final review Flashcards
how does blood move through capillaries?
osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
why are valves so important?
they keep lymph fluid/blood flowing in one direction
thoracic duct…
- largest lymphatic vessel
- left side (head, neck, trunk)
- receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract
- drains more than right lymphatic duct
myocardium v. pericardium v. endocardium
myocardium: muscles of the heart, thickest layer of heart wall
endocardium: single cell, lines inner chambers
pericardium: surrounding layer that protects the heart
what type of blood do systemic veins transport?
blood low in oxygen
defective, “sick” red blood cells go through which structure?
the spleen
characteristics of blood type O
universal donor, only can receive from type O, antibodies A + B, no antigen
granulocytes are…
the most common type of WBC found, three types: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
what happens if Rh- mom in labor comes in contact with Rh+ blood of fetus/newborn?
risk of potential spontaneous abortion. this can be mitigated with medication if caught during first pregnancy, risk much higher in second.
receiving chambers of the heart
the atrium
P wave in an EKG
atria, depolarization
T wave in an EKG
ventricular, repolarization (starting point)
ST segment in an EKG
initial phase of ventricular repolarization, flat plateau line, no depression or elevation
eosinophils
mucus membrane, found in digestive, lower urinary and respiratory tract, elevated count = parasites
primary lymphoid structures
red bone marrow, thymus
blood pathway
- inferior/superior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve opens
- right ventricle opens, tricuspid valve closes
- pulmonary valve opens
- pulmonary artery
- lungs
- pulmonary veins
- empties into left atrium
- bicuspid/mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
- rest of the body
systemic versus pulmonary circulation
systemic: left side, oxygenated
pulmonary: right side. deoxygenated
continuous versus discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries
continuous: most abundant, space between two cells called intercellular cleft, tight junction of the brain (blood brain barrier BBB)
discontinuous: found in liver, spleen, gap between cells are wider and “very leaky,” incomplete basement membrane
neutrophils
most abundant type of granulocyte, elevated levels = bacterial infection
rhesus factor (blood group D)
- either present or absent on the RBC
- RR, Rr = dominant
- rr = recessive
- Rh+ = present, Rh- = absent
- genetic
how to lymphatic and circulatory systems work in tangent?
the lymphatic systems supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluid and proteins from tissues found in the blood stream, thus preventing tissue swelling
PQ segment in an EKG
atrial plateau
lacteals
lymphatic capillaries found in GI tract
where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
- liver
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- bone marrow
- endocrine hormones (glands)
in which parts of the body will you NOT find arteries?
- epithelium (skin)
- hair
- nails
- tooth enamel
basophils
least abundant granulocyte, secrete histamine and neoprene, blood vessels dilate, inhibit blood clotting
capillary muscles are…
- tendinous cords
- cords rooted in the walls of the heart
- cords attached to valves
- allows blood to flow in one direction
- if flow occurs in 2 direction s- regurgitation
secondary lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
does blood flow slower or faster in capillaries? why?
slower, the pressure is much lower and there are nutrients and gas exchanges occurring simultaneously
what are the layers of a centrifuge tube?
- RBC
- buffy coat
- plasma
red pulp consists of…
RBC, platelets, macrophage, b-lymphocytes, reticular CT
white pulp consists of…
t+b-lymphocytes
characteristics of blood type AB
- can only donate to AB
- universal recipient
- antigen: A, B
- antibodies: none
- universal plasma donor
characteristics of blood type A
- donate to A, AB
- receive from A and O
- antibodies: B
- antigen: A
platelets
type of thrombocyte, made in bone marrow, stored in spleen (released as needed), not whole cells but are fragments of megakaryocytes, aid in blood clotting
valves of the heart and their functions
- mitral/tricuspid valves - move blood from atria (higher) to ventricles (lower)
- aortic/pulmonary valves - move blood to the lungs and the rest of the body
electrical impulse to heart pathway
- SA node
- AV node
- AV bundle (bundle of His)
- bundle branches off into left and right
- purkinje fibers
- contraction
cross sections of blood vessels
tunica media - thicker in artery than in vein
tunica externa - thicker in vein than in artery
characteristics of blood type B
donate to B, AB
receive from B, O
antigen: B
antibodies: A
characteristics of thymus
- where lymphocyte maturation occurs
- located in mediastinum
- contains 2 thymic lobes
- larger in children than adults
- stops developing after puberty
- slowly decreases and is eventually replaced by adipose tissue
right lymphatic duct
right side, drains upper right quadrant
thrombocytes versus thymocytes
thrombocytes are essential in blood clotting, thymocytes regulate thymic cell growth
types of pathogens
bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoans
innate immunity
present at birth, protects against nonspecific substance, responds immediately, no memory needed
normal rate of breaths per minute
12-20
natural killer (NK) cells
nonspecific internal defense cells, destroy unhealthy/unwanted cells through apoptosis (cytotoxic chemical release) preform immune surveillance
complement system
activated by infection, function to destroy extracellular pathogens, marker to indicate presence of pathogen
acute inflammation lasts for…
8-10 days (240 hours)
gas exchange
exchange between O2 and CO2
pathogenic agent
cause harm or disease to the host
true or false, respiratory epithelium becomes thicker as you go down
false
the adrenal gland
sits on top of each kidney and secretes renin (hormone)
virus production process
not living cells, so they require a host to live/reproduce. virus will inject host’s DNA and begins to replicate and for proteins
respiratory organs in anatomical order
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- esophagus
- trachea
difference between lungs
right lung is larger, contains 3 lobes whereas left lung contains 2
which bronchus is more susceptible to having material enter?
the right bronchus due to it being larger and its angle
urinary system organs in anatomical order
- kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
how many sections are renal tubules split into?
3
pneumothorax
collapsed lung, when air enters pleural cavity
which lung does the heart make an impression on?
the left lung
which kidney is superior to the other?
the right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney to accommodate the liver
respiratory gas exchange pathways
head, neck, trunk, lungs
conducting zone organs
nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
how many ureters do we have?
2
urine formation process
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
- excretion
lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
where does urine visit first?
minor calyx
nasal conchae
3 paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity
kidneys characteristics and function
symmetrical, concave medial border = hilum, posterior abdominal wall, lateral to vertebral column (retroperitoneal), blood delivered by renal artery, innervated by sympathetic nerves (T10-T12) and parasympathetic nerves from CN X, used to remove waste from blood and return the filtered blood to the body
hilum
where arteries and veins connect to create blood flow, also located on the medical side of the kidneys
functions of the larynx
produce sound (voice box), protect the lower respiratory tract from food entering into the trachea while breathing (epiglottis)
bowman’s capsule
first step in filtration of blood to urine, part of nephron, composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
what are the 2 main aspects of digestion?
mechanical - chewing
chemical - use of enzymes
both break down food
where does digestion start?
in the oral cavity (mouth)
bolus
chewed food at the moment of swallowing
which salivary glands do mumps affect?
intrinsic salivary glands
functions of digestive system (use acronym DISAME)
digestion, ingestion, secretion, absorption, motility, excretion
parts of small intestine in anatomical order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
primary organs of GI tract
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal cavity
rectum
where feces are held
accessory organs of GI tract
teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
organs of upper GI tract
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
organs of lower Gi tract
large intestine, rectum, anus
intrinsic vs extrinsic salivary glands
intrinsic glands are found within oral cavity (pharynx, tongue) and extrinsic glands are found outside of oral cavity (sublingual, submandibular, parotid) submandibular extrinsic gland produces the most saliva
mastication
chewing (mechanical digestion)
where does transverse colon originate from?
transverse colon is middle portion of the colon, coming from the ascending colon (right dorsal)
where is the stomach located?
upper left abdominal quadrant
chyme
pulpy acidic gastric stomach fluid
where is the small intestine located?
left lower abdominal quadrant, begins at the exit of the stomach and joins the large intestine at the cecum
function of small intestine
break down food, absorb nutrients, discard unnecessary components
function of large intestine
absorb water and electrolytes, produce and absorb vitamins, formation of caca
sphincters
muscular valves used to separate parts of digestive system (move food from one structure to the next)
what happens to partially digested food in large intestine?
remaining water is absorbed and solid waste is formed
function of nipple
excrete breastmilk
prolactin versus oxytocin
prolactin produces breastmilk oxytocin releases
LH in male reproductive system
secrete testosterone
function of uterus
implantation site for oocyte, supports, protects and nourishes oocyte, contracts and sheds lining, excretes fetus at birth
oocyte + sperm =
zygote
raphe
groove, ridge or seam in an organ or tissue ( in men extends from anus through perineum to scrotum, in women from anus to vulva)
seminiferous tubules
produces sperm
what causes menopause?
decline in estrogen levels, increase in progesterone
primary and accessory organs in women
primary: ovaries
secondary: vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands, uterus, uterine tubes, accessory glands
primary and secondary organs men
primary: testes
secondary: penis, accessory glands, duct system
gamete travels through…
fallopian tubes and vas deferens
retetestis
a network of small tubes in testicles that help move sperm cells from testicles to epididymis
what causes an erection?
after stimulation blood is trapped under pressure within the corpora cavernosa
erectile bodies
penile shaft - 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
phenotypic versus genotypic sex
P: gender determined by genitalia (ovaries and testes)
G: gender determined by chromosomes (XX, XY)
urethral orifice
external opening of urethra, normally located at the tip of glans penis
homologous sex organs
clitoris - penis
semen consists of
sperm and seminal fluid
pampiniform plexus
cooling of the testes
spermatogenesis
begins during puberty, sperm production
scrotum homologous organ
labia majora
true or false: the urethra transports semen from ducts?
true
spermatic cords
contains nerves, blood, lymph vessels and vas deferens
menarche
first menstruation, beginning of puberty
precocious puberty
puberty happening too early (injury/brain damage can cause this)
true or false: LH is associated with ovulation?
true
when is ovulation induced?
day 14 of 28 day cycle, peak of LH
prostate
below bladder in front of rectum, used to create fluid in semen and force through urethra during ejaculation. increases in size as males age
