Final Review

Question 1

emotions are the grammar of social relationships

Answer 1

emotional exchanges are the core elements of the interactions that make up our relationships.

Question 2

two ways to approach the social nature of emotions

Answer 2

1. emotions create specific social relationships, for example a feeling of social passion helps us get into long term partnerships, smile is an indiction of cooperation, anger is declaration of conflict
2. relationships shape emotions
   for example:
   emotions shift as we experience different relationships,
   romantic partner elicits passion, friend= gratitude, boss=anxiety

Question 3

How are emotions futile?

Answer 3

1. informative: provide information
2. evocation: Trigger responses,
   smile at someone you like in order to get their attention
3. incentive: motivates others behavior,
   someone tells you a joke to make you laugh

Question 4

What is the human universal for romantic relationship?

Answer 4

monogomy

Question 5

what percent of Americans marry and what percentage divorce?

Answer 5

85-90% marry, 50% divorce

Question 6

What are the three basic attachment styles?

Answer 6

1. caregiving: for vulnerable offspring
2. sexual: motivates reproductive behavior
3. attachment: pair bonding

Question 7

what brings individuals together into romantic partnerships?

Answer 7

sexual desire and romantic love

Question 8

1983 Levenson and Gottman study

Answer 8

followed marriages of 79 couples in order to discover which emotional processes predict the fall of marriages.They measured the dynamics of married partners as they engaged in 15 min conversations on conflictual problems

Question 9

4 Horseman Apocalyse

Answer 9

toxic emotional behaviors that are damaging to relationships and will lead to divorce
1. criticism: finding fault in each other, critical, attacking partner’s personality or character with the intent of making someone right or wrong

2.defensiveness: seeing self as the victim, making excuses and whining

3.contempt: attacking your partner’s sense of self with the intention to insult or psychologically abuse him/ her
name calling, hostile humor, body language

4.stonewalling: withdrawing from the relationship as a way to avoid conflict
stony silence, changing the subject

Question 10

toward the magical 5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative emotion

Answer 10

1. Humor
2. Gratitude
3. Forgiveness

Question 11

Capitalizing upon the good (Gable)

Answer 11

romantic partners share their joys and respond to each other’s good news with engaged enthusiasm, they are more likely to feel committed to one another many months later

Question 12

why should you form relationships with non-kin?

Answer 12

1. alliance formation negates power of the alpha

2. more efficient in care-giving and food collection and defense

Question 13

Benefits of a strong support system

Answer 13

people to share complex emotions with and can turn to in times of need

1. Alameda County: Those who report weak social support 1.9 to 3.1 times more likely to have died nine years later (Berkman & Syme, 1979)
2. Strong support lower levels of cortisol, loneliness increases it (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1995)
3. Give stressful speech with supportive member in audience or with stranger (friend reduces lower blood pressure; Kamarck et al., 1990)
4. Give stressful talk, with sense of social support show lower cortisol response (Taylor et al., 2007)
5. Spiegel et al., 1989: women with breast cancer who are in supportive group therapy better life expectancy compared to non-intervention control (37 vs. 18 months)
6. Strong social networks add 10 years to your life expectancy (Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010)

Question 14

social class and emotion

Answer 14

social class: wealth, education, and prestige of work that the individual enjoys within a particular society

Question 15

social class and empathetic accuracy

Answer 15

lower class people are better judges of other’s emotions

Question 16

social class and compassion

Answer 16

lower class people respond with greater compassion ( in terms of self-repot and autonomic physiology) to the suffering of other

Question 17

social class vs self reported compassion

Answer 17

Low SC show greater self-reported compassion to suffering than high SC

Question 18

social class vs.heart rate

Answer 18

low SC showed lowered heart rate to suffering of ppl as compared to high SC individuals. They’re heart rates decelerate lower than high SC individuals

Question 19

HPA ( hypothalamic-pituitary axis)

Answer 19

Body's flight or fight response. responsible for short-term and chronic stress.
increased feeling of vulnerability
stress, anxiety, fear, and nervousness
vigilance to threats
immune system compromise (?)

Question 20

Stressful life circumstance for individuals of low SES

Answer 20

fewer books/ parks, good food, 
more noise, pollution
parent's inconsistent work
longer commute times,
less time with kids
greater exposure to crime

Question 21

Low SES threat sensitivity

Answer 21

great cardiac response to threat
distrust of others
hostile attribution bias
greater amygdala response to angry faces
chronically elevated cortisol, cytokine system
higher levels of anxiety/ depression
cortisol no longer down regulates inflammation (?)
chronically inflammed immune system (?)
by age 20, shed 6 years off life expectancy

Question 22

magical transformation

Answer 22

term coined by philosopher Jean-Paul Sarter to explain how emotions influence our reasoning

emotions transform the way we see the world

Question 23

heuristics

Answer 23

guess that often work better than chance, shortcuts to making judgements or taking action influenced by our emotions