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Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What instrument was used to make the incision on a body for evisceration in Ancient Egyptian embalming?

A

Ethiopian Stone

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2
Q

In Ancient Egyptian culture, what was the spirit that served as a double of the body and stayed with the dead and demanded attention from the living?

A

Ka

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3
Q

What organs did the canopic jars hold?

A

Hawk - Intestines
Human - Liver
Jackel - Stomach
Ape - Lungs

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4
Q

What was the primary purpose of Ancient Egyptian embalming?

A

To protect against the plague and other sanitary concerns, but mainly religious purposes.

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5
Q

In Ancient Egyptian culture, who was the God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead?​

A

Osiris

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6
Q

Which of the following was NOT an early material used to protect the body for burial?

A. stone coffin
B. wood basket
C. animal skin
D. rolled reed mat

A

A. Stone Coffin

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7
Q

what was the Ancient Egyptian belief that after death the soul took a 3,000 year journey around the sun?

A

Circle of Necessity

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8
Q

Ancient Egyptian Undertaking Specialists and their role

  1. Preist =
  2. Chief Embalmer =
  3. Anatomist =
  4. Pharmacist =
  5. Painter =
A
  1. Kher-heb
  2. Surgeon
  3. Dissector
  4. Apothecary
  5. Designer
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9
Q

What is a large temple-like structure used to memorialize the deceased in Ancient Greece?

A

Naidia

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10
Q

What ancient culture was the first to practice cremation on a widespread basis?

A

Ancient Greeks

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11
Q

What was the religious/philosophical belief of the ancient Greeks and Oriental East emphasizing spiritual aspects of the afterlife and the hope of joining the cult god in a wonderful existence in eternity?

A

Mystery Cults

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12
Q

What is the significance of the Obol in Ancient Greek culture?

A

placed in mouth of deceased and paid Charon

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13
Q

After 300 BCE what type of disposition did the Greeks practice on a widespread basis?

A

Cremation

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14
Q

The version of heaven in Greek mythology.

A

Elysian Fields

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15
Q

In what Ancient Greek cult did wine play a large role in religious rites?

A

Dionysius

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16
Q

Which of the following was placed on the head of the deceased in Ancient Greece?

A.crown
B.obol
C.silk chin strap
D.honey cake

A

A. Crown

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17
Q

Explain the Ancient Roman columbarium.

A

Columbarium’s were used for the wealthy to places ashes. These lined the streets leading to the cities. Less fortunate rented spaces called niches to hold remains.

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18
Q

The secular role model for today’s funeral director comes from what ancient culture?

A

Romans

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19
Q

Roman Funeral Pracitioner’s title and their function.

  1. Libitina =
  2. Praeco =
  3. Libitinarius =
  4. Designator =
  5. Pollinctors =
A

1.Goddess of corpses
2.Summoned people to funeral
3.Head undertaker
4.Master of Ceremonies
5.Embalmers

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20
Q

The Edit of Toleration was issued by the Emperior Constantine in 313 A.D. What was one purpose of this?

A

established intra-city burial

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21
Q

What body preparation procedure was shared by the Romans and the Greek?

A

evisceration

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22
Q

What type of laws regulated the cost of funeral and guaranteed everyone in Rome a proper Christian burial?

A

Sumptuary laws

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23
Q

What type of burial receptacles were used by the Ancient Romans?

A

Urns and Sarcophagus Coffins

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24
Q

What is the early Roman belief that the soul separates from the body after death and hovers around the place of burial for continued peace?

A

Animistic View

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25
Q

The Ancient Hebrews believed man was composed of 2 elements: _____ and _____.

A

Breath (nefesh) and flesh (basar)

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26
Q

During the Viking burial:

A

Animal sacrifices were put on the ship

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27
Q

First Christian Emperor of Rome

A

Constantine

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28
Q

Which culture used professional mourners?

A

Early Hebrew Culture

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29
Q

The purpose of Scandinavian cremation

A

Keep spirits of the dead from harming the living and to free the spirit from the clogging prison of the body.

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30
Q

Mound burials are specifically connected to which group?

A

Scandinavians

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31
Q

When did Ancient Hebrew burials typically take place?

A

in the evening the same day death occurred, but never on Sabbath

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32
Q

In Early Hebrew burial customs, “Body Washers” were also known as _______ .

A

Chevra Kadisha

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33
Q

What ancient culture held a wake for the deceased?

A

Christian

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34
Q

Nefesh

A

Meaning breath. A spiritual like substance that dwelled within the flesh during life. Hebrew element that composed man.

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35
Q

Hebrews believed________________

A

the soul kept a close connection with the body

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36
Q

Medieval Irish wakes were known for

A

Light hearted practices

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37
Q

Burial in Woolen Act of 1666

A

Changes of shroud from linen to wool

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37
Q

What is mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven.

A

Soul Shot

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38
Q

A death mask:

I. was made of wax

II. was made of bronze

III. was placed on the face

IV. was used in place of the body

Pick the correct answers

A

I and IV

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39
Q

The funeral feast

A

Served to welcome the principal heir to his new estate.

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40
Q

Independent heart burials

A

Hearts were regarded as holy relics, as such, they were cut out, preserved, and buried separate from the body.

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41
Q

A “sin-eater” was associated with

A

The Middle Ages

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42
Q

Burial clubs

A

Groups of people who put money together to defray funeral costs.

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43
Q

During the middle ages, Christian bodies were commonly placed in what crowded areas?

A

Churchyards

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44
Q

English funeral practices in the middle ages saw a rise in ostentation and what?

A

Burial Clubs

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45
Q

A man named Chadwick issued a landmark report and supplement after 3 years of study: 1839-42. The report discussed:

A

deplorable conditions in English cemeteries

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46
Q

What was the role of the sexton in the Middle Ages?

A

The Sexton was responsible for taking care of the church property, ringing the death bell, and digging graves.

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47
Q

Describe a catafalque.

A

a raised platform with/without a canopy that the body was placed on

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48
Q

Which of these is associated with the Medieval Period?

A. 30,000BC - 6,000 BC
B. 6001 BC to 600 AD
C. 601 AD - 1850 AD
D. 870 AD - 1999 AD

A

C. 601 AD - 1850 AD

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49
Q

How did the rise of Protestantism and Calvinism affect burial practices in Colonial America?

A
  • Protestantism and Calvinism significantly influenced burial practices in Colonial America.
  • Preferred simple and humble funeral ceremonies, contrasting with the more elaborate Catholic Church funerals.
  • Protestant funerals emphasized:
    • Reading from the Bible.
    • Giving sermons.
    • Praying together to comfort mourners and discuss life after death.
  • Belief in equality before God led to:
    • Use of simple grave markers.
    • Shared churchyard burial areas.
  • Protestants rejected the concept of Purgatory.
  • They believed individual faith was paramount for salvation, not rituals like Last Rites.
    • These changes impacted religious practices and led to:
    • The creation of public cemeteries away from churches.
    • Reflecting broader societal changes in Colonial America.
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50
Q

What was the purpose of funeral gifts in late 17th Century America?

A
  • Funeral gifts served both practical and symbolic roles.
  • Items like rings, scarves, and gloves:
    - Acted as symbols of mourning.
    - Helped mourners feel connected to the deceased.
  • For wealthier families:
    - The quality and quantity of these gifts displayed social status.
    - Showed respect for attendees.
  • Religious and cultural aspects:
    - Gifts were believed to help the deceased in the afterlife.
    - Symbolized community prayers.
  • Practical items:
    - Gloves were useful for those involved in the funeral.
    - Gloves were given to underbearers responsible for carrying the casket.
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51
Q

What are the differences between a Furnishing Undertaker and a Funeral Undertaker?

A
  • A furnishing undertaker:
    • Created and sold goods for the funeral service.
    • Often did not have direct contact with the families.
    • Had no say in how services were planned.
    • Equivalent to modern companies like Batesville Casket Company or Crescent Memorial.
    • Provided keepsakes, caskets, and add-ons.
  • A funeral undertaker:
    • Bought goods from the furnishing undertaker.
    • Planned the funeral service.
    • Interacted with the families.
  • Modern-day funeral undertakers:
    • Buy from sources like Batesville or Crescent.
    • Plan the service.
    • Interact directly with the families.
52
Q

The term casket comes from the french word meaning…?

A

Jewel Box

53
Q

The Egyptian God of embalming

A

Anubis

54
Q

Funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved

A

adaptive funeral

55
Q

Who wrote a report in 1873 describing the unsanitary conditions in London and recommended death cert

A

Edwin Chadwick

56
Q

Historic term for funeral procession

A

Cortege

57
Q

A portable table on which the deceased was placed and later became the embalming table

A

Cooling board

58
Q

The sole trade permitted to embalm and perform anatomical dissections in the city of London

A

Barber Surgeon

59
Q

Person who walked the street calling out the name of the deceased and asking people to pray

A

Crier

60
Q

Master of ceremonies and the director of the ancient Roman funeral procession

A

Designator

61
Q

Generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of a coffin

A

burial case

62
Q

The “Elyssian Fields” is associated with what culture

A

Greek

63
Q

The forerunner of todays hearse, a hand stretcher on which the body was carried to the grave

A

Bier

64
Q

The word funeral is derived from funeralis, Latin for…

A

torchlight procession

65
Q

became an occupation in many US cities by the end pf the century, predecessor to the undertaker

A

layers out of the dead

66
Q

These early coffins were designed as a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive

A

life signal coffins

67
Q

Who is known as the Father of embalming in the United States

A

Thomas Holmes

68
Q

An airtight metallic coffin designed to preserve the body, also had glass plate

A

fisk metallic coffin

69
Q

How were American embalmers trained prior to 1882

A

Drummers

70
Q

The 19th century was important because functions of burying dead were gathered under the name

A

undertaker

71
Q

The “Cult of Osiris” identifies with what early civilization

A

Egyptian

72
Q

Why did Virginia Colony Calvinists avoid prayers over the dead

A

Similarity to Catholicism

73
Q

The English physician who discovered the circulation of blood

A

William Harvey

74
Q

The agency developing curriculum and accreditation standards educational programs in the US

A

American Board of Funeral Service Education

75
Q

An above ground structure containing crypts for casketed remains is called

A

a mausoleum

76
Q

What receptacle was used for president Grant

A

Style “E” State Coffin

77
Q

Burial societies became commonplace during what period

A

Medieval

78
Q

A sin eater is associated which what period

A

Medieval

79
Q

The cult of Dionysus was a part of which cultures death beliefs

A

Greek

80
Q

What period did the first known burial occur

A

Paleolithic

81
Q

What was the primary purpose of embalming in the middle ages

A

Medical Dissection

82
Q

What was the primary purpose for burial for primitive man

A

Fear of Spirits

83
Q

What was the primary reason for embalming in Ancient Egypt

A

Religion

84
Q

What was not a step in the middle method of the Egyptian Embalming practice

A. Sun dehydration
B. Cedar oil in the abdomen
C. Immersion in Natron
D. Evisceration of the organs

A

D. Evisceration

85
Q

Who created the most elaborate funeral car of the 19th century and exhibited it at the world fair in Chicago.

A

Crane & Breed Mfg. Co

86
Q

Who is Hudson Samson

A

One of the most influential innovators of in funeral fashion in the 19th century

87
Q

What colors were hearses around the time or WWI

A

mostly black but offered in variations of grey

88
Q

in the 19th century where did most funerals take place and in which room

A

in the decedents home and they would be moved from the bedroom to the parlor (living room) to be viewed

89
Q

What were the colors of door knockers and why

A

Black for the old
white for the young
black with a white rosette for a young adult

90
Q

Who played the dominating role in a small town funeral?

A

the preacher

91
Q

What were plumes and what did they mean

A

plumes were large feathers places ontop of the horse or the hearse itself
no plumes - poor
2 plumes - moderate
3 or 4 plumes - well to do
5 or 6 plumes - well off
7 or 8 plumes - rich

92
Q

what is was the common procession arrangement in the 19th century

A

Societies or fraternal orders (if any, would lead)
clergymen
flower carriage
honorary pallbearers
pallbearers
hearse
immediate family and reletives
friends

93
Q

what color were the veils draped in the doorways and around the room of the deceased

A

black or deep shades of grey

94
Q

what was the widow expected to wear after the death of their loved one

A

the first year she was to wear only dull black
first 6 months of the second year white and violet were permissible
after 2 years the widow could wear normal clothes

if a woman lost her husband late in life she may wear mourning clothes for the remainder of her days

95
Q

what did a widower wear after the death of their wife

A

for a year he would wear a black suit with white linen underneath, any other color was prohibited. a crepe mourning band adorned the hat they wore.

after a year they were permitted to wear gray

96
Q

who linked the earliest germ theory to the deceased and constructed the first crematory in America?

A

Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne

97
Q

Who accepted cremation

A

German Americans, medical professionals, some committed christians

98
Q

who opposed cremation

A

tradesmen making a living off of burial, grave robbers, undertakers, conservative christians and catholics

98
Q

The telophase society was started by who in 1971

A

Thomas B Weber who would scatter the ashes at sea

99
Q

The Neptune Society was started by

A

Charles Denning in 1977. He attended to more dead than any other business in CA besides Glendales massive forest lawn

100
Q

Adaptive funeral

A

funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly
involved; altered to suit the trends of the times.

101
Q

American Board of Funeral Service Education (ABFSE)

A

organization which accredits
funeral service and mortuary science programs

102
Q

American Monument Association

A

a national trade association representing the major granite
and marble memorial manufacturers and quarries throughout the United States

103
Q

National Associated Colleges of Mortuary Science (NACMS)

A

established in 1942 as an
organization for privately sponsored schools with the goal of advancement of mortuary
education

104
Q

National Concrete Burial Vault Association (NCBVA)

A

an organization of concrete burial
vault manufacturers, whose purpose is to provide a unified voice for the concrete burial vault
industry, and to continually research and develop, then specify and promote minimum
performance standards.

105
Q

National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association (NFDMA)

A

organized in 1924 as the
Independent National Funeral Directors Association (present name adopted in 1957); established
to represent specific interests of African-American funeral directors that provides advocacy,
education, information, products, programs and services to help members enhance the quality of
services to families.

106
Q

National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA)

A

he oldest and largest national association
of funeral directors and embalmers organized in 1882, that provides members with critical
information, innovative tools, resources and the professional community they need to serve
families, run sustainable businesses and become pillars in their communities

107
Q

Natron

A

a combination of salts found in dry lake beds of the desert and used by early Egyptians
in preparation of bodies. Deceased covered in the product (sodium chloride, sodium carbonate,
sodium sulfate, and potassium nitrate) were dehydrated thus preventing decay

108
Q

Necropolis

A

literally means “city of the dead”; cemeteries located on the west bank of the Nile
River, they included mortuary temples and residences of mortuary workers

108
Q

Obsequies

A

funeral rites or burial ceremonies.

109
Q

Niche

A

a recess or space in a columbarium used for the permanent placing of cremated remains

110
Q

Ogee design

A

a design introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space
and weight, particularly of metal caskets; characterized by an “S” shaped curvature; an “S”
shaped molding that is a component part of the casket cap

111
Q

Pagan

A

a follower of a polytheistic religion

112
Q

Pollinctores

A

name of the ancient Roman embalmers. They were either slaves or employees of
Libitinarius

113
Q

Praeco

A

aka crier, a special funeral functionary in ancient Rome who summoned participants to
a public funeral

114
Q

Sarcophagus

A

early Egyptians cut massive coffins from a single mass of stone to protect from
grave robbers. Same term is applied today to massive copper and bronze caskets. Derivation of
term is from Greek, sarco for flesh and phagus for eaters because when opened, bodies inside
were found to be in a state of decay.

114
Q

Professional mourners

A

due to fear that the dead might be jealous, the ancient Romans and
Greeks hired persons (often women) to shriek, tear their hair and rend garments, etc. in order to
insure adequate display of emotion

115
Q

Purgatorial Doctrine

A

Catholic belief that those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed
undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven.

116
Q

Restorative Art

A

care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color. Joel Crandall, a New
York City embalmer, is credited with developing the specialty in 1912, and is known as the
“father of restorative art”.

117
Q

Selected Independent Funeral Homes (SIFH)

A

a limited, invitation-only membership funeral
service organization formed in 1917 on the basis of one member firm per city (formerly National
Selected Morticians.

118
Q

Trocar

A

long hollow tube patented in 1868 by Samuel Rogers of Philadelphia; used by
embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids.)

119
Q

Sexton

A

church caretaker who had responsibility for church property, ringing of bells and
digging of graves in the churchyard cemetery.

120
Q

Trade embalmer

A

term originated when some of the original graduates of early embalming
courses gave up regular employment with a single firm to provide embalming service to firms
which had no trained embalmer

121
Q

Undertaker

A

original term applied to those whose occupation included responsibility to
organize and facilitate funeral activities; used by some for the term funeral director.

122
Q

Wake

A

originated as an ancient Hebrew practice, family and friends sit with the deceased as a
precaution against premature burial; continued as an act of piety in Middle Ages (aka vigil for
the dead).

122
Q

Undertaker’s buggy

A

name given to the vehicle used by undertakers to transport the necessary
mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where funerals were typically held.These vehicles
sometimes had an appearance similar to a hearse, but were much less ornate.

123
Q

University Mortuary Science Education Association (UMSEA)

A

organization of college and
university-based funeral service programs established in 1961.

124
Q

Undertakers Mutual Protective Association

A

first formal organization of undertakers; kept a
black book of objectionable and delinquent customers to be shared among members only;
originated in Philadelphia, January 1864

Funeral History (2 decks)

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