Final Review

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

To speak ethically is to provide honest facts with integrity and without deception or distortion

Question 2

Plagiarism

Answer 2

using someone else’s words or ideas without proper attribution

Question 3

Global plagiarism

Answer 3

taking an entire work written by someone else and passing it off as your own.

Question 4

Patchwork plagiarism

Answer 4

when a writer copies material from several writers and rearranges that material with no attempt to acknowledge the original sources

Question 5

Incremental plagiarism

Answer 5

inserting quotes, passages, or excerpts from other works into your assignment without properly citing the original source

Question 6

Denotative meaning

Answer 6

the key that opens the most basic, literal, and direct interpretation of a word,

Question 7

Connotative meaning

Answer 7

signifying or suggestive of an associative or secondary meaning in addition to the primary meaning

Question 8

Imagery

Answer 8

a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head

Question 9

Simile

Answer 9

a figure of speech that is mainly used to compare two or more things that possess a similar quality

Question 10

Metaphor

Answer 10

a figure of speech that implicitly compares two unrelated things, typically by stating that one thing is another

Question 11

Parallelism

Answer 11

a grammatical technique involving the use of the same or similar grammatical structures and clauses within sentence structures

Question 12

Alliteration

Answer 12

the repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words

Question 13

Antithesis

Answer 13

a figure of speech in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension,

Question 14

Inclusive language

Answer 14

avoids the use of words that can be considered to exclude particular groups of people,

Question 15

Manuscript speech

Answer 15

a written text read to an audience from a paper script or teleprompter

Question 16

Impromptu speech

Answer 16

given with little or no preparation, yet almost always with some advance knowledge on the topic

Question 17

Extemporaneous speech

Answer 17

a well-prepared speech that relies on research, clear organization, and practiced delivery

Question 18

Conversational quality

Answer 18

no matter how many times a speech has been rehearsed, it still sounds spontaneous to the audience.

Question 19

Pitch

Answer 19

the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords

Question 20

Inflections

Answer 20

the pitch and tone patterns in a person’s speech

Question 21

Monotone

Answer 21

a vocal utterance or series of speech sounds in one unvaried tone

Question 22

Rate

Answer 22

the number of syllables or words spoken divided by the time required to produce the entire speech sample

Question 23

Vocalized pauses

Answer 23

utterances such as “uh,” “like,” and “um” that occur between words in oral sentences

Question 24

Articulation

Answer 24

how clearly the speaker pronounces words

Question 25

Kinesics

Answer 25

the interpretation of body communication such as facial expressions and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole.

Question 26

Pie graph

Answer 26

a circular chart that is divided into parts shaped like pieces of pie in such a way that the size of each piece represents the relative quantity or frequency of something

Question 26

Graph

Answer 26

a written or printed representation of a basic unit of speech

Question 27

A Question of Fact

Answer 27

asks what is true and what is false.

Question 28

Question of Value

Answer 28

asks whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable

Question 29

Question of Policy

Answer 29

asks if something should or should not be done

Question 30

Problem-cause-solution order

Answer 30

the first identifying a problem, the second analyzing the causes of the problem, and the third presenting a solution to the problem.

Question 30

Comparative advantages order

Answer 30

utilized when a speaker is comparing two or more things or ideas and shows why one of the things or ideas has more advantages than the other(s).

Question 31

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence order

Answer 31

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization & call to action

Question 32

Ethos

Answer 32

convincing your audience that you have good character and you are credible therefore your words can be trusted

Question 33

Pathos

Answer 33

to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel

Question 34

Logos

Answer 34

to appeal to the audiences’ sense of reason or logic.

Question 35

Initial credibility

Answer 35

the audience’s perception of the speaker before the speech begins

Question 36

Derived credibility

Answer 36

produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech

Question 37

Terminal credibility

Answer 37

the audience’s perception of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Question 38

Reasoning

Answer 38

the process of making sense of things around us

Question 39

Reasoning from specific instances

Answer 39

progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.

Question 40

Reasoning from principle

Answer 40

a type of reasoning in which a conclusion is based on the combination of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true.

Question 41

Analogical reasoning

Answer 41

a specific way of thinking, based on the idea that because two or more things are similar in some respects,

Question 42

Hasty generalization

Answer 42

making a claim based on evidence that it just too small.

Question 43

Invalid analogy

Answer 43

assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects,

Question 44

False cause fallacy

Answer 44

occurs when someone incorrectly assumes that a causal relation exists between two things or events.

Question 45

Bandwagon fallacy

Answer 45

appeal to common belief or appeal to the masses because it’s all about getting people to do or think something because “everyone else is doing it”

Question 46

Red herring fallacy

Answer 46

an attempt to redirect a conversation away from its original topic.

Question 47

Ad hominem fallacy

Answer 47

an attempt to discredit someone’s argument by personally attacking them

Question 48

Either-or fallacy

Answer 48

when someone claims there are only two possible options or sides in an argument when there are actually more

Question 49

Slippery slope fallacy

Answer 49

an argument that claims an initial event or action will trigger a series of other events and lead to an extreme or undesirable outcome.

Question 50

Appeal to Tradition

Answer 50

The argument supports a position by appealing to long-standing or traditional opinion, as if the past itself were a kind of authority

Question 51

Appeal to Novelty

Answer 51

The argument supports a position by appealing to the newness of the position, as if being new were itself a kind of authority

Question 52

List the 6 C’s of Effective Language Usage

Answer 52

Completeness, correctness, clarity, conciseness, concreteness, and courtesy

Question 53

List 5 types of presentational aids

Answer 53

Graphs, pie charts, videos, props, maps

Question 54

List the 7 Principles of Successful Persuasive Speaking

Answer 54

Reciprocity, Scarcity, Authority, Consistency, Liking, Social Proof, Unity