final review

Question 1

Japanese Internment

Answer 1

– thousands of Japanese on the west coast were interned between 1942 and 1945
• After the attack on Pearl harbor there were many false rumors of Japanese spies and disoyaly
• Started with the Executive Order 9066
• Removed from there homes and taken to assembly centers
• Were then moved to relocation camps

Question 2

Asiatic Exclusion League

Answer 2

Perceived three main threats from the Japanese

1. Economic – afraid the Japanese would take all their jobs
2. Social – afraid the Japanese were would not assimilate into American society
3. Biological – white race was going to be absorbed by the Japanese

Question 3

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Answer 3

After the 1906 earth quake the public school system was reorganized
• Japanese kids were sent to separate, racially specific schools
• Japan filed a formal complaint
• T. Roosevelt negotiated an unofficial gentlemen’s agreement with Japan which said that there would be no segregation within the school system
o In return Japan would limit immigration to the US to immediate family

Question 4

Picture Brides

Answer 4

• In order to get around immigration limitations, Japanese men in the US would marry girls in Japan so they could immigrate to the US
• This was because the gentlemen’s agreement said that immigration from Japan was to be limited to immediate family only
• The brides were given the name picture brides as their husbands only saw pictures of them before they were married

Question 5

Heney-Webb Land Law 1913

Answer 5

Said that Asian immigrants could not buy or own land in the CA
• Primarily directed at the Japanses
• Many Japanese immigrants got around this by transferring land deeds to under their American born children’s names

Question 6

Executive Order 9066

Answer 6

In an atmosphere of World War II hysteria, President Roosevelt, encouraged by officials at all levels of the federal government, authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan.
• gave the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona. The order also authorized transporting these citizens to assembly centers hastily set up and governed by the military in California, Arizona, Washington state, and Oregon. Although it is not well known, the same executive order (and other war-time orders and restrictions) were also applied to smaller numbers of residents of the United States who were of Italian or German descent.

Question 7

Korematsu v. US Army

Answer 7

• Korematsu was a young Japanese man born in CA
• He refused to go into an internment camp
• Case was brought to the Supreme court in 1944
• Supreme court ruled that interment of the Japanese was unconstitutional, however, since it was war time internment camps were permitted
o held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Fred Korematsu’s individual rights, and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent
• Set the precedence that the constitution could be neglected/overturned during times of war

Question 8

LT. General John L. Dewit

Answer 8

• head of the Western Defense Command
• was at first opposed to the internment of Japanese Americans
• changed his mind, largely as a result of the sensation publicity given to the report of the Pearl Harbor investigating commission
• the report laid the blame mainly on the army and navy commanders in Hawaii saying that the two commanders failed to take adequate precautions for the defense of the island
• also in the report, supreme court justice Owen Roberts says there were spies in Oahu
• many Americans took this as new official evidence of Japanese American disloyalty
• due to public outcry he changed his position and stated that the Japanese were now an enemy race and action against them needs to be taken

Question 9

442nd Combat Regiment

Answer 9

• US Army was segregated in WWII
• Japanese men assigned to the 442nd combat regiment
• Became the most decorated unit in the history of the US Army
• Also had the highest casualty rate

Question 10

Redress Payment

Answer 10

US issues a formal apology and a $20,000 redress payment to all surviving Japanese internment victims

Question 11

Port Chicago Mutiny Trial

Answer 11

• July 1944 a huge explosion happened at Port Chicago
• Killed 320 people, 220 were black
• After the incident white officers were given shore leave while black workers were reassigned to Mare Island
• Navy blamed the explosion on the mishandling of explosives by the black laborers
• A month later, the men were asked to load ammunition on to ships again, but they refused saying they were scared and that the conditions were not safe
• They were threatened but 50 men still refused to load the ships
• The 50 men were charged with mutiny and jailed
• At their trials they pleaded not guilty
• Courts found all 50 men guilty and sentenced them to 15 years in prison
o After the war the sentence was lowered to 2 years

Question 12

Joe Small

Answer 12

• One of the leaders of the Port Chicago Mutiny

* Refused to unload ammunition

Question 13

Zoot Suit Riots

Answer 13

• A group of sailors for out on the town one night in LA when the claim a group of latino boys wearing Zoot suits jumped them
• series of riots broke out in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed in the city and Latino youths
• the next night around 200 sailors hired 20 taxi cabs and crawled through the streets of the Latino community
o jumped some latino kids
• called the taxi cab brigade
o announced to the press that they were out to do what the police could not do
• As the violence escalated over the ensuing days, thousands of servicemen joined the attacks, marching abreast down streets, entering bars and movie houses and assaulting any young Latino males they encountered.
• Police were ordered not to arrest them

Question 14

Sleepy Lagoon Murder

Answer 14

• In LA the swimming pools only allowed blacks and latinos to swim on Wednesdays
• So they had their own watering hole which they called the sleepy lagoon
• Henry Leyvas, a member of the 38th Street Gang, gets kicked out of the Sleepy lagoon
o 38th Street Gang – latino gang
• Gets his buddies and they go to crash a party of a rival gang
• The next day the body of Jose Diaz is found
• Leyvas and some of his buddies were picked up and charged for the murder of Diaz
• Have to appear in front of a grand jury
• All the boys were charged with 1st degree murder
o Trial wa a “jok”
o The boys were not allowed to clean up or even change into clean cloths
o Diaz’s friends, who he was last seen with, were never asked to testify

Question 15

Captain Duran Ayres

Answer 15

• Testifies against latino people
• Says they are descendants of the Aztecs who were pretty barbaric
• Recommends the boys be charged and imprisoned or sent to the army

Question 16

Carey McWilliams

Answer 16

• Leader of the sleepy lagoon defense committee
• Claimed an injustice had been committed
• Decision was overturned two years later
• Believed in integration and interracial marriages

Question 17

Hollywood and HUAC

Answer 17

• 1938 congress created the House Un-American Committee
• One of HUAC’s early targets for its anticommunist investigations was the film industry
• 1947 a list was issued of suspected Communist in the industry
o 250 writers, actors, directors barred from further employment

Question 18

Free speech movement in Berkley

Answer 18

• May 1960 students protest their exclusion from HUAC hearings in SF city hall
• Around the same time black students in southern states begin to attack segregation at lunch counters with sit ins
o Aided during the summer by many Berkley student
• University admin announce that sidewalk area at the southern entrance on campus(previously thought to belong to the city of Berkley) was university property and students were not longer allowed to use it for tabling, recruiting members, or organizing any off-campus political activity
• When the administration tried to enforce the order students organized the Free Speech Movement, called a strike, and used mass civil disobedience against the university
• Edwards v. South Carolina 1963
o Ruling stating “student speakers may even advocate violations of the law provided such advocacy does not constitute a clear and present danger” and “much of the conduct that the public finds objectable is constitutionally protected”
• Another key issue of the FSM – protests against the Vietnam war and the draft

Question 19

Hippy Movement

Answer 19

• Hippies often described their movement as a subculture or counterculture
• Hippie mystique- social protest and normal feelings of rebellion characteristic of adolescence
• Craved love joy and self-realization which they thought could be satisfied with drugs taken with people who had similar feelings
• LSD was an essential factor in the spread of the hippie movement
• Media described them as “flower children” and “the love generation”
• Hippie leaders maintained that they were seeking to establish a new communal freedom from individual anxieties and to remove themselves from a decent society full of war and oppression and placing themselves into a utopia of peace and love

Question 20

Ronald Reagan and first term as governor

Answer 20

• Elected governor of CA in 1966
• Pledged that if he was elected he would “clean up the mess in Berkley”
• Repeatedly expressed opposition towards the housing Rumford Act of 1963 but insisted that in doing so he was defending the right to private property but not indulging in racial bigotry
• Said he was going to cut taxes and reduce gov. spending
• Made drastic cuts to higher education and mental health institutes
• Reduced funding to state colleges and universities and proposed significant increases in tuition

Question 21

Budget Crisis of 1970s

Answer 21

• In the early 1970s higher education seemed overexpanded
• College enrollment was down due a reduction of birthrate (birth control introduced in 60’s) and a decline in migration to CA
• Funds for public education slashed
• State colleges and universities were able to balance their budgets by exploiting part-time teachers
o Paid them low hourly wages
o Assigned large share of their teaching loads to them

Question 22

1946Nixoncampaign

Answer 22

• In his congressional campaign against Voorhis in 1946, Nixon followed a strategy of innuendo that the Republican National Committee had recommended to the party’s candidates. He accused his Democratic opponent of disloyalty to America, not directly but through guilt by association. He charged that Voorhis was “one of those who front for un-American elements, wittingly or otherwise, by advocating increased federal controls over the lives of the people.
• “Of course I knew that Jerry Voorhis wasn’t a Communist,” Nixon remarked afterward, “but I had to win …. Nice guys and sissies don’t win many elections.”

Question 23

1950 Nixon campaign

Answer 23

• Nixon won election to the US senate (against Congresswoman Douglas). His most effective campaign weapon against her was the charge that her voting record in the House of Representatives corresponded with the Communist party line (capitalizing on the American public’s fear of the Russians)

Question 24

UFW (United Farm Workers)

Answer 24

• formed in 1966 by the merging of the AWOC (Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee) and Cesar Chavez’s NFWA (National Farm Workers Association)
• created when the Di Giorgio corporation permitted its workers to decide by ballot if they wanted a union and which one if they did
◦ the workers wanted a union, surprise!
• AWOC started a strike against grape growers in a district around Delano in northern Kern County, NFWA joined 2 weeks later
◦ if the strike was a few years later, it would have failed like all the others
◦ Whites had a new interest in helping minorities get civil rights, so they supported the boycott of the grapes and donated money/supplies to the striking workers
• The Di Giorgio corp decided that it wasn’t worth it to deny a union because of a national boycott effort was destroying their profits
• A few growers of wine grapes signed contracts with the UFW, but the rest of the table grape growers held out
◦ they held out because they were encouraged by the election of Reagan in 1966, he was anti farm union
◦ they eventually were almost brought to ruin, they signed contracts by 1970

Question 25

Mono Lake

Answer 25

• since the early 1940s LA had been tapping the streams flowing into Mono Lake, causing its water level to drop by more than 40 vertical feet
• the Lake was the primary breeding ground for 90% of the California gull population and an important stopover for millions of migratory birds
• In 1983 the defenders of Mono Lake scored a victory when the state supreme court ruled that water could not be taken from a lake or other natural source without consideration of the possible harm to the source itself.
• 11 years later the state’s Water Resources Control Board (WRCB) ordered the LA Department of Water and Power (LADWP) to restore waterfowl habitats lost due to the decline of the lake’s water level
◦ also restricted further water exports from the basin until the lake had stabilized at about 25ft below its per-diversion level
• “one of the real success stories worldwide of bringing a threated ecosystem back to health”

Question 26

Stephen Jobs & Stephen Wozniak

Answer 26

• both of them created Apple Computer in a Los Altos garage in 1976
• within 5 years Apple Computer occupied more than 20 buildings in Silicon Valley and had assembly plants around the world
• steve jobs also confounded Pixar
• they were typical of the new breed of business executives: young, from modest backgrounds, with sophisticated technical knowledge with sharp business skills

Question 27

Major issue of 1986 state election (involved Chief Justice of state supreme court)

Answer 27

• Rose Bird was removed from office in the 1986 general election because they were staunchly opposed to capital punishment
• in 1977 state legislature reinstated the death penalty
• first female Justice (and Chief Justice) in California state supreme court, also only Chief Justice in California history to be removed from office by voters
• she reviewed 64 capital cases appealed to the court, EVERY time she issued decisions overturning the death penalty that had been imposed at trial
◦ critics said that she was substituting her own opinions and ideas for the laws and precedents upon which judicial decisions are supposed to be made
• an anti-Bird campaign ran TV commercials featuring the relatives of the victims of the murderers whose sentences Bird had voted to reverse
• after she got the boot in 1986, newly reelected Governor Deukmejian (Republican) was able to elevate Lucas to Chief Justice and appoint three new associate justices that more closely matched his generally conservative political convictions.
◦ The Lucas court moved toward a more business-friendly and pro-law enforcement judicial philosophy

Question 28

Racial covenants

Answer 28

• A clause in the deed of a house that said that the buyer promised not to sell to anyone other then Caucasians
• 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer, supreme court refused to permit the continued enforcement of these contracts because they violated the 14th amendment guarantee of equal protection under the laws

Question 29

Rumford Fair Housing Act of 1964

Answer 29

• Declared racial discrimination in housing to be against public policy and forbade owners of certain residential property to engage in racial discrimination in its rental and sales
• Made racial covenants illegal

Question 30

Dejure Segregation

Answer 30

Segregation that is imposed by the law

Question 31

Defacto segregation

Answer 31

segregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law
• Happens just because

Question 32

Prop 14 1965

Answer 32

• Initiative drafted to repeal the Rumford Fair housing Act
• Passed by more than 2 to 1
• Demonstrated that most white voters were opposed to desegregation
• Declared unconstitutional a year later

Question 33

Watts Riots

Answer 33

• In 1965, the population of African Americans in LA grew to 650,000 people
• They were all crowed into the south central part of LA , notably the Watts district
• LA was said to be more segregated than cities in the southern states
• A riot breaks out after a rumor that two black women were victims of police brutality and after a black man is arrested for drunk driving
• Riot lasted for 7 days

Question 34

Baby Boom

Answer 34

• 50s and 60s when people came home from the war there was a massive rise in birth rated

Question 35

Mario Savio

Answer 35

Leader of the free speech movement in Berkley

Question 36

People’s Park

Answer 36

Riot that broke out in May 1969
• The University in Berkley a block of university-owned land near Telegraph road
• Students gathered at the block to try to tare down the fence
• A riot broke out and students started throwing rocks
• the Sherif’s deputies responded by firing shotguns
• A young bystander was killed and another was wounded
• The tragedy enrage and radicalized thousands of young people and created the movement “take the park”
• National guard had to be called in

Question 37

Brigg’s Law (Prop 6)

Answer 37

• Tried to remove gay teachers from schools

* Voted down

Question 38

Harvey Milk

Answer 38

• gay activist in the 1970s
• Moved to SF where he opened a camera store with his boyfriend
• Ran for the Board of Supervisors in SF
• Finally was elected in 1978
• Fought against the Brigg’s initiative, successful
• Assassinated by Dan White

Question 39

George Mascone

Answer 39

• Mayor of SF
• Supported the gay community
• Set up a plan for district elections in SF
• Also assassinated by Dan White

Question 40

Dan White

Answer 40

• On the board of supervisors at the same time as Milk
• Often got pushed out of the political spotlight by Harvey Milk
• Advocates for the passing of prop 6
• Shortly after prop 6 is voted down he resigns
• Tries to get reappointed a short time later but is denied by Mayor Mascone
• He sneaks into city hall and murders Mascone and then Milk
• Let off with only 5 years of prison time for the double homicide

Question 41

Twinkie defense

Answer 41

• The defense for Dan white tries to defend him by saying that he was in a state of depression brought on by eating too much junk food

Question 42

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 42

Trains cars were segregated and Plessy steps onto a white train car and refuses to be removed
• Supreme court rules against Pless and introduces “separate but equal”

Question 43

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 43

• Over turns Plessy v. Ferguson, saying that making something separate automatically makes it unequal
• Called for integrating the school system.

Question 44

Captain Nelson Goss

Answer 44

• Captain in Port Chicago
• Wrote to his superiors that he needed men for labor at Port Chicago
• He was sent unskilled workers of African American dissent
• Goss wrote back saying that he didn’t want them and he wanted white workers