Final Review Flashcards
Radiation
comes from sun
Convection
moving air/water
Evaporation
sweating/panting
Conduction
direct contact with an object
Order of heat flux
conduction (least amount of heat loss)
radiation
convection
evaporation (most amount of heat loss)
LCT of cattle
feeder cattle and beef cattle have the lowest LCT
LCT of sheep
full fleece ewes and growing lambs have lowest LCT
LCT of swine
pigs in between 132 lbs and 220 lbs have lowest LCT
UCT of cattle
newborn calves and 1 month old calves have the highest UCT
UCT of sheep
full fleece ewes and newborn lambs have the highest UCT
UCT of swine
piglets 3 days-2 weeks old have the highest UCT
Heat tolerant cattle that are non-zebu
jersey and guernsey
Pigs sweat poorly due to ____
insulated fat layer
Sheep have sweat glands _____
that the wool renders ineffective
Chickens have ____
no sweat glands
Cow’s effective evaporative cooling rate is ____
1/8 as much of the same surface area on a human
Importance of hair coat color on temperature
white reflects, keeps them cooler
black absorbs, keeps them warmer
Importance of body shape on temperature
tall and slim is better at dissipating heat than short and thick
“true growth”
net increase in body protein
Growth=
weight/time
Compensatory gain
quick gain after a period of underfeeding/poor nutrition
Buyers for feedlots pay ___
more per pound for thin calves than for those showing “bloom” due to compensatory gain
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells (prenatally)
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size (postnatally)
Prenatal
before birth
Postnatal
after birth
Pre-weaning
still getting mother’s milk
Post-weaning
fending for yourself
Factors contributing to small young
large litters, small uterus, small mother, young mother
Most weight growth occurs in what trimester?
3rd
Weaning weight is affected by:
- milk production of dam
- gene potential
- pasture amount and quality
- age of dam
- sex of animal
- castration
- creep feed/ diet
Post weaning weight gain affected by:
- genetics
- amount/type of feed
- sex
- age (greatest gain during puberty)
- climate
External factors affecting growth
nutrition and environment
Internal factors affecting growth
genes and hormones
Somatotropin (growth hormone)
- produced by anterior pituitary gland
- can be genetically engineered
- species specific
- stimulates nitrogen retention (protein increases)
- affects carbs and fat metabolism
- too much/little causes acromegaly/dwarfism
Cattle fattening habits
Heifers fatten faster than steers, steers fatten faster than bulls
Hypothyroidism
too little thyroxin, “motors” run slow
Hyperthyroidism
too much thyroxin, “motors” run fast (pop eyed)
Swine fattening habits
barrows fatten faster than gilts
Sows farrow the most pigs at ___ yrs of age
3
Hens lay the most eggs at ___ yr of age
1
Maturity in animals presents itself as
less muscle growth, fattening, no more height increase, slowing of daily gain, decrease in body functions/metabolic rate
Concentrates
high in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible
Carbonaceous concentrates (low protein)
cereal grains, corn, wheat, oats, sorghum
Nitrogenous concentrates (high in protein)
soybean meal, cottonseed meal, tankage, dairy products
Roughages
low energy, high fiber, less digestible
Carbonaceous roughages (low in protein)
mature grass hay, stover, mature grain silage
Nitrogenous roughages (high in protein)
legume hay/silage, growing pasture/silage
Protein structure
amino acids -> peptide -> polypeptide -> protein
Protein content=
Nitrogen content x 6.25
Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and hereditary transmission structures all contain ____
protein
Essential amino acids
MATT HILL VP
Monosaccharides (one sugar molecule)
glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides (two sugar molecules)
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (glucose +galactose)
Trisaccharide (three sugar molecules)
raffinose (glucose + fructose + galactose)
Polysaccharide (many sugar molecules)
cellulose, lignin, starch, amylopectin
Starch and Amylopectin
digested by all type of digestive systems
Cellulose
only digested by rumen microbes in ruminants OR in cecum of hind gut fermenters (horses/elephants)
Lignin
wood, only digested by termites, no animal systems can digest
Fats are ___ at room temp.
solid (lard, beef tallow)
Oils are ___ at room temp.
liquid (cottonseed oil, corn oils)
Lipids provide ___ cal energy/g
9
CHO and Proteins provide __ cal energy/g
4
Fatty acids
must be supplied in the diet (linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic)
Order of energy
Gross -> Digestible -> Metabolize -> Net
Vitamin D
calcium absorption, rickets
Vitamin E
muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis
Vitamin A
proper vision, night blindness
Vitamin K
blood clotting, bleeding
Vitamin C
citrus, collagen formation; scurvy
B-complex vitamins
coenzymes in oxidative metabolic reactions, prevent several disease conditions
Vitamin B12
helps prevent anemia, only food source is meat so true vegetarians have to take supplements
Minerals
components of hormones and enzymes, maintain cells osmotic pressure, maintain correct acid-base balance, bones and teeth formation
Macro minerals
Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S
Calcium
Ca:P ratio is important, good for bones; ricketso
Phosphorus
bones, phosphorylation of energy compounds; rickets
Sodium
pH control, osmotic pressure regulation, lowered digestion, can lead to cannibalism if deficient
Chlorine
osmotic pressure regulation, used to make HCl; slow growth and low feed efficiency
Magnesium
energy metabolism, skeletons; anorexia, tetany
Potassium
pH control, osmotic pressure regulation; heart lesions
Sulfur
amino acids; reduced microbial growth in rumen
Micro minerals
Fe, Cu, I, Co, Zn, Mn, Se, Mo, F
Iron
component of hemoglobin and myoglobin; anemia and thumps in pigs
Copper
hair pigmentation, reproduction; stunted growth, bleached hair
Iodine
in thyroxine; goiter, hairless pigs
Cobalt
in B12, red blood cell formation; anemia, emaciation
Zinc
enzyme activator; parakeratosis
Manganese
enzyme activator; perosis
Selenium
antioxidant; white muscle disease
Molybdenum
purine metabolism; teart, emaciation
Fluorine
bone formation; deficiency causes brittle bones; excess causes chalky and mottled teeth
Capacity of horse’s organs
Stomach: 4 gallon
Small intestine: 12 gallons
Large colon: 11 gallons
Cecum: 8 gallons
Capacity of pig’s organs
Stomach: 2 gallons
Small intestine: 2 gallons
Large intestine: 3 gallons
Length of chicken’s GI tract
7 ft long
Reproduction efficiency
number of offspring born alive
Factors affecting reproduction
- physiology
- genetic potential
- nutrition: not too fat/thin
- season: resources/day length
- humidity/heat: anti-reproduction
- elevation: the higher it is, the worse it is
Testis
primary sex organ
Gamete
sperm produced by seminiferous tubules
Endocrine
testosterone produced by interstitial cells
Epididymis
long tube attached to side of testicle for storage and maturation of sperm
Vas Deferens
tube that transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
Ampulla
reservoir in animals that ejaculate quickly (bull, stallion, ram, buck)
Prostate gland
nourish and stimulate sperm activity, opens into urethra
Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
neutralize urine residues and stimulate activity of sperm, large in boar, opens into urethra
Bulbourethral glands (cowper)
neutralize urine residues, add volume to ejaculate, form gel in boar semen that plugs cervix in sow, opens into urethra
Urethra
muscular canal extending from bladder through length of penis, passageway for sperm and urine
Penis
organ of copulation, passage for urine and semen, free end is glans penis
Cavernosum tissue
tissue that fills with blood making penis rigid/erect
Fibroelastic
sigmoid flexure (bull, boar, ram)
Vascular
no sigmoid flexure (stallion, dog)
Scrotum
contains and protects testicle, regulates temp., cremaster muscle controls it
Cryptorchid/Monorchid
“hidden” testicle in body cavity
Castration
- produces steer, barrow, wether, gelding, stag, capon
- methods include knife, burdizzo, emasculator, elastrator
- effects include slow growth, no secondary sex characteristics, fatten quicker, higher meat quality, less behavior problems
gonadotropic (GnRH)
from hypothalamus, stimulates LH and FSH release from pituitary gland
FSH (male)
stimulates sperm development
LH (male)
stimulates testosterone secretion
Gonadal (male)
testosterone, androgen
Ovary
primary sex organ, produces eggs, hormones, estrogen, and progesterone
Follicle
mature follicle is called a Graafian follicle
Ovulation
follicle ruptures and releases egg
Corpus hemorrhagicum
site formerly occupied by ovum fills with blood
Corpus luteum
if pregnant, hemorrhagicum is filled with cells and produces corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
Corpus albican
if pregnancy does not occur, albican occurs
Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
site of fertilization
Infundibulum
funnel to pick up ovulated egg
Uterus
site of placental, embryonic, and fetal development, produces prostaglandin-F2-alpha; 2 uterine horns and one body
Cervix
cartilaginous organ that connects uterus to vagina, open and moist during estrus, sealed during pregnancy
Vagina
copulatory organ, birth canal, bladder opens into vagina
Clitoris
highly sensitive organ at lower tip of the vagina, stimulation after AI may increase conception rate
Vulva
external genitalia
FSH (female)
anterior pituitary; stimulates follicular growth on ovary
LH (female)
anterior pituitary; ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
Prolactin
anterior pituitary; starts and maintains milk production
Oxytocin
posterior pituitary; uterine contractions, milk letdown, egg laying
Estrogen
from follicle on ovary, causes secondary sex characteristics, duct growth, “heat” period, preps uterus for pregnancy
Progesterone
from corpus luteum, prefers uterus for pregnancy, prevents ovulation, maintains pregnancy, develops milk secreting tissue
Relaxin
aids in parturition
Placenta
transmission of nutrients from mother to young, transmits waste from young to mother, shock protection, prevents transmission of bacteria, secretion of hormones
Diffuse placenta
mare and sow
Cotyledonary placenta
cow and ewe
Placenta should be passed within __ hours after birth
12
Mare reproduction
Puberty: 15-24 months
Estrous cycle: 19-21 days
Estrus: 96-216 hours
Gestation: 341 days (11 months)
Offspring: 1
Ovulation time vs estrus: 24-48 hours
Cow reproduction
Puberty: 10-18 months
Estrous cycle: 19-21 days
Estrus: 12-24 hours
Gestation: 283 days (9 months)
Offspring: 1
Ovulation time vs estrus: 12-24 hours
Sow reproduction
Puberty: 7-10 months
Estrous cycle: 19-21 days
Estrus: 24-72 hours
Gestation: 114 days (4 months)
Offspring: 8-12
Ovulation time vs estrus: 35-45 hours
Ewe reproduction
Puberty: 7-10 months
Estrous cycle: 15-17 days
Estrus: 24-36 hours
Gestation: 148 days (5 months)
Offspring: 1-3
Ovulation time vs estrus: 24-36 hours
Vaginal AI
semen deposited vaginally
Trans-cervical AI
semen deposited in uterine body
Laparoscopic AI
semen injected into lumen of each uterine horn
Factors of success rate AI
- efficacy of programming
- general health of females
- quality of frozen semen
- precision of AI technique
- 70% conception rate is good but more is not uncommon
CIDR
releases progesterone in AI
Estrus synchronization AI
- females induced into estrus
- CIDR left in 12-17 days
- teaser ram/buck checks heats
- Lap-AI 50-60 after CIDR pull
Surgical prep AI
- females off feed and water 12-24 hours before procedure
- anesthesia
- clip away hair/wool
- sanitize with alcohol or iodine surgical scrub
Doe/ewe is ____ in cradle
inverted
Trocar and cannula
inserted into body cavity during AI
Semen handling AI
- microscope with heated stage
- thaw unit
- incubator
Semen tanks have ___
canisters, canes, goblets, straws
Semen is stored in liquid nitrogen with a temp. of?
-346 to -320 degrees F
AI Insemination process
- remove tracers, insert laparoscope and probe
- look for good uterine tone
- insert AI gun through probe
- inject semen into lumen of each uterine horn
- evacuate gas from abdominal cavity and remove cannulas
Post-op AI
- no need for stitches but some use it anyway
- super-glue wound
- wound dressing
- antibiotic injection
- speed is important
Effect of AI on dairy cows
doubled milk production in 40 years because of the use of superior sires
Artificial Vagina (stallions)
with a water jacket, train male to dummy, use a female in heat or use a castrate
Mechanical manipulation (boars)
gloved hand
Electrical stimulation (bulls and rams)
mainly for checking semen of young males before using them
Semen extenders
- egg yolk citrate
- milk
- fruit and veggie juices
- glycerol and antibiotics
Storage of semen
- straws
- ampules
- pellets
- freeze dried
Number of inseminations per ejaculate
Bull: 300-400
Rams: 20-40
Boars: 10-20
Stallions: 10
Roosters 10
Refrigerated storage of semen at 39-40 F, semen can be stored for:
Stallions: 1 day
Bulls: 3 days
Boars: 5-7 days (doesn’t freeze well)
Semen is deposited in the ____ of the cow
uterus
Semen is deposited in the ___ of ewes, sows, and mares
cervix
Prostaglandins and progestins are used for ____
estrus synchronization
Inseminate a cow ____
12-18 hours after start of estrus
Inseminate an ewe ___
15 hours after start of estrus
Inseminate a sow ___
30 hours after start of estrus
Inseminate a mare ___
on days 3, 5, and 7 of estrus
____% of females become pregnant on average for AI
73%
Sexing semen
- possible, question of ethics
Good embryos must have ___
good recipients
During ET, ___ is pulled to the outside of body
the uterus
__ transferrable embryos per donor is good for mature females
8
Feral
individual did not receive socialization, domesticated animals only
Tame
individual received socialization, wild animals only
Cats domesticated ____ years ago
12,000 in middle east
Dogs domesticated ____ years ago
11,000-40,000 in the middle east
Most dog breeds were developed in the last ___ years
200
