final review Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
how does blood move through capillaries?
A
osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
2
Q
why are valves so important?
A
they keep lymph fluid/blood flowing in one direction
3
Q
thoracic duct…
A
- largest lymphatic vessel
- left side (head, neck, trunk)
- receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract
- drains more than right lymphatic duct
4
Q
myocardium v. pericardium v. endocardium
A
myocardium: muscles of the heart, thickest layer of heart wall
endocardium: single cell, lines inner chambers
pericardium: surrounding layer that protects the heart
5
Q
what type of blood do systemic veins transport?
A
blood low in oxygen
6
Q
defective, “sick” red blood cells go through which structure?
A
the spleen
7
Q
characteristics of blood type O
A
universal donor, only can receive from type O, antibodies A + B, no antigen
8
Q
granulocytes are…
A
the most common type of WBC found, three types: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
9
Q
what happens if Rh- mom in labor comes in contact with Rh+ blood of fetus/newborn?
A
risk of potential spontaneous abortion. this can be mitigated with medication if caught during first pregnancy, risk much higher in second.
10
Q
receiving chambers of the heart
A
the atrium
11
Q
P wave in an EKG
A
atria, depolarization
12
Q
T wave in an EKG
A
ventricular, repolarization (starting point)
13
Q
ST segment in an EKG
A
initial phase of ventricular repolarization, flat plateau line, no depression or elevation
14
Q
eosinophils
A
mucus membrane, found in digestive, lower urinary and respiratory tract, elevated count = parasites
15
Q
primary lymphoid structures
A
red bone marrow, thymus
16
Q
blood pathway
A
- inferior/superior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve opens
- right ventricle opens, tricuspid valve closes
- pulmonary valve opens
- pulmonary artery
- lungs
- pulmonary veins
- empties into left atrium
- bicuspid/mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
- rest of the body
17
Q
systemic versus pulmonary circulation
A
systemic: left side, oxygenated
pulmonary: right side. deoxygenated
18
Q
continuous versus discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries
A
continuous: most abundant, space between two cells called intercellular cleft, tight junction of the brain (blood brain barrier BBB)
discontinuous: found in liver, spleen, gap between cells are wider and “very leaky,” incomplete basement membrane
19
Q
neutrophils
A
most abundant type of granulocyte, elevated levels = bacterial infection
20
Q
rhesus factor (blood group D)
A
- either present or absent on the RBC
- RR, Rr = dominant
- rr = recessive
- Rh+ = present, Rh- = absent
- genetic
21
Q
how to lymphatic and circulatory systems work in tangent?
A
the lymphatic systems supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluid and proteins from tissues found in the blood stream, thus preventing tissue swelling
22
Q
PQ segment in an EKG
A
atrial plateau
23
Q
lacteals
A
lymphatic capillaries found in GI tract
24
Q
where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
A
- liver
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- bone marrow
- endocrine hormones (glands)
25
in which parts of the body will you NOT find arteries?
- epithelium (skin)
- hair
- nails
- tooth enamel
26
basophils
least abundant granulocyte, secrete histamine and neoprene, blood vessels dilate, inhibit blood clotting
27
capillary muscles are...
- tendinous cords
- cords rooted in the walls of the heart
- cords attached to valves
- allows blood to flow in one direction
- if flow occurs in 2 direction s- regurgitation
28
secondary lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
29
does blood flow slower or faster in capillaries? why?
slower, the pressure is much lower and there are nutrients and gas exchanges occurring simultaneously
30
what are the layers of a centrifuge tube?
1. RBC
2. buffy coat
3. plasma
31
red pulp consists of...
RBC, platelets, macrophage, b-lymphocytes, reticular CT
32
white pulp consists of...
t+b-lymphocytes
33
characteristics of blood type AB
- can only donate to AB
- universal recipient
- antigen: A, B
- antibodies: none
- universal plasma donor
34
characteristics of blood type A
- donate to A, AB
- receive from A and O
- antibodies: B
- antigen: A
35
platelets
type of thrombocyte, made in bone marrow, stored in spleen (released as needed), not whole cells but are fragments of megakaryocytes, aid in blood clotting
36
valves of the heart and their functions
- mitral/tricuspid valves - move blood from atria (higher) to ventricles (lower)
- aortic/pulmonary valves - move blood to the lungs and the rest of the body
37
electrical impulse to heart pathway
- SA node
- AV node
- AV bundle (bundle of His)
- bundle branches off into left and right
- purkinje fibers
- contraction
38
cross sections of blood vessels
tunica media - thicker in artery than in vein
tunica externa - thicker in vein than in artery
39
characteristics of blood type B
donate to B, AB
receive from B, O
antigen: B
antibodies: A
40
characteristics of thymus
- where lymphocyte maturation occurs
- located in mediastinum
- contains 2 thymic lobes
- larger in children than adults
- stops developing after puberty
- slowly decreases and is eventually replaced by adipose tissue
41
right lymphatic duct
right side, drains upper right quadrant
42
thrombocytes versus thymocytes
thrombocytes are essential in blood clotting, thymocytes regulate thymic cell growth
43
types of pathogens
bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoans
44
innate immunity
present at birth, protects against nonspecific substance, responds immediately, no memory needed
45
normal rate of breaths per minute
12-20
46
natural killer (NK) cells
nonspecific internal defense cells, destroy unhealthy/unwanted cells through apoptosis (cytotoxic chemical release) preform immune surveillance
47
complement system
activated by infection, function to destroy extracellular pathogens, marker to indicate presence of pathogen
48
acute inflammation lasts for...
8-10 days (240 hours)
49
gas exchange
exchange between O2 and CO2
50
pathogenic agent
cause harm or disease to the host
51
true or false, respiratory epithelium becomes thicker as you go down
false
52
the adrenal gland
sits on top of each kidney and secretes renin (hormone)
53
virus production process
not living cells, so they require a host to live/reproduce. virus will inject host's DNA and begins to replicate and for proteins
54
respiratory organs in anatomical order
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. esophagus
5. trachea
55
difference between lungs
right lung is larger, contains 3 lobes whereas left lung contains 2
56
which bronchus is more susceptible to having material enter?
the right bronchus due to it being larger and its angle
57
urinary system organs in anatomical order
1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. bladder
4. urethra
58
how many sections are renal tubules split into?
3
59
pneumothorax
collapsed lung, when air enters pleural cavity
60
which lung does the heart make an impression on?
the left lung
61
which kidney is superior to the other?
the right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney to accommodate the liver
62
respiratory gas exchange pathways
head, neck, trunk, lungs
63
conducting zone organs
nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
64
how many ureters do we have?
2
65
urine formation process
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
4. excretion
66
lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
67
where does urine visit first?
minor calyx
68
nasal conchae
3 paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity
69
kidneys characteristics and function
symmetrical, concave medial border = hilum, posterior abdominal wall, lateral to vertebral column (retroperitoneal), blood delivered by renal artery, innervated by sympathetic nerves (T10-T12) and parasympathetic nerves from CN X, used to remove waste from blood and return the filtered blood to the body
70
hilum
where arteries and veins connect to create blood flow, also located on the medical side of the kidneys
71
functions of the larynx
produce sound (voice box), protect the lower respiratory tract from food entering into the trachea while breathing (epiglottis)
72
bowman's capsule
first step in filtration of blood to urine, part of nephron, composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
73
what are the 2 main aspects of digestion?
mechanical - chewing
chemical - use of enzymes
both break down food
74
where does digestion start?
in the oral cavity (mouth)
75
bolus
chewed food at the moment of swallowing
76
which salivary glands do mumps affect?
intrinsic salivary glands
77
functions of digestive system (use acronym DISAME)
digestion, ingestion, secretion, absorption, motility, excretion
78
parts of small intestine in anatomical order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
78
primary organs of GI tract
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal cavity
78
rectum
where feces are held
79
accessory organs of GI tract
teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
80
organs of upper GI tract
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
81
organs of lower Gi tract
large intestine, rectum, anus
82
intrinsic vs extrinsic salivary glands
intrinsic glands are found within oral cavity (pharynx, tongue) and extrinsic glands are found outside of oral cavity (sublingual, submandibular, parotid) submandibular extrinsic gland produces the most saliva
83
mastication
chewing (mechanical digestion)
84
where does transverse colon originate from?
transverse colon is middle portion of the colon, coming from the ascending colon (right dorsal)
85
where is the stomach located?
upper left abdominal quadrant
86
chyme
pulpy acidic gastric stomach fluid
87
where is the small intestine located?
left lower abdominal quadrant, begins at the exit of the stomach and joins the large intestine at the cecum
88
function of small intestine
break down food, absorb nutrients, discard unnecessary components
89
function of large intestine
absorb water and electrolytes, produce and absorb vitamins, formation of caca
90
sphincters
muscular valves used to separate parts of digestive system (move food from one structure to the next)
91
what happens to partially digested food in large intestine?
remaining water is absorbed and solid waste is formed
92
function of nipple
excrete breastmilk
93
prolactin versus oxytocin
prolactin produces breastmilk oxytocin releases
94
LH in male reproductive system
secrete testosterone
95
function of uterus
implantation site for oocyte, supports, protects and nourishes oocyte, contracts and sheds lining, excretes fetus at birth
96
oocyte + sperm =
zygote
97
raphe
groove, ridge or seam in an organ or tissue ( in men extends from anus through perineum to scrotum, in women from anus to vulva)
98
seminiferous tubules
produces sperm
99
what causes menopause?
decline in estrogen levels, increase in progesterone
100
primary and accessory organs in women
primary: ovaries
secondary: vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands, uterus, uterine tubes, accessory glands
101
primary and secondary organs men
primary: testes
secondary: penis, accessory glands, duct system
102
gamete travels through...
fallopian tubes and vas deferens
103
retetestis
a network of small tubes in testicles that help move sperm cells from testicles to epididymis
104
what causes an erection?
after stimulation blood is trapped under pressure within the corpora cavernosa
105
erectile bodies
penile shaft - 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
106
phenotypic versus genotypic sex
P: gender determined by genitalia (ovaries and testes)
G: gender determined by chromosomes (XX, XY)
107
urethral orifice
external opening of urethra, normally located at the tip of glans penis
108
homologous sex organs
clitoris - penis
109
semen consists of
sperm and seminal fluid
110
pampiniform plexus
cooling of the testes
111
spermatogenesis
begins during puberty, sperm production
112
scrotum homologous organ
labia majora
113
true or false: the urethra transports semen from ducts?
true
114
spermatic cords
contains nerves, blood, lymph vessels and vas deferens
115
menarche
first menstruation, beginning of puberty
116
precocious puberty
puberty happening too early (injury/brain damage can cause this)
117
true or false: LH is associated with ovulation?
true
118
when is ovulation induced?
day 14 of 28 day cycle, peak of LH
119
prostate
below bladder in front of rectum, used to create fluid in semen and force through urethra during ejaculation. increases in size as males age
