Final review Flashcards
Intimacy, Childbearing and socialization, + care work belongs to which institutional arena?
family
What’s the difference between structural functionalism and conflict theory?
Structural functionalism relies on a harmonistic
point of view, everyone must play their role to make the family functional.
Conflict theory critiques structural functionalism because it analyzes the power indifference between those two roles and how that can create conflict and how it reproduces gender roles.
Which type of theorist would say that the breadwinner-homemaker family provides a basis for stability and cooperation?
consensus/structural functionalist
Studies that collect data on how family members spend their time are called _______
time use studies
With the onset of companionate marriage (modern family period), ________ was replaced by dating.
courtship
During the colonial period (pre 1820), the role of children was to play and be carefree as innocence and socio-emotional development were key facets of having a “childhood”. True or False?
false
Which immigrant generation signifies the children of immigrants (i.e. those born in the U.S. with immigrant parents)?
2nd gen
_______have the highest interracial marriages amongst all single-race groups.
American Indians
the acquisition of a new culture and language is termed __________.
acculturation
The majority of immigrants in the U.S. are now (geographically) from _______and________.
Asia, Latin America
The drop in marriage rates has been felt by all groups, but it has been steepest for __________.
Black Americans
The Gini Coefficient is a measure of _______.
inequality
Income inequality in the U.S. has __________, lending to challenges in______ mobility.
increased/skyrocketed, social/upward mobility
The social rewards of marriage, social networks, and inherited wealth allow families to ____________across generations.
improve social position
U.S. Poverty concentration/segmentation __________
social category of race
Family structure has no effect on poverty. True or False?
False
The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure -making those elements part of their own personality.
socialization
_________includes a person’s pattern of outward behavior in relation to common standards of a gender category (types of clothing, etc…)
gender expression
What are the three key context levels for gender socialization (hint: think interactive circles of socialization)?
(1) Family
(2) Local context (peers, schools, workplaces)
(3) Cultural context (media, religion, economic conditions)
A structural functionalist would view gender inequality (heteronormative lens) of predefined gender roles when it comes to the division of labor as complimentary in order to maintain stability and harmony in society. True or False?
true
Definitions of sex and gender identity are interchangeable. True or False?
false
Stricter morals controls on person A (woman) compared to person B (man) when it comes to sexual behavior is termed______
sexual double standard
Sociological examinations of sexually transmitted diseases utilize analysis of social status via infection tracing. True or false?
false, use of social network
Rates of teen pregnancy have _______ since the mid-90’s.
decreased
Social research on sex in later life (age 70’s-80’s) finds sexually active behavior in older adults with married partners, non-marital partners and self. True or false?
true
Comprehensive sex education, that teaches specific practices and skills, has proven much more effective than abstinence-only programs. True or false?
true
There are two cultures of ‘love’ that exist in the U.S. according to Swidler (2001). Identify the 2 types of love and provide characteristics of each.
Romantic love (ideal)–passionate devotion & attraction one person feels for another
AND
Utilitarian love (practical) rational dedication based on shared understanding and emotional commitment
Gay and lesbian relationships reflect similar patterns as straight relationships (Gotta et al. 2011) albeit they are complicated by _____.
social stigma/negative social pressures(homophobia)
Sociologists use the concept of _______, to examine the phenomena whereby similar people have more of a given kind of contact than dissimilar people (e.g. where they live, go to school, spend leisure, share common experiences).
homophily (“birds of a feather flock together”)
Although the U.S. is a defacto multi-cultural nation-state, racial-ethnic patterns of marriage illustrate high-levels of ________.
endogamy
________has rapidly become an expected stage in relationships for the majority of couples.
cohabitation
In the 1960’s the male provider ideal was the dominant American conception of fatherhood. Within contemporary society today, that has shifted to _________.
the involved father ideal
With 1 divorce for every 2.1 marriages and recouping through second marriages, modern families in the new diversity era that include stepparents, step siblings/half-siblings are termed _____________.
blended families
On average, research has lent to findings that married people are ________than unmarried people (for both men and women).
happier and healthier
What is the difference between the terms ‘child less’ and ‘child free’?
childless-wanting children but having inability to have children
childfree-choice to not have children
___________are difficult for children, even when moving from a challenging family environment/circumstances to a healthier one.
family transition
_____________is when men and women have jobs in separate occupations. Whereby, ______________is the allocation of work between men and women in a society.
occupational gender segregation, gender division of labor
Describe the ‘motherhood penalty’
the loss of earnings women experience after
they have children; working mothers encounter disadvantages in pay, perceived competence, and benefits relative to childless women
–> second shift(the care and housework women tend to do in addition to paid labor force work) impacts ‘hurt’ careers
The conflict that occurs when time demands, strains, or obligations of work or family roles make it difficult to fulfill obligations of either role is termed ___________.
work-family conflict
The system of care involves what two types of work
housework and care work
Care work
work performed face-to-face for the purpose of enhancing the
capabilities of another person
Housework
work to maintain a household’s functions
Market work
work done by employees for pay
System of care
how a society accomplishes the necessary care work and
housework
Which type of work is often valued over housework and care work?
market/paid work
Despite continuance of family violence, overall ______has been declining since the 1990’s in the U.S.
violence
An often overlooked population facing abuse (particularly psychological abuse), is ______
the elderly
A pattern of research on child abuse is that dangerous acts perpetrated against children occur by strangers. True or False?
false; usually perpetrated by family/people who are close to children
What are the two elements that are usually present between victims and perpetrators?
intimacy and care relationship
Child ______may be more difficult to identify than child abuse.
neglect
The future of U.S. families is projected to be marked by __________. (the condition of difference in experiences or characteristics of a population)
social diversity
What are push and pull factors for migration?
push: safety reasons, higher standard of living overseas,
pull: better lifestyles, remote work, reduced traffic, adaptation and/or return to culture, and reduced cost of living, expatriate “packages” (subsidies for K-12 education and/or rent, set number or round-trip airfare tickets per annum), more opportunities for saving due to reduced cost of living/lower expenses
The term _________ is often linked to Global North countries (high GDP).
expatriate
What is the difference between expatriates and migrants?
migrants are people who moved out of their country of usual residence, often seen as less well-off ; expatriates are seen as coming from wealthier countries.
Some U.S. Americans are electing to reside in Mexico and conduct remote work. They are benefiting from earning in _______, and spending in ______. Critics note the _______ of Mexican neighborhoods as a response to this phenomena.
dollars; pesos, gentrification
The future of families notes that in the categorization of society using the frame of families, _________are often neglected and there will need to be social policies to further include this part of the population.
people with no families
One skill or resource that parents provide (or try to provide) for their children is ______, which helps prepare them for future social situations so they will feel less confusion and stress
A. the social bond
B. socialization
C. intensive motherhood
D. social networking
A. the social bond
Public opinion regarding spanking children can be understood as being shaped by traditional beliefs and by ______, which are influenced by the advice of experts such as doctors, teachers, and social scientists
A. opportunity costs
B. contemporary attitudes
C. religious beliefs
D. stigmas
B. contemporary attitudes
The increase in women’s employment and the increased diversity of family structure changed the cultural view of fathers from the ______ to the ______ ideal, which emphasizes providing both material support and emotional bonding.
A. male provider; involved father
B. working father; intensive fatherhood
C. absent father; involved father
D. single father; involved father
A. male provider; involved father
Kayla decides to leave her lucrative job as a financial analyst to have and raise a second child. The income she will be giving up to raise her child can be referred to as
A. the motherhood penalty.
B. an opportunity cost.
C. the parenting cost.
D. the fertility cost.
B. an opportunity cost.
If a country has a total fertility rate of more than 2.1, the population will usually ______ , but if the total fertility rate is lower than 2.1, the population will instead______
A. shrink; grow
B. grow; stay the same
C. grow; shrink
D. stay the same; shrink
C. grow; shrink
Which of the following is an example of endogamy?
A. a man who marries someone who makes less money than he does
B. a woman who remarries after divorce
C. a woman who marries someone in her racial group
D. a man who marries someone of the same sex where this is legally recognized
C. a woman who marries someone in her racial group
Researchers have found that within the last few decades, those with less education are increasingly delaying their first marriage due to
A. higher fertility rates.
B. increased economic insecurity.
C. lack of less-educated marriage partners.
D. lowered incentives for marriage.
B. increased economic insecurity
The two assumptions required for Gary Becker’s marriage market concept are that marriages must be ______ and there must be ______ for spouses.
A. endogamous; diversity
B. voluntary; competition
C. monogamous; variety
D. affordable; choices
B. voluntary; competition
Social and cultural changes have brought about more ______, which some people argue has weakened marriage ties; however, researchers suggest that the
relationships that do survive are emotionally stronger.
A. individualism
B. religious endogamy
C. familial pressure to marry
D. marriage markets
A. individualism
One major illustration of the modern changes seen in marriage patterns is that ______ has now become an expected stage in relationships for most couples.
A. endogamy
B. cohabitation
C. religious intermarriage
D. annulment
B. cohabitation
The term wedding industrial complex refers to the
A. transformation of weddings from small gatherings to large ones.
B. increasingly complex nature of marriage law.
C. high cost and many components of a modern-day wedding.
D. fact that the number of weddings has decreased due to the decline of
industry-based jobs.
C. high cost and many components of a modern-day wedding
Shawn was born with ambiguous genitalia and XX chromosomes. This is a condition known as ____________, and Shawn’s parents decided to label her female and raise her as a girl.
A. sexual identity disorder
B. homosexuality
C. transgender
D. intersex
D. intersex
Max and Claire have a son and a daughter. Their son is expected to mow the lawn and wash the cars. Their daughter is expected to cook the meals and vacuum. This is an example of
A. equality.
B. gender socialization.
C. sex dimorphism.
D. androgyny.
B. gender socialization
Which pair of terms refers to social gender?
A. man and male
B. woman and female
C. woman and man
D. male and female
C. woman and man
Transgender people are people whose
A. sexual orientation does not match their sex.
B. gender identity does not match their assigned sex.
C. sexual identity does not match their sexual orientation.
D. gender identity matches their assigned sex.
B.gender identity does not match their assigned sex
The association of the color pink with girls and blue with boys
A. has existed for at least 200 years.
B. is rarely used to differentiate babies by gender.
C. is a relatively new gender “rule.”
D. is based in biology.
C. is a relatively new gender “rule.”
The principle by which similar people have more of a given kind of contact than dissimilar people is
A. endogamy
B. homophily
C. hooking up
D. mate selection
B. homophily
Utilitarian love is a practical, rational dedication based on _________ and emotional _______.
A. attraction, bonds.
B. socioeconomic status, compatibility.
C. understanding, commitment.
D. intense interactions, intensity.
C. understanding, commitment
There is a popular notion that dating is over in college, but over____ percent of
students reported going on at least one date.
A. 90
B. 70
C. 50
D. 60
A. 90
Among those in the age range of 55 years to 75 years most single people now are ____________.
A. divorced or separated
B. living with roommates
C. connecting online
D. dating
divorced or separated
Blended family
any family that
includes stepparents, stepsiblings,
or half-siblings
Boundary ambiguity
the situation
in which family members do not
know or do not agree on who is in
the family and what role each
person plays
Which term refers to the legal dissolution of marriage according to the laws of the state?
A. marital dissolution
B. divorce
C. relationship dissolution
D. separation
B. divorce
Although divorce provides a legal dissolution of a marriage, an annulment of marriage is different because it
A. provides legal proof that a couple is separated for tax purposes.
B. provides a temporary divorce status that can be reversed for one year.
C. is considered a legal or religious determination that the marriage was never valid.
C. is considered a legal or religious determination that the marriage was never valid
How does cohabitation affect the likelihood that a couple will later divorce?
A. Cohabitation does not affect the chance of divorcing if the couple eventually marries.
B. Cohabitation before marriage decreases the likelihood that a couple will divorce.
C. Cohabitation before marriage increases the odds of a couple divorcing.
A. Cohabitation does not affect the chance of divorcing if the couple eventually marries
Mona and Jon are stepsiblings who live in a household with Jon’s mother, who is Mona’s stepmother, and Mona’s father, who is Jon’s stepfather. According to the textbook, their family can be considered
A. a boundary ambiguity.
B. a dynamic family.
C. a blended family.
D. an adoptive family.
C. a blended family
Research on the independence effect of women’s employment on the divorce rate indicates
A. women’s employment is strongly associated with divorce for all types of marriage.
B. women’s employment increases the likelihood of divorce, but only for women who are unhappy in their marriage.
C. women’s employment has no effect.
B. women’s employment increases the likelihood of divorce, but only for women who are unhappy in their marriage
Divisions of labor
the social process of determining who does what work and why
Exploitation
labor of some produces wealth and control of others
Life chances
the practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions and personal experiences
Social capital
access to resources one has by virtue of relationships and connection within a social network
Class identity
awareness of and sense of belonging geographically fluid
Gini index
a measure of inequality that 0 represents complete equality and 1 represents complete inequality
Poverty line
level of income below which the federal government defines family or individual as poor
Social mobility
the movement up or down between social classes
Using the issues of division of labor, explain how a functionalist and conflict theories differ on the topic of social class and families.
Consensus theorists (functionalists): social class is a ladder, and believe that inequality serves a beneficial and necessary function in society.
Conflict theorist believe that they see inequality as the result of economic exploitation
> social classes are distinct categories
What is social capital according to Pierre Bordieu? How does social capital distinguish poor families from wealthy families?
Pierre Bordieu saw social capital as “aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to the possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition” –> basically just usable resources and powers
→social capital as an individual property derived from status
(the lower the SES, the less capital; the higher the SES, the more capital)
How do marriages, social networks, and inherited wealth allow families to maintain or improve their social class positions across generations? Why is this a disadvantage for working class families?
Generational wealth, hoarding money and power, access to resources
–> systemic, the bourgeois hold the elite capital and control how far up working class families can go
–>The rich stay rich, and work to keep working class/poor families poor or poorer than them
–>Less resources= lower life chances, rich people have more resources and more life chances
Compulsory heterosexuality is the
A. assumption that everyone is straight and the pressure to conform to this norm.
B. law that punishes homosexuality and the public support of this law.
C. biological basis for sexual orientation.
D. fear of homosexuality.
A. assumption that everyone is straight and the pressure to conform to this norm
Teen boys tend to report higher self-esteem and more popularity than teen girls if they are sexually active. This is an example of
A. adolescence.
B. statutory rape.
C. promiscuity.
D. the sexual double standard.
D. the sexual double standard
John is poor, a high school graduate, and he smokes. These ______ may explain
his erectile dysfunction.
A. biological factors
B. medical factors
C. social factors
D. gender factors
C. social factors
For Sam, the process of ______ took many years while he told his close friends, family, work colleagues, and others that he is gay. Carla, on the other hand, did not have to go through this process, because she identifies as heterosexual.
A. homophobia
B. coming out
C. stigma
D. evolution
B. coming out
On average, married people have ________ sex and report ________ levels of satisfaction than unmarried people.
A. more; higher
B. more; lower
C. less; higher
D. less; lower
A. more; higher
Victorian moralists were concerned that the “epidemic” of male sexual self-satisfaction (masturbation) would result in
A. increased marital satisfaction.
B. blindness.
C. extramarital affairs.
D. elimination of the need for family relationships.
D. elimination of the need for family relationships.
opportunity cost
price on pays for choosing the less lucrative/ or well paying of the available options
Exchange theory
sees people as individuals entering mutual relationships to maximize their own gains
Why is exchange theory part of the consensus tradition of perspectives? Give an example of how an exchange theorist might explain housework
Exchange theory is part of consensus tradition because it is supposedly about maximizing the benefits between people and how they work together.This works under structural functionalism because it explains how the households “suppose” to function. In this perspective, the man’s function is to provide economic stability and protect and women are the caretakers and birth givers.
Dissonant acculturation
children develop english ability more quickly and integrate into the new society more easily than their parents.
Endogamy
marriage and reproduction within a distinct group of people
Exogamy
dating or marrying outside one’s social group
Consensus perspective
image of society is the collective expression of shared norms and values
–>Consensus and harmony form the basis of social life
Conflict perspective
view that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for social evolution
Conflict over difference can create positive change, and such changes do not threaten social stability
Feminist theory
seeks to understand and ultimately reduce inequality between men and women
Key contributions - 1. gender inequality, central to family life; 2. Family structure, socially constructed; 3. Gender theory perspectives varied
Exchange theory
individuals or groups with different resources, strengths, weaknesses, enter into mutually beneficial relationships to maximize their own gains
Symbolic interactionism
theory concerned with the ability of humans to see themselves through the eyes of others and to enact social roles based on others’ expectations
Modernity theory
Theory of historical emergence of the individual as an actor in society and individuality changed personal and institutional relations
