Final review Flashcards
Define microorganisms?
A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size.
What are microorganisms?
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa. (cellular)
Viruses and prions. (acellular)
Helminths.
Similarities between Bacteria and Eukaryotes?
Ancient cells, responsible for majority of human diseases, living organisms.
Joseph Lister
;Surgeon
Was the first to introduce Aseptic techniques; wash hands, disinfect air; prior to surgery.
Louis Pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation.
pasteurization
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
“Father of Microbiology” ;
constructed the microscope, was able to see microorganisms.
Ignaz Semmelweis
contributed to the development of aseptic techniques; mentioned that women became infected in maternity because physicians do not wash their hands.
Kocks postulates are criteria used to establish what?
series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused
established all of the rules/ techniques for preparing a specimen for microscopic examination.
5 I’s of studying microorganisms?
Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification.
What is the difference between selective and differential medium?
Selective- contain substances that allow the growth of one microbe or inhibit growth of unwanted microbes.
Differential- made of substance that will allow a visible change/ product (different results =different bacteria use)
Complex medium
Have a wide variety of microbes for support/ unknown chemical composition/ used for culturing organisms w/ unknown nutritional needs/contains extract of animals/plants/ yeast
(you don’t measure ingredients/cooking ex.)
Enriched medium
contains complex organic substances ex. blood, serum, hemoglobin, special growth factors (vitamins/amino acids) in order to grow.
picky sonsofbitches*
Synthetic medium
chemical compositions/ all components are chemically identified and quantified.
(you know ingredients ex.cook)
Resolution; Microscopes
distinguishing magnified objects clearly
beingable to see it
(what you can see)
Magnification; Microscopes
image appears lager to a particular degree
Contrast; Microscopes
light magnifying; change light settings
How is total magnification calculated?
multiplying by 10x
Function of Ribosome
protein synthesizers; gives a dotted appearance on cytoplasm. composed of protein and DNA
70sProkaryote
80sEukaryote
Inclusion
Stored nutrients (fat, phosphate, glycogen) in dense or particles that can be tapped into when needed. (looks like crystal)
Plasmid
double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.
Nucleoid
basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome.
Cytoplasm
water based solution filling the entire cell
What function do bacterial Appendages serve?
attachment and motility; transfer nutrients/ electrons
Endospore
dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions
Peptidoglycan
composed of polysaccharides; provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell walls.
Fungi Reproduction
production of various types of spores
ASex-Sporangiospores, Conidiospores
Sexual- Fungi of different genetic makeup combined with genes different from that of their parent.
Protist
what are considered protist?
Algae (photosynthetic protists) and Protozoa
Why might protozoa convert to a cyst ?
to combat/ adapt to drastic habitats
“many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called cyst”
Host cells of viruses are?
All types of organisms
bacteria, plants, fungi
What are the shapes of viruses?
Helical, polyhedral, complex
What do virus particles contain?
spikes, capside, maybe envelope DNA and RNA
What is the sequence of bacteriophage lytic cycle?
7 stages
1.Adsorption, 2.Penetration, 3.Duplication of phage/replication gen. material, 4.Assembly of new virions, 5.maturation, 6.lysis of weakened cell, 7.release of virus.
how do bacteriophages attach to host cell receptors?
specific receptors on bacterial surface/ penetrate the host after being injected through a rigid tube that the phage inserts through bacterial membrane wall
bacterial death
what results into bacterial death?
the permanent loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions, has become microbial definition of death
cellular respiration
glycolysis (C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2+ 6H2O+ ATP), citric cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation
Fermentation and end product
incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
nucleotide, what it’s made up of
Phosphate, sugar (ribosome), and nitrogenous base (Adenine/guanine/cytosine/ thymine/ (Uracil only on RNA)
difference between DNA and RNA
DNA; double stranded
RNA; Single
Semiconservative DNA replication
Some of the original DNA is in the new one
daughter strand have OG parent strand
Base pairing
essential to maintain genetic code
Transcription
What happens
synthesis RNA molecules
RNA is produced against a DNA template
Translation
RNA molecules is then used to produced proteins
DNA helicase does what
Unzips the DNA Helicase/ separates double stranded DNA into single stranded
Use and functions of disinfectants
used to clean surfaces; does not kill microorganisms.
What is considered a disinfectant?
hydrogen peroxide is used as disinfectant
lysol
Bacteriostatic agent
does not kill or remove but puts live bacteria to bed
Ways to control microbial growth
high temps./ radiation/ Sterilization
Patterns of microbial death
lag/exponential growth/stationary phase/ death phase
Define resident microbiota
microbes that are always/ have been always present in our body
Define opportunistic pathogen
pathogens that are usually not harmful but once immunocompromise will become harmful
Most frequent portal of entry for pathogens
skin breaks, upper respiratory,
Complement cascade
4 stages- initiation/amplification/ cascade/ polymerization/ membrane attack; second line of defense
Innate Immunity VS Adaptive Immunity
IM- 1st and 2nd line of defense/ physical/ fever/ inflammation/ fever/ phagocytes
AI- B and T cells
What are immunoglobulins
what are their structural features
surface receptors that are large glyco. protein that serve as antigen receptors of B cells
Hypersensitivity reactions
inflammatory reactions; humoral and cell mediated immune system
Serum titer involves what
B cell concentration
What is required for Antibody testing
involving direct fluorescing antibody testing and Fage lysis test
