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Animal Science > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Radiation

A

comes from sun

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2
Q

Convection

A

moving air/water

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3
Q

Evaporation

A

sweating/panting

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4
Q

Conduction

A

direct contact with an object

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5
Q

Order of heat flux

A

conduction (least amount of heat loss)
radiation
convection
evaporation (most amount of heat loss)

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6
Q

LCT of cattle

A

feeder cattle and beef cattle have the lowest LCT

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7
Q

LCT of sheep

A

full fleece ewes and growing lambs have lowest LCT

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8
Q

LCT of swine

A

pigs in between 132 lbs and 220 lbs have lowest LCT

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9
Q

UCT of cattle

A

newborn calves and 1 month old calves have the highest UCT

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10
Q

UCT of sheep

A

full fleece ewes and newborn lambs have the highest UCT

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11
Q

UCT of swine

A

piglets 3 days-2 weeks old have the highest UCT

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12
Q

Heat tolerant cattle that are non-zebu

A

jersey and guernsey

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13
Q

Pigs sweat poorly due to ____

A

insulated fat layer

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14
Q

Sheep have sweat glands _____

A

that the wool renders ineffective

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15
Q

Chickens have ____

A

no sweat glands

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16
Q

Cow’s effective evaporative cooling rate is ____

A

1/8 as much of the same surface area on a human

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17
Q

Importance of hair coat color on temperature

A

white reflects, keeps them cooler
black absorbs, keeps them warmer

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18
Q

Importance of body shape on temperature

A

tall and slim is better at dissipating heat than short and thick

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19
Q

“true growth”

A

net increase in body protein

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20
Q

Growth=

A

weight/time

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21
Q

Compensatory gain

A

quick gain after a period of underfeeding/poor nutrition

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22
Q

Buyers for feedlots pay ___

A

more per pound for thin calves than for those showing “bloom” due to compensatory gain

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23
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells (prenatally)

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24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size (postnatally)

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25
Q

Prenatal

A

before birth

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26
Q

Postnatal

A

after birth

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27
Q

Pre-weaning

A

still getting mother’s milk

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28
Q

Post-weaning

A

fending for yourself

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29
Q

Factors contributing to small young

A

large litters, small uterus, small mother, young mother

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30
Q

Most weight growth occurs in what trimester?

A

3rd

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31
Q

Weaning weight is affected by:

A
  • milk production of dam
  • gene potential
  • pasture amount and quality
  • age of dam
  • sex of animal
  • castration
  • creep feed/ diet
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32
Q

Post weaning weight gain affected by:

A
  • genetics
  • amount/type of feed
  • sex
  • age (greatest gain during puberty)
  • climate
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33
Q

External factors affecting growth

A

nutrition and environment

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34
Q

Internal factors affecting growth

A

genes and hormones

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35
Q

Somatotropin (growth hormone)

A
  • produced by anterior pituitary gland
  • can be genetically engineered
  • species specific
  • stimulates nitrogen retention (protein increases)
  • affects carbs and fat metabolism
  • too much/little causes acromegaly/dwarfism
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36
Q

Cattle fattening habits

A

Heifers fatten faster than steers, steers fatten faster than bulls

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37
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroxin, “motors” run slow

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38
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroxin, “motors” run fast (pop eyed)

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39
Q

Swine fattening habits

A

barrows fatten faster than gilts

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40
Q

Sows farrow the most pigs at ___ yrs of age

A

3

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41
Q

Hens lay the most eggs at ___ yr of age

A

1

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42
Q

Maturity in animals presents itself as

A

less muscle growth, fattening, no more height increase, slowing of daily gain, decrease in body functions/metabolic rate

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43
Q

Concentrates

A

high in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible

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44
Q

Carbonaceous concentrates (low protein)

A

cereal grains, corn, wheat, oats, sorghum

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45
Q

Nitrogenous concentrates (high in protein)

A

soybean meal, cottonseed meal, tankage, dairy products

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46
Q

Roughages

A

low energy, high fiber, less digestible

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47
Q

Carbonaceous roughages (low in protein)

A

mature grass hay, stover, mature grain silage

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48
Q

Nitrogenous roughages (high in protein)

A

legume hay/silage, growing pasture/silage

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49
Q

Protein structure

A

amino acids -> peptide -> polypeptide -> protein

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50
Q

Protein content=

A

Nitrogen content x 6.25

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51
Q

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and hereditary transmission structures all contain ____

A

protein

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52
Q

Essential amino acids

A

MATT HILL VP

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53
Q

Monosaccharides (one sugar molecule)

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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54
Q

Disaccharides (two sugar molecules)

A

sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (glucose +galactose)

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55
Q

Trisaccharide (three sugar molecules)

A

raffinose (glucose + fructose + galactose)

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56
Q

Polysaccharide (many sugar molecules)

A

cellulose, lignin, starch, amylopectin

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57
Q

Starch and Amylopectin

A

digested by all type of digestive systems

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58
Q

Cellulose

A

only digested by rumen microbes in ruminants OR in cecum of hind gut fermenters (horses/elephants)

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59
Q

Lignin

A

wood, only digested by termites, no animal systems can digest

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60
Q

Fats are ___ at room temp.

A

solid (lard, beef tallow)

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61
Q

Oils are ___ at room temp.

A

liquid (cottonseed oil, corn oils)

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62
Q

Lipids provide ___ cal energy/g

A

9

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63
Q

CHO and Proteins provide __ cal energy/g

A

4

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64
Q

Fatty acids

A

must be supplied in the diet (linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic)

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65
Q

Order of energy

A

Gross -> Digestible -> Metabolize -> Net

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66
Q

Vitamin D

A

calcium absorption, rickets

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67
Q

Vitamin E

A

muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis

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68
Q

Vitamin A

A

proper vision, night blindness

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69
Q

Vitamin K

A

blood clotting, bleeding

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70
Q

Vitamin C

A

citrus, collagen formation; scurvy

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71
Q

B-complex vitamins

A

coenzymes in oxidative metabolic reactions, prevent several disease conditions

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72
Q

Vitamin B12

A

helps prevent anemia, only food source is meat so true vegetarians have to take supplements

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73
Q

Minerals

A

components of hormones and enzymes, maintain cells osmotic pressure, maintain correct acid-base balance, bones and teeth formation

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74
Q

Macro minerals

A

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

75
Q

Calcium

A

Ca:P ratio is important, good for bones; ricketso

76
Q

Phosphorus

A

bones, phosphorylation of energy compounds; rickets

77
Q

Sodium

A

pH control, osmotic pressure regulation, lowered digestion, can lead to cannibalism if deficient

78
Q

Chlorine

A

osmotic pressure regulation, used to make HCl; slow growth and low feed efficiency

79
Q

Magnesium

A

energy metabolism, skeletons; anorexia, tetany

80
Q

Potassium

A

pH control, osmotic pressure regulation; heart lesions

81
Q

Sulfur

A

amino acids; reduced microbial growth in rumen

82
Q

Micro minerals

A

Fe, Cu, I, Co, Zn, Mn, Se, Mo, F

83
Q

Iron

A

component of hemoglobin and myoglobin; anemia and thumps in pigs

84
Q

Copper

A

hair pigmentation, reproduction; stunted growth, bleached hair

85
Q

Iodine

A

in thyroxine; goiter, hairless pigs

86
Q

Cobalt

A

in B12, red blood cell formation; anemia, emaciation

87
Q

Zinc

A

enzyme activator; parakeratosis

88
Q

Manganese

A

enzyme activator; perosis

89
Q

Selenium

A

antioxidant; white muscle disease

90
Q

Molybdenum

A

purine metabolism; teart, emaciation

91
Q

Fluorine

A

bone formation; deficiency causes brittle bones; excess causes chalky and mottled teeth

92
Q

Capacity of horse’s organs

A

Stomach: 4 gallon
Small intestine: 12 gallons
Large colon: 11 gallons
Cecum: 8 gallons

93
Q

Capacity of pig’s organs

A

Stomach: 2 gallons
Small intestine: 2 gallons
Large intestine: 3 gallons

94
Q

Length of chicken’s GI tract

A

7 ft long

95
Q

Reproduction efficiency

A

number of offspring born alive

96
Q

Factors affecting reproduction

A
  • physiology
  • genetic potential
  • nutrition: not too fat/thin
  • season: resources/day length
  • humidity/heat: anti-reproduction
  • elevation: the higher it is, the worse it is
97
Q

Testis

A

primary sex organ

98
Q

Gamete

A

sperm produced by seminiferous tubules

99
Q

Endocrine

A

testosterone produced by interstitial cells

100
Q

Epididymis

A

long tube attached to side of testicle for storage and maturation of sperm

101
Q

Vas Deferens

A

tube that transports sperm from epididymis to urethra

102
Q

Ampulla

A

reservoir in animals that ejaculate quickly (bull, stallion, ram, buck)

103
Q

Prostate gland

A

nourish and stimulate sperm activity, opens into urethra

104
Q

Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)

A

neutralize urine residues and stimulate activity of sperm, large in boar, opens into urethra

105
Q

Bulbourethral glands (cowper)

A

neutralize urine residues, add volume to ejaculate, form gel in boar semen that plugs cervix in sow, opens into urethra

106
Q

Urethra

A

muscular canal extending from bladder through length of penis, passageway for sperm and urine

107
Q

Penis

A

organ of copulation, passage for urine and semen, free end is glans penis

108
Q

Cavernosum tissue

A

tissue that fills with blood making penis rigid/erect

109
Q

Fibroelastic

A

sigmoid flexure (bull, boar, ram)

110
Q

Vascular

A

no sigmoid flexure (stallion, dog)

111
Q

Scrotum

A

contains and protects testicle, regulates temp., cremaster muscle controls it

112
Q

Cryptorchid/Monorchid

A

“hidden” testicle in body cavity

113
Q

Castration

A
  • produces steer, barrow, wether, gelding, stag, capon
  • methods include knife, burdizzo, emasculator, elastrator
  • effects include slow growth, no secondary sex characteristics, fatten quicker, higher meat quality, less behavior problems
114
Q

gonadotropic (GnRH)

A

from hypothalamus, stimulates LH and FSH release from pituitary gland

115
Q

FSH (male)

A

stimulates sperm development

116
Q

LH (male)

A

stimulates testosterone secretion

117
Q

Gonadal (male)

A

testosterone, androgen

118
Q

Ovary

A

primary sex organ, produces eggs, hormones, estrogen, and progesterone

119
Q

Follicle

A

mature follicle is called a Graafian follicle

120
Q

Ovulation

A

follicle ruptures and releases egg

121
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum

A

site formerly occupied by ovum fills with blood

122
Q

Corpus luteum

A

if pregnant, hemorrhagicum is filled with cells and produces corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

123
Q

Corpus albican

A

if pregnancy does not occur, albican occurs

124
Q

Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

A

site of fertilization

125
Q

Infundibulum

A

funnel to pick up ovulated egg

126
Q

Uterus

A

site of placental, embryonic, and fetal development, produces prostaglandin-F2-alpha; 2 uterine horns and one body

127
Q

Cervix

A

cartilaginous organ that connects uterus to vagina, open and moist during estrus, sealed during pregnancy

128
Q

Vagina

A

copulatory organ, birth canal, bladder opens into vagina

129
Q

Clitoris

A

highly sensitive organ at lower tip of the vagina, stimulation after AI may increase conception rate

130
Q

Vulva

A

external genitalia

131
Q

FSH (female)

A

anterior pituitary; stimulates follicular growth on ovary

132
Q

LH (female)

A

anterior pituitary; ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

133
Q

Prolactin

A

anterior pituitary; starts and maintains milk production

134
Q

Oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary; uterine contractions, milk letdown, egg laying

135
Q

Estrogen

A

from follicle on ovary, causes secondary sex characteristics, duct growth, “heat” period, preps uterus for pregnancy

136
Q

Progesterone

A

from corpus luteum, prefers uterus for pregnancy, prevents ovulation, maintains pregnancy, develops milk secreting tissue

137
Q

Relaxin

A

aids in parturition

138
Q

Placenta

A

transmission of nutrients from mother to young, transmits waste from young to mother, shock protection, prevents transmission of bacteria, secretion of hormones

139
Q

Diffuse placenta

A

mare and sow

140
Q

Cotyledonary placenta

A

cow and ewe

141
Q

Placenta should be passed within __ hours after birth

A

12

142
Q

Mare reproduction

A

Puberty: 15-24 months
Estrous cycle: 19-21 days
Estrus: 96-216 hours
Gestation: 341 days (11 months)
Offspring: 1
Ovulation time vs estrus: 24-48 hours

143
Q

Cow reproduction

A

Puberty: 10-18 months
Estrous cycle: 19-21 days
Estrus: 12-24 hours
Gestation: 283 days (9 months)
Offspring: 1
Ovulation time vs estrus: 12-24 hours

144
Q

Sow reproduction

A

Puberty: 7-10 months
Estrous cycle: 19-21 days
Estrus: 24-72 hours
Gestation: 114 days (4 months)
Offspring: 8-12
Ovulation time vs estrus: 35-45 hours

145
Q

Ewe reproduction

A

Puberty: 7-10 months
Estrous cycle: 15-17 days
Estrus: 24-36 hours
Gestation: 148 days (5 months)
Offspring: 1-3
Ovulation time vs estrus: 24-36 hours

146
Q

Vaginal AI

A

semen deposited vaginally

147
Q

Trans-cervical AI

A

semen deposited in uterine body

148
Q

Laparoscopic AI

A

semen injected into lumen of each uterine horn

149
Q

Factors of success rate AI

A
  • efficacy of programming
  • general health of females
  • quality of frozen semen
  • precision of AI technique
  • 70% conception rate is good but more is not uncommon
150
Q

CIDR

A

releases progesterone in AI

151
Q

Estrus synchronization AI

A
  • females induced into estrus
  • CIDR left in 12-17 days
  • teaser ram/buck checks heats
  • Lap-AI 50-60 after CIDR pull
152
Q

Surgical prep AI

A
  • females off feed and water 12-24 hours before procedure
  • anesthesia
  • clip away hair/wool
  • sanitize with alcohol or iodine surgical scrub
153
Q

Doe/ewe is ____ in cradle

A

inverted

154
Q

Trocar and cannula

A

inserted into body cavity during AI

155
Q

Semen handling AI

A
  • microscope with heated stage
  • thaw unit
  • incubator
156
Q

Semen tanks have ___

A

canisters, canes, goblets, straws

157
Q

Semen is stored in liquid nitrogen with a temp. of?

A

-346 to -320 degrees F

158
Q

AI Insemination process

A
  • remove tracers, insert laparoscope and probe
  • look for good uterine tone
  • insert AI gun through probe
  • inject semen into lumen of each uterine horn
  • evacuate gas from abdominal cavity and remove cannulas
159
Q

Post-op AI

A
  • no need for stitches but some use it anyway
  • super-glue wound
  • wound dressing
  • antibiotic injection
  • speed is important
160
Q

Effect of AI on dairy cows

A

doubled milk production in 40 years because of the use of superior sires

161
Q

Artificial Vagina (stallions)

A

with a water jacket, train male to dummy, use a female in heat or use a castrate

162
Q

Mechanical manipulation (boars)

A

gloved hand

163
Q

Electrical stimulation (bulls and rams)

A

mainly for checking semen of young males before using them

164
Q

Semen extenders

A
  • egg yolk citrate
  • milk
  • fruit and veggie juices
  • glycerol and antibiotics
165
Q

Storage of semen

A
  • straws
  • ampules
  • pellets
  • freeze dried
166
Q

Number of inseminations per ejaculate

A

Bull: 300-400
Rams: 20-40
Boars: 10-20
Stallions: 10
Roosters 10

167
Q

Refrigerated storage of semen at 39-40 F, semen can be stored for:

A

Stallions: 1 day
Bulls: 3 days
Boars: 5-7 days (doesn’t freeze well)

168
Q

Semen is deposited in the ____ of the cow

A

uterus

169
Q

Semen is deposited in the ___ of ewes, sows, and mares

A

cervix

170
Q

Prostaglandins and progestins are used for ____

A

estrus synchronization

171
Q

Inseminate a cow ____

A

12-18 hours after start of estrus

172
Q

Inseminate an ewe ___

A

15 hours after start of estrus

173
Q

Inseminate a sow ___

A

30 hours after start of estrus

174
Q

Inseminate a mare ___

A

on days 3, 5, and 7 of estrus

175
Q

____% of females become pregnant on average for AI

A

73%

176
Q

Sexing semen

A
  • possible, question of ethics
177
Q

Good embryos must have ___

A

good recipients

178
Q

During ET, ___ is pulled to the outside of body

A

the uterus

179
Q

__ transferrable embryos per donor is good for mature females

A

8

180
Q

Feral

A

individual did not receive socialization, domesticated animals only

181
Q

Tame

A

individual received socialization, wild animals only

182
Q

Cats domesticated ____ years ago

A

12,000 in middle east

183
Q

Dogs domesticated ____ years ago

A

11,000-40,000 in the middle east

184
Q

Most dog breeds were developed in the last ___ years

A

200

Animal Science (1 decks)

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