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MICRO. Final Exam > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

1
Q

Define microorganisms?

A

A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size.

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2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa. (cellular)
Viruses and prions. (acellular)
Helminths.

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3
Q

Similarities between Bacteria and Eukaryotes?

A

Ancient cells, responsible for majority of human diseases, living organisms.

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4
Q

Joseph Lister
;Surgeon

A

Was the first to introduce Aseptic techniques; wash hands, disinfect air; prior to surgery.

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

disproved spontaneous generation.
pasteurization

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6
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

“Father of Microbiology” ;
constructed the microscope, was able to see microorganisms.

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7
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

contributed to the development of aseptic techniques; mentioned that women became infected in maternity because physicians do not wash their hands.

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8
Q

Kocks postulates are criteria used to establish what?

A

series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused

established all of the rules/ techniques for preparing a specimen for microscopic examination.

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9
Q

5 I’s of studying microorganisms?

A

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification.

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10
Q

What is the difference between selective and differential medium?

A

Selective- contain substances that allow the growth of one microbe or inhibit growth of unwanted microbes.
Differential- made of substance that will allow a visible change/ product (different results =different bacteria use)

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11
Q

Complex medium

A

Have a wide variety of microbes for support/ unknown chemical composition/ used for culturing organisms w/ unknown nutritional needs/contains extract of animals/plants/ yeast
(you don’t measure ingredients/cooking ex.)

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12
Q

Enriched medium

A

contains complex organic substances ex. blood, serum, hemoglobin, special growth factors (vitamins/amino acids) in order to grow.
picky sonsofbitches*

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13
Q

Synthetic medium

A

chemical compositions/ all components are chemically identified and quantified.
(you know ingredients ex.cook)

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14
Q

Resolution; Microscopes

A

distinguishing magnified objects clearly
beingable to see it
(what you can see)

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15
Q

Magnification; Microscopes

A

image appears lager to a particular degree

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16
Q

Contrast; Microscopes

A

light magnifying; change light settings

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17
Q

How is total magnification calculated?

A

multiplying by 10x

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18
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

protein synthesizers; gives a dotted appearance on cytoplasm. composed of protein and DNA
70sProkaryote
80sEukaryote

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19
Q

Inclusion

A

Stored nutrients (fat, phosphate, glycogen) in dense or particles that can be tapped into when needed. (looks like crystal)

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20
Q

Plasmid

A

double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.

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21
Q

Nucleoid

A

basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome.

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

water based solution filling the entire cell

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23
Q

What function do bacterial Appendages serve?

A

attachment and motility; transfer nutrients/ electrons

24
Q

Endospore

A

dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions

25
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

composed of polysaccharides; provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell walls.

26
Q

Fungi Reproduction

A

production of various types of spores
ASex-Sporangiospores, Conidiospores
Sexual- Fungi of different genetic makeup combined with genes different from that of their parent.

27
Q

Protist

A

what are considered protist?
Algae (photosynthetic protists) and Protozoa

28
Q

Why might protozoa convert to a cyst ?

A

to combat/ adapt to drastic habitats
“many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called cyst”

29
Q

Host cells of viruses are?

A

All types of organisms
bacteria, plants, fungi

30
Q

What are the shapes of viruses?

A

Helical, polyhedral, complex

31
Q

What do virus particles contain?

A

spikes, capside, maybe envelope DNA and RNA

32
Q

What is the sequence of bacteriophage lytic cycle?

A

7 stages
1.Adsorption, 2.Penetration, 3.Duplication of phage/replication gen. material, 4.Assembly of new virions, 5.maturation, 6.lysis of weakened cell, 7.release of virus.

33
Q

how do bacteriophages attach to host cell receptors?

A

specific receptors on bacterial surface/ penetrate the host after being injected through a rigid tube that the phage inserts through bacterial membrane wall

34
Q

bacterial death

A

what results into bacterial death?
the permanent loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions, has become microbial definition of death

35
Q

cellular respiration

A

glycolysis (C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2+ 6H2O+ ATP), citric cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation

36
Q

Fermentation and end product

A

incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

37
Q

nucleotide, what it’s made up of

A

Phosphate, sugar (ribosome), and nitrogenous base (Adenine/guanine/cytosine/ thymine/ (Uracil only on RNA)

38
Q

difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA; double stranded
RNA; Single

39
Q

Semiconservative DNA replication

A

Some of the original DNA is in the new one
daughter strand have OG parent strand

40
Q

Base pairing

A

essential to maintain genetic code

41
Q

Transcription

A

What happens
synthesis RNA molecules
RNA is produced against a DNA template

42
Q

Translation

A

RNA molecules is then used to produced proteins

43
Q

DNA helicase does what

A

Unzips the DNA Helicase/ separates double stranded DNA into single stranded

44
Q

Use and functions of disinfectants

A

used to clean surfaces; does not kill microorganisms.
What is considered a disinfectant?
hydrogen peroxide is used as disinfectant
lysol

45
Q

Bacteriostatic agent

A

does not kill or remove but puts live bacteria to bed

46
Q

Ways to control microbial growth

A

high temps./ radiation/ Sterilization

47
Q

Patterns of microbial death

A

lag/exponential growth/stationary phase/ death phase

48
Q

Define resident microbiota

A

microbes that are always/ have been always present in our body

49
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

pathogens that are usually not harmful but once immunocompromise will become harmful

50
Q

Most frequent portal of entry for pathogens

A

skin breaks, upper respiratory,

51
Q

Complement cascade

A

4 stages- initiation/amplification/ cascade/ polymerization/ membrane attack; second line of defense

52
Q

Innate Immunity VS Adaptive Immunity

A

IM- 1st and 2nd line of defense/ physical/ fever/ inflammation/ fever/ phagocytes
AI- B and T cells

53
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

what are their structural features
surface receptors that are large glyco. protein that serve as antigen receptors of B cells

54
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

inflammatory reactions; humoral and cell mediated immune system

55
Q

Serum titer involves what

A

B cell concentration

56
Q

What is required for Antibody testing

A

involving direct fluorescing antibody testing and Fage lysis test

MICRO. Final Exam (1 decks)

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