or pier) or attached to seafloor
- corals, mussels, barnacles, starfish

50
Q

infauna

A

living in soft substrates (sand)
- clams + worms

51
Q

thermal gas exchange pump

A

cold high latitude waters take up CO 2 from the
atmosphere and sink to greater depths

52
Q

soft tissue pump

A

organic matter produced in the surface ocean is
exported to the deep sea where it is
consumed and adds respired CO 2
to the deep sea DIC-pool

53
Q

carbonate pump

A

CaCO 3 production by foraminifers, coccolithophores and
pteropods; sinking shells dissolve in the
water column or sediment and release
HCO 3- , only a small fraction of the shells
gets buried in the sediment

54
Q

organic matter exporters

A

phytoplankton - diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.
produce organic matter, sink to the
seafloor in fecal pellets and/or
as marine snow

55
Q

inorganic CaCO3 exporters

A

zooplankton:
foraminifers and
pteropods produce
CaCO 3 -shells

56
Q

high nitrate - low chlorophyll areas

A

southern ocean
equatorial Pacific
North Pacific

^few phytoplantkon blooms because of low iron

57
Q

moving bloom

A

as the ice edge retreats, the bloom follows

58
Q

iron fertilization

A

add iron sulfate to the ocean in order to encourage
phytoplankton growth and ocean carbon sequestration
(i.e., the biological pump

59
Q
A

Oceanography (1 decks)

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