Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and physio 2 > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

how does blood move through capillaries?

A

osmotic and hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why are valves so important?

A

they keep lymph fluid/blood flowing in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

thoracic duct…

A
  • largest lymphatic vessel
  • left side (head, neck, trunk)
  • receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract
  • drains more than right lymphatic duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

myocardium v. pericardium v. endocardium

A

myocardium: muscles of the heart, thickest layer of heart wall
endocardium: single cell, lines inner chambers
pericardium: surrounding layer that protects the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of blood do systemic veins transport?

A

blood low in oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

defective, “sick” red blood cells go through which structure?

A

the spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of blood type O

A

universal donor, only can receive from type O, antibodies A + B, no antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

granulocytes are…

A

the most common type of WBC found, three types: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens if Rh- mom in labor comes in contact with Rh+ blood of fetus/newborn?

A

risk of potential spontaneous abortion. this can be mitigated with medication if caught during first pregnancy, risk much higher in second.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

receiving chambers of the heart

A

the atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

P wave in an EKG

A

atria, depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T wave in an EKG

A

ventricular, repolarization (starting point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ST segment in an EKG

A

initial phase of ventricular repolarization, flat plateau line, no depression or elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

eosinophils

A

mucus membrane, found in digestive, lower urinary and respiratory tract, elevated count = parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary lymphoid structures

A

red bone marrow, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood pathway

A
  1. inferior/superior vena cava
  2. right atrium
  3. tricuspid valve opens
  4. right ventricle opens, tricuspid valve closes
  5. pulmonary valve opens
  6. pulmonary artery
  7. lungs
  8. pulmonary veins
  9. empties into left atrium
  10. bicuspid/mitral valve
  11. left ventricle
  12. aortic valve
  13. aorta
  14. rest of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

systemic versus pulmonary circulation

A

systemic: left side, oxygenated
pulmonary: right side. deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

continuous versus discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries

A

continuous: most abundant, space between two cells called intercellular cleft, tight junction of the brain (blood brain barrier BBB)
discontinuous: found in liver, spleen, gap between cells are wider and “very leaky,” incomplete basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant type of granulocyte, elevated levels = bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rhesus factor (blood group D)

A
  • either present or absent on the RBC
  • RR, Rr = dominant
  • rr = recessive
  • Rh+ = present, Rh- = absent
  • genetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how to lymphatic and circulatory systems work in tangent?

A

the lymphatic systems supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluid and proteins from tissues found in the blood stream, thus preventing tissue swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PQ segment in an EKG

A

atrial plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lacteals

A

lymphatic capillaries found in GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • bone marrow
  • endocrine hormones (glands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in which parts of the body will you NOT find arteries?

A
  • epithelium (skin)
  • hair
  • nails
  • tooth enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

basophils

A

least abundant granulocyte, secrete histamine and neoprene, blood vessels dilate, inhibit blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

capillary muscles are…

A
  • tendinous cords
  • cords rooted in the walls of the heart
  • cords attached to valves
  • allows blood to flow in one direction
  • if flow occurs in 2 direction s- regurgitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
  • mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

does blood flow slower or faster in capillaries? why?

A

slower, the pressure is much lower and there are nutrients and gas exchanges occurring simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the layers of a centrifuge tube?

A
  1. RBC
  2. buffy coat
  3. plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

red pulp consists of…

A

RBC, platelets, macrophage, b-lymphocytes, reticular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

white pulp consists of…

A

t+b-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

characteristics of blood type AB

A
  • can only donate to AB
  • universal recipient
  • antigen: A, B
  • antibodies: none
  • universal plasma donor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

characteristics of blood type A

A
  • donate to A, AB
  • receive from A and O
  • antibodies: B
  • antigen: A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

platelets

A

type of thrombocyte, made in bone marrow, stored in spleen (released as needed), not whole cells but are fragments of megakaryocytes, aid in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

valves of the heart and their functions

A
  • mitral/tricuspid valves - move blood from atria (higher) to ventricles (lower)
  • aortic/pulmonary valves - move blood to the lungs and the rest of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

electrical impulse to heart pathway

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • AV bundle (bundle of His)
  • bundle branches off into left and right
  • purkinje fibers
  • contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cross sections of blood vessels

A

tunica media - thicker in artery than in vein
tunica externa - thicker in vein than in artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

characteristics of blood type B

A

donate to B, AB
receive from B, O
antigen: B
antibodies: A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

characteristics of thymus

A
  • where lymphocyte maturation occurs
  • located in mediastinum
  • contains 2 thymic lobes
  • larger in children than adults
  • stops developing after puberty
  • slowly decreases and is eventually replaced by adipose tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

right side, drains upper right quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

thrombocytes versus thymocytes

A

thrombocytes are essential in blood clotting, thymocytes regulate thymic cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

types of pathogens

A

bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

innate immunity

A

present at birth, protects against nonspecific substance, responds immediately, no memory needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

normal rate of breaths per minute

A

12-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

nonspecific internal defense cells, destroy unhealthy/unwanted cells through apoptosis (cytotoxic chemical release) preform immune surveillance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

complement system

A

activated by infection, function to destroy extracellular pathogens, marker to indicate presence of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

acute inflammation lasts for…

A

8-10 days (240 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

gas exchange

A

exchange between O2 and CO2

50
Q

pathogenic agent

A

cause harm or disease to the host

51
Q

true or false, respiratory epithelium becomes thicker as you go down

A

false

52
Q

the adrenal gland

A

sits on top of each kidney and secretes renin (hormone)

53
Q

virus production process

A

not living cells, so they require a host to live/reproduce. virus will inject host’s DNA and begins to replicate and for proteins

54
Q

respiratory organs in anatomical order

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. esophagus
  5. trachea
55
Q

difference between lungs

A

right lung is larger, contains 3 lobes whereas left lung contains 2

56
Q

which bronchus is more susceptible to having material enter?

A

the right bronchus due to it being larger and its angle

57
Q

urinary system organs in anatomical order

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. bladder
  4. urethra
58
Q

how many sections are renal tubules split into?

A

3

59
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung, when air enters pleural cavity

60
Q

which lung does the heart make an impression on?

A

the left lung

61
Q

which kidney is superior to the other?

A

the right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney to accommodate the liver

62
Q

respiratory gas exchange pathways

A

head, neck, trunk, lungs

63
Q

conducting zone organs

A

nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

64
Q

how many ureters do we have?

A

2

65
Q

urine formation process

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
  4. excretion
66
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli

67
Q

where does urine visit first?

A

minor calyx

68
Q

nasal conchae

A

3 paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity

69
Q

kidneys characteristics and function

A

symmetrical, concave medial border = hilum, posterior abdominal wall, lateral to vertebral column (retroperitoneal), blood delivered by renal artery, innervated by sympathetic nerves (T10-T12) and parasympathetic nerves from CN X, used to remove waste from blood and return the filtered blood to the body

70
Q

hilum

A

where arteries and veins connect to create blood flow, also located on the medical side of the kidneys

71
Q

functions of the larynx

A

produce sound (voice box), protect the lower respiratory tract from food entering into the trachea while breathing (epiglottis)

72
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

first step in filtration of blood to urine, part of nephron, composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

what are the 2 main aspects of digestion?

A

mechanical - chewing
chemical - use of enzymes
both break down food

74
Q

where does digestion start?

A

in the oral cavity (mouth)

75
Q

bolus

A

chewed food at the moment of swallowing

76
Q

which salivary glands do mumps affect?

A

intrinsic salivary glands

77
Q

functions of digestive system (use acronym DISAME)

A

digestion, ingestion, secretion, absorption, motility, excretion

78
Q

parts of small intestine in anatomical order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

78
Q

primary organs of GI tract

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal cavity

78
Q

rectum

A

where feces are held

79
Q

accessory organs of GI tract

A

teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

80
Q

organs of upper GI tract

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine

81
Q

organs of lower Gi tract

A

large intestine, rectum, anus

82
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic salivary glands

A

intrinsic glands are found within oral cavity (pharynx, tongue) and extrinsic glands are found outside of oral cavity (sublingual, submandibular, parotid) submandibular extrinsic gland produces the most saliva

83
Q

mastication

A

chewing (mechanical digestion)

84
Q

where does transverse colon originate from?

A

transverse colon is middle portion of the colon, coming from the ascending colon (right dorsal)

85
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

upper left abdominal quadrant

86
Q

chyme

A

pulpy acidic gastric stomach fluid

87
Q

where is the small intestine located?

A

left lower abdominal quadrant, begins at the exit of the stomach and joins the large intestine at the cecum

88
Q

function of small intestine

A

break down food, absorb nutrients, discard unnecessary components

89
Q

function of large intestine

A

absorb water and electrolytes, produce and absorb vitamins, formation of caca

90
Q

sphincters

A

muscular valves used to separate parts of digestive system (move food from one structure to the next)

91
Q

what happens to partially digested food in large intestine?

A

remaining water is absorbed and solid waste is formed

92
Q

function of nipple

A

excrete breastmilk

93
Q

prolactin versus oxytocin

A

prolactin produces breastmilk oxytocin releases

94
Q

LH in male reproductive system

A

secrete testosterone

95
Q

function of uterus

A

implantation site for oocyte, supports, protects and nourishes oocyte, contracts and sheds lining, excretes fetus at birth

96
Q

oocyte + sperm =

A

zygote

97
Q

raphe

A

groove, ridge or seam in an organ or tissue ( in men extends from anus through perineum to scrotum, in women from anus to vulva)

98
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produces sperm

99
Q

what causes menopause?

A

decline in estrogen levels, increase in progesterone

100
Q

primary and accessory organs in women

A

primary: ovaries
secondary: vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands, uterus, uterine tubes, accessory glands

101
Q

primary and secondary organs men

A

primary: testes
secondary: penis, accessory glands, duct system

102
Q

gamete travels through…

A

fallopian tubes and vas deferens

103
Q

retetestis

A

a network of small tubes in testicles that help move sperm cells from testicles to epididymis

104
Q

what causes an erection?

A

after stimulation blood is trapped under pressure within the corpora cavernosa

105
Q

erectile bodies

A

penile shaft - 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

106
Q

phenotypic versus genotypic sex

A

P: gender determined by genitalia (ovaries and testes)
G: gender determined by chromosomes (XX, XY)

107
Q

urethral orifice

A

external opening of urethra, normally located at the tip of glans penis

108
Q

homologous sex organs

A

clitoris - penis

109
Q

semen consists of

A

sperm and seminal fluid

110
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

cooling of the testes

111
Q

spermatogenesis

A

begins during puberty, sperm production

112
Q

scrotum homologous organ

A

labia majora

113
Q

true or false: the urethra transports semen from ducts?

A

true

114
Q

spermatic cords

A

contains nerves, blood, lymph vessels and vas deferens

115
Q

menarche

A

first menstruation, beginning of puberty

116
Q

precocious puberty

A

puberty happening too early (injury/brain damage can cause this)

117
Q

true or false: LH is associated with ovulation?

A

true

118
Q

when is ovulation induced?

A

day 14 of 28 day cycle, peak of LH

119
Q

prostate

A

below bladder in front of rectum, used to create fluid in semen and force through urethra during ejaculation. increases in size as males age

anatomy and physio 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions