Final review Flashcards
Middle Ages
Dates: 476-1450
Gregorian Chant
Hildegard of Begin
Renaissance Era
Dates: 1450-1600
Golden Age of Choral Polyphony
Palestrina
Gabrieli
Church modes
Mass, Motet, and Madrigal(Mass and Motet sacred–madrigal secular)
Baroque Era
Dates: 1600-1750
Vivaldi, J.S. Bach, Handel
Decorated and ornamented music
Concertos, sonatas
foundation of harmony
Classical Era
1750-1820
CPE Bach(transitional composer)
Hayden, Mozart(magic flute)
Symphony
Rondo
A musical form consisting of two or more contrasting theme eras, each followed by a return to opening theme. No common rondo structure may be depicted as a b a c a and a b a c b a. The rondo is commonly used as the spirited final movement of Classic-era sonatas, symphonies,and string quartets.
Sonata Form
A structure that composers in the Classical Era and since have commonly used for the first movement of sonata, symphony, concerto, or string quartet(or other similar chamber music work). It includes three main structures–the exposition, development, and recapitulation–and often begins with an introduction and ends with a coda. The exposition has two theme areas in contrasting keys. The development is based on material from the exposition. The recapitulation is a return to previous material stated in the exposition.
Theme and Variations
An instrumental form in which a stated theme is followed by a series of variations on that theme
Form
The shape or structure of a piece of music. Form is determined primarily by patterns of contrast and repetition. A two part form is binary (a b) no repetition. A three part form is ternary (a b a)– the first theme is d followed by a contrasting section, after which the first phrase or section is repeated. A 32 bar song form is a a b a–four phrases with the third phrase in contrast to the first two, after which the first phrase is again repeated.
Also see minuet and trio; rondo; sonata form; theme and variations; 12 bar blues; verse-chorus.
Romantic Era
Dates: 1820-1914(WW1)
Beethoven
Virtuoso
Franz Lizst
Earl King- Franz Schubert
Sergei Rachmoniv(Russia)
Symphonic poem
1 movement
Symphony
4 movements
Absolute Music
Music created for its own sake without extramarital connotation. Examples include such genres such as the sonata, symphony, concerto, and string quartet, as well as preludes, fugue, etudes, and other works whose titles point to only form or function.
Program Music
Music that depicts images, moods, stories, characters, and other non musical association. It includes all music with text and many instrumental forms common during the romantic period, including the symphonic poem and some symphonies that were created with programmatic associations.
Impressionism
Dates: 1880-1920
Originated in France
Claude Debussy
Rejection of German and Austrian composers
Bolero(Maurice Ravel)
Tone Color/Timbre
Modernism
1900-1985
Charles Ives(insurance)
Aaron Copland
12 tone technique
Rite of Spring(Igor Stravinsky)
Rejection of Romanticism and previous eras
Post Modernism
Dates:(WW2)1945-Present
Synthesizers
Found Sound
Edgard Varez–pioneer in electronic music
Music vs. Noise
4 min 33 sec–John Cage(Chance Music)
Ex. Beatboxing flute
Prepared Piano
Minimalism–Terry Riley
Techno
Neoclassicism
Now Orleans Jazz(Dixieland Jazz)
c. 1900-1920
Ragtime
Scott Joplin
1890-1900
Swing Music/ Big Band
1920-1940
Height of Jazz
BeBop
Fast tempo
Cool Jazz
1950s(laid back)
Free Jazz
1960(NO RULES)
Jazz Fusion
late 1960s (rock and jazz)
3 major characteristics of BeBop Jazz
Extremely fast tempo, complex melodies, Improv is highly valued, harsh and biting articulation, ornamented melodies that are not recognizable.
Characteristics of World/ Folk Music
Typically learned aurally
Traditional part of the culture from which it originated
Often associated with the identity of the people
Characteristics of Western Art Music
Artistically, not commercially oriented
Meant for active listening and to be engaged with subjectively on a personal level
Written and performed by classically trained musicians
Typically complex and needs a comprehensive understanding of music theory
Used to express emotions or ideas
provides a musical commentary on the culture from which it came
Characteristics of Popular Music
commercially oriented
can be created and reproduced even without formal music training
often meant to be engaged with passively and in injunction with another(often social) event
Characteristics of Gregorian Chant
Texture: monophonic
vocal music
to speak the text of the Bible
NO regular meter or rhythm
Not meant to be enjoyed at the sensuous level
3 defining characteristics of Romantic Era
increased emotional expression
interest in the individual and the subjective perspective
interest in nature
interest in the flashy powers of the virtuoso
Clara Schumann
Blues Characteristics
Wailing type of singing quality
subject matter: grief, painful emotion
Blues notes/scales: lowered notes to give a sense of sadness and being weighted down
signifin”
call and response
Atonal Music
music lacking a tonal center
used by certain Modern Era composers such as Schoenberg
Middle Ages
Hildegard of Begin
Renaissance
Palestrina
Baroque
JS Bach
Classical
Mozart
Romantic
Rachmaninoff
Impressionist
Maurice Ravel
Modern
Aaron Copland
Post Modern
John Cage
Symphony
a multi movement work for orchestra, absolute music
came out of the classical era
Symphonic Poem
a single movement work for orchestra program music came out of the Romantic Era
Bossa Nova
Brazil
Mariachi
Mexico
Jazz Fusion
Jazz and rock
Transistor Radios
Walkman
Rhythm and Blues
Elvis Presley
1970s
Dance and Disco
1981
MTV
Polyphonic religious music
organum
Rossini
Opera
MOnteverdi
Invented Opera
Texture
(1) The density of sound; the number of simultaneously sounding lines. Music can have a full, thick texture, or a thin, transparent texture. (2) The manner in which the horizontal pitch sequences are organized. A single-line melody with no accompaniment or other horizontal or vertical sounds has a monophonic texture. Two or more independent, simultaneously sounding melodies having equal emphasis have a polyphonic texture. A melody that is dominant with other lines supporting the main melody has a homophonic texture.
Jewish Music
minor tonality does not depict of sadness
