Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
What was originally Charles Darwin Appointed as?
A
gentle mans companion
2
Q
Who recommended Darwin to the Captian?
A
Prof. J. Henslow
3
Q
What was Darwin’s later role on the ship and what responsibilities did that consist of?
A
Ship’s naturalist his duties included: recording the weather, geological features, animals, fossils, rocks, minerals & indigenous people.
4
Q
What were Darwin’s plans for the voyage?
A
to continue his own investigations of geology and marine invertebrates. To collect specimens of other specimens of other organisms that might be new discoveries.
5
Q
What was the first key event that Darwin experienced on the voyage.
A
Experienced a earthquake in Chile.
6
Q
What book did Darwin read on the voyage and what did he gain out of it.
A
Read “Principles of Geography” by Sir Charles Lyell. Slow geological processes take a long time and from this he realized that there was plenty of time for evolution to take place.
7
Q
What was the Second key event that Darwin experienced on the voyage.
A
His observations in South America and Galapagos’ Islands.
8
Q
What did Darwin notice about the species different location
A
that species differed from place to place.
9
Q
what were the 2 morphological forms of tortoises that Darwin observed.
A
the saddle back which had a shell that bowed up at the front to allow for greater movement of their neck so they could reach vegetation higher up.
Dome shaped tortoise that was only able to get things on ground level
10
Q
What type of plants did Darwin see on the Galapagos Islands and why were they there?
A
the prickly cactus looked different on some islands. On the islands that there were no tortoises present there were cactus on the ground. with the islands with tortoise the cacti that grows taller and has their flowers up higher.
11
Q
What is the term for an adaption based on feeding pressure?
A
foraging.
12
Q
What did Darwin see with the Galapagos finches?
A
that the different species of finches had beaks that differed from those of other species. This was due to the types of food that are available.
13
Q
What did Darwin see with the Galapagos woodpeckers?
A
that the woodpeckers would use the spines of the cacti as a skewer to get insects out of the holes of dead tree branches.
14
Q
What did Darwin conclude from his observations of the finches on the Galapagos Islands?
A
that the finches had different beaks depending on what island they are living on.
15
Q
What was Darwin’s third key event that happened on the voyage?
A
visiting the Coccus Islands
16
Q
Who was in charge of the mammal fossils?
A
Prof. Richard Owen
17
Q
what is Taxodon platensis and what is significant about it?
A
was the earliest evidence of an extinct hoof animal. resembled a giant capybaras. spent a lot of time in water pools. 4 ft long and 2 ft tall.
18
Q
What is Macrauchenia Patachonica and what is significant about it?
A
large mammal. approximately 3 meter high. a herbivore that resembles the hump less camel with a short trunk. It morphologically similar to the llama and had feet that resembled those of rhinos. As it stands it no living relatives.
19
Q
what is Glyptodon and what is significant about it?
A
It is the Giant armadillo that is similar armadillos found in south America. The modern armadillo evolved from it.
20
Q
What were Darwin’s observations of the mocking bird?
A
Florina birds were bigger darker & had larger beaks. the mocking birds were much more different from each other even though the islands were not spaced far apart. this supported the theory of evolution
21
Q
What did John Gould tell Darwin?
A
That he collected different species of mockingbirds that resembled close appearance to those of Chile & Argentina. In the Galapagos the birds that Darwin though that he was collecting was different species of grosbeaks and blackbirds.
22
Q
What did Darwin notice about the limbs of mammals and what theory did this support?
A
Mammals limbs looked very different and had different function but had a very similar skeletal structure. Provided evidence that mammals shared a Common ancestor and helped Darwin with the theory of evolution.
23
Q
What did Darwin draw in his notebook?
A
a evolutionary tree. the most ancient forms are at the base of tree and the descendants are the branches of the tree
24
Q
What book did Darwin read that lead him to theory of natural selection?
A
“essay on the principle of population” by Thomas Malthus that put forward that the human population will out grow the food supply and individuals must compete for resources, the weak die off and the strong survive.
25
What was the theory of natural selection a mechanism of?
evolution (transmutation)
26
Darwin's First observation for the theory of Natural Selection?
for any species, population sizes would continue to increase exponentially if all individuals that are are born reproduced successfully
27
Darwin's Second observation for the theory of Natural Selection?
nonetheless, populations tend to remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations.
28
Darwin's Third observation for the theory of Natural Selection?
resources are limited
29
Darwin's forth observation for the theory of Natural Selection?
members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no 2 individuals are exactly alike.
30
Darwin's First inference for the theory of Natural Selection?
production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among a population, which result in only a fraction of offspring surviving.
31
Darwin's 5th observation for the theory of natural selection?
Much of the variation is heritable the offspring resemble the parents that increase this success of reproduction
32
Darwin's second inference for the theory of natural selection?
Survival depends in part on inheritable traits. Individuals who inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment have a higher fitness and are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals.
33
Darwin's third inference for the theory of natural selection?
The unequal ability of individuals to survive makes a change in the population to the characteristic that is more favorable.
34
Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?
The guy who laid out the foundation of natural selection and Charles Darwin took those ideas and made it into something of his own.
35
What happened after Charles Darwin published his book?
The book went against religious and scientific doctrines. Seven months after the book was published the Oxford Natural History Museum was created. Thomas Henry had lectures supporting Darwin's theory of evolution.
36
What was the first ancestor of bears
Celphalgale
37
What is the modern central propositions of evolution?
All living things are descended from a marine animal all extant species can change and give rise to new species.
38
What evidence is there to support the theory of evolution?
Artificial selection, selective breeding of animals and plants over a 100s of years and works faster than natural selection. Fossils in the fossil record show historical sequence of events.
39
What is the ancestral Organism for the modern whale
pakicetus
40
Marine Examples that support the theory of evolution?
Sinonyx jiashanensis, primarily a land animal, probably hunted/scavenged sea shores, the size of a wolf, built for stamina and strength. Pakicetus inachus, first ancestor, primarily a land animal, size of a wolf, characteristical features of the inner ear, from Pakistan.
41
ambulocetus
Similar to pakicetus but with foot feet which is better adapted for swimming it could also spend time and land. The nose slowly moves to the top of head.
42
rodhocetus
Reduced hindlegs, vertebrae shorter which is an adapt ation for swimming, the ear region is more specialized for underwater hearing. Came after Ambilocetus
43
Durodon & Basilosaurus
Has a complete set of hind bones that are reduced in size. And came after the Rodhocetus
44
Modern Whale
Came after Durodon & Basilosaurus
45
Land example that supports the evolution theory?
Hyracotherium, ancestor of all living horses, donkeys in zebras, the size of a dog and ate leaves in The Woodlands. Show the evolution of the hoof and the molars.
46
Changes of the horse overtime
Larger size, reduce number of toes and the development of the hoof to run faster, bigger molars, the teeth are modified for grazing while the previous generations web browsers.
47
Aerial example of the theory of evolution?
Archaeopteryx, oldest feathered animal in the fossil record, skeleton is a dinosaur with a long ponytail, ribs are free but not fused, head and bones are not fused and they have teeth.
48
What are characteristics of all birds?
Wings, feathers, a wishbone
49
the Archaeopteryx is what
Raptile to a bird
50
What is the third evidence to support the theory of evolution?
Homologies of comparative anatomy
51
What are the three biological designs?
Homologous characters, analogous characters, homoplaisious characters.
52
Definition of analogous characters
Have similar functions
53
Definition of homologous characters
Are derived from common ancestor
54
Definition of homoplaisious
Have similar appearance
55
Analogous characters example
Dragonfly wings, stiffened membrane supported by tightness veins. Bat wings, internal bony skeleton covered by membrane of skin and muscle.
56
Homologous structures are used to infer what?
Evolutionary relationships because they are derived from a common ancestor
57
Thylacosmilus and smilodon
They are homoplasies, analogous. Thylacoleosmilus is a marsupial and smilodon is a placental. They have Saber teeth
58
What is the third evidence that supports the theory of evolution but is the 2nd subcategory.
Vestigial characters, a structure that is non functional but exists.
59
Examples of vestigial characters.
The coccyx in the human body, the bones of pelvis and femur in snakes in Wales,
60
Comparative Embryology in animals
Retention of characters. E . G. Pharyngeal slits invertebrates, gills in fish, ears and throat in humans
61
Molecular homologies
Genetic code ATGC, genes that control embryotic and development are similar to those of an animals these are known as hox genes.
62
What is the function of hox proteins.?
This determines what segment structures the embryo will have E. G. Legs antennae and wings.
63
What is the most primitive Penguin
Waimanu
64
What is the 4th evidence to support the theory of evolution ?
Biogeography which is graphical distribution of species overtime
65
What does the 4th evidance to support the evolution theory suggest?
Species in a given area have evolved from pre-existing species
66
What is the 5th evidence to support the theory of evolution?
Convergent evolution suggest adaptation to the environment
67
Examples to support the 5th evidence of theory of evolution
Echidna & giant anteater these creatures are not closely related, what is important is that these creatures evolve similar traits to help adapting to similar environments.
68
what are the 5 evidence to support the theory of evolution
Artificial selection, fossils in the fossil record, homologies/ comparative anatomy/ comparative Embryology/ molecular homologies, biogeography, convergent evolution
69
What is microevolution
Changes in the population
70
Which of the three homologies did Darwin not know about
Molecular homologies
71
What is macroevolution
Formation of a new species
72
What is an adaptation
Of course you know what an adaptation is
73
What is polymorphism
Having multiple forms
74
What is an example of polymorphism
Deer mice with their tails, falls a bell curve
75
What is the cause of phenotypic variation
Environmental or genetic causes
76
What is genetic variation
Is the raw material of evolution
77
What is an example of non inherited variation
The European map butterflies are season forms of the same species
78
What are examples of inheritable variation
The postman butterfly, has a genetic bias for geographical variation in colour pattern and has several genes to control the colour. The coloration of the Jaguar the gene that encodes an enzyme that is involved in the tan pigment and in the Panther there's an enzyme for the black payment
79
Do only populations evolve or just the individuals
Just the populations
80
What does natural selection act on
The phenotype
81
Natural selection indirectly acts on what
The genotype allele frequency
82
Describe adaptation by natural selection
Changes in their camouflage to prevent them from getting eating
83
Define camouflage
An Organism matching or blending in with its background which makes it less vulnerable to pray
84
Define mimicry
where an Organism resembles another species
85
what is an example of an Organism that uses mimicry
Hawk moth Caterpillar that looks like a snake, the Bombardier beetle in the false Bombardier beetle that lacks chemical
86
Batesian mimicry
The mimic share signals characteristics similar to the model
87
Examples of batesian mimicry
Bees and Wasps
88
Mullerian mimicry
Ecologically sympatric pairs are distasteful and have warning coloration
89
Examples of mullerian mimicry
Heliconius butterflies
90
Industrial melanism
Where industrial processes or activities result in the changing of creatures
91
Example of industrial melanism
The light and peppered moth, before industrial processes took place 99% of the moths were light coloured but after the industrial process took place 90 percent of the Moths were peppered. This was due to the increases CO2 which killed the lichen.
92
What was the third example of natural selection
The beak size in the galapogos finches, the cause was probably because of the humidity and size of the seeds
93
What is sexual cannibalism
The process where a mate kills the other after mating
94
Example of sexual cannibalism
In the giant African mantis, provided a high energy source for egg development in that is an increase of offspring survivability
95
What is the males benefit during sexual cannibalism
The meeting continues after the head is chopped off this results in his genes being passed on and it prevents others from mating with the female
96
What is sexual selection
Diversity in appearance between sexes
97
What is sexual dimorphism
Phenotypic differences between males and females and these phenotypic differences can allow advantages in mating
98
what is the first type of sexual selection
Intrasexual selection
99
What is intrasexual selection
Competition Between members of the same sex
100
Example of i intrasexual selection
Male federal are crabs that use their big claw to defend the borough in which the female lives
101
What is the second type of sexual selection
Intersexual selection
102
What is intersexual selection
Between members or of the opposite sex therefore it's females choice
103
Examples of intersexual selection
Pheasants, have long and brightly coloured tail feathers that fan out during meeting behavior. The tail takes energy to grow therefore it is a sign of fitness. Increased reproductive success comes with a cost more visibility to predators. Females choose based on certain traits. African long-tailed widow bird the longer the tail the more likely e-mail will get a mate
104
For natural selection what is selected for
The best survivors of climate predators competitors and diseases
105
Sexual selection is selected for
The best re producers and the members of opposite sex
106
What is the first pattern of evolutionary change
Anagenesis, a single species that transformed into as new species over the course of many generations
107
What is the second pattern of evolutionary change
Clodo genesis, division of a species into two only one that promotes biological diversity by increasing the number of species like the Galapagos finches
108
What is speciation
The process leading to the formation of new species it is the source of biological diversity
109
Allopatric speciation
The splitting of a population into two geographically separated population specifically slow geological events. No gene flow between the isolated populations.
110
Geographic isolation promotes what
Allopatric speciation
111
Example of allopatric speciation
Porkfish. Antelope squirrels
112
What is adaptive radiation
Process by which an Organism diversify rapidly from the ancestral species
113
What is the founder event
Establishment of new population by a small number of individuals
114
Example of allopatric speciation
Hawaiian honeycreepers. Hawaiian silversword alliance
115
Endosymbiotic theory
thought that other organelles of the cell were created in the plasma membrane but not the mitochondria or the plastids. The belief was that there was an aerobic bacterium that was eaten by a cell and overtime they became fused together to create mitochondria or the chloroplast
116
What happened in the proterozoic eon
Appearance of the first eukaryote and
appearance of the first multicellular eukaryote that would eventually lead to the existence of fungi plantae and animalia
117
When was the first multi cellular eukaryotic cell present
1.5 billion years ago
118
Green algae
Chlorophyta are common inhabitants imarine in water environments. Charophyta are also a type of green algae.
119
What are the four kingdoms of the domain eukarya
Protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
120
What phylum gave rise to modern land plants
Charophyta an chlorophyta
121
What first evolved marine environment
Animals
122
what is the Cambrian explosion and when did it take place
It was an Abrupt increase in biodiversity and took place in the phanerozoic
123
When did fish evolve
The Cambrian
124
When do the fish become great diversified
Devonian
125
What is the Reason for increase in biodiversity
The Marine animals had evolved most of the basic body forms observed in modern groups which caused an increase an biodiversity
126
What is the challenges of living on land
Obtaining water, preventing water loss, obtaining sufficient energy, heat, cold
127
Which invaded the land first plants or animals
The Plants, specifically those who descended from green algae
128
What what were the first land plants
Bryophytes and non vascular plants ordovician
129
Characteristics of the early land plants
They required water for sperm to swim to the eggs, weak support tissues in the stone to resist the pull of gravity, low vascular tissue to transport water and minerals upward, no waterproof cuticle
130
When did the vascular plants appear
In the middle of silurian/ devonian
131
what was the first vascular plant called
Cooksonia
132
What is vascular tissue
Used to transport water and mineral ions from the soil to the rest of the plant
133
What part of the vascular tissue provided the support against gravity
The cell walls in the Xylem
134
How did the first vascular plants reproduce
The sporangium to develop spores
135
What period did the major diversification of land plants and what plants do they produce
The devonian, loco pods ferns and pro gymnosperms that produced the first trees and 1st forests
136
What is stomata
Tiny pores on the back end of the leaves that allowed gas exchange found on the 1st vascular plants
137
What is a pro gymnosperm
The first seed bearing plants
138
Why are seeds an advantage
Eliminates the dependence on moist habitats for reproduction and allow plants to expand into drier areas
139
What period did gymnosperms appear
At the end of the devonian and the late carboniferous
140
What was the early carboniferous like
Warm and wet, forest swamps , and giant clubmosses and tree ferns
141
What happened in the Permian
Tectonic forces move world landmasses together to form supercontinent pangaea which change the climate. There is much drier and harsh conditions which gives seed bearing plants an advantage 'cause they did not need water for reproduction and the need for sporing trees had died out
142
What period did angiosperms come.
Appeared in the late Jurassic an replaced gymnosperms during the Cretaceous
143
What period did the colonization appliance begin
Ordovician
144
What period did the colonization of land animals begin
Ordovician
145
What was the first land animal
Euthycarcinoids, joined appendages, walk down legs and drag the spiketail, this is a marine group of arthropods that moved to freshwater, and then it moved on to land
146
The Euthycarcinoids gave rise to what
Myriapods, crustaceans & hexapods
147
Adaptions of Euthycarcinoids
Where exo skeleton that was important for water balance and gills for respiratory system
148
Who was Possibly the first animals to colonize land
Silurian millipedes
149
Adaptations of the silurian millipedes
Living in damp humid environments, bring deeper into substrate, avoiding sun so they were nocturnal, internal fertilization
150
What percentage do arthropods make up land animals
75
151
important of the wetlands
Detrital inputs from terrestrial and wetlands vegetation provide a traffic base for increasingly complex food webs the exploitation of these vegetation it was the driving force of the evolution tetrapods, fish began to exploit the stable and more productive shallow water
152
Amphibians evolved from what
Sarcopterygians, had lobed pectoral and pelvic fins diver strengthen with bones
153
Bones in the limbs of amphibians are homologous to the bones of what
Sarcopterygians
154
Tiktaalik
Believed to be the fish that crawled onto the land are the tetrapods it had both of the gills and lungs front fins traces had other shadow water.
155
Discovery of what fossil proved that the amphibian body plant had evolved in water
Acanthostega, the cranial adaptions for terrestrial feeding were not present
156
Acanthostega
Tetrapod limbs more more efficient in navigating shallow water, has fishlike features as it had gills and no true joints. Had tetrapod like features as the head was not joined to the shoulder had a femur as large as the humerus large pelvic girdle, tibia and fibula attached to ankle bones digits on each Lim
157
What creature occured after acanthostega
ichthyostega
158
Linneage leading to amphibians
Gills that were lost because more reliance on earth breathing, lungs evolved as an adaptation to the life in the wetlands
159
Why could amphibians not colonize dryer terrestrial habits
because their skin is permeable to water loss so they needed to return to water to reproduce where there was external fertilization
160
What is amplexus
Is the process of squeezing out eggs from the female to fertilize
161
What is unique among frogs
They have both internal fertilization and live birth of tadpoles
162
Why do the females of the southern gastric brooding frog swallow their eggs
To protect them
163
What period was there a mass extinction of amphibians
Between the Permian and triassic
164
When did reptiles appear
The end of the carboniferous
165
When did reptile diversify
During the Permian
166
Why were reptiles able to colonize drier terrestrial habitats
they developed a dry waterproof skin that was covered by scales, males and females copulate so fertilization was internal to eliminate the need for water reproduction, females lay amniote eggs because the eggs are covered by protective leathery
167
What is the fluid filled region of the embryo called
The amnion
168
What is an advantage of the reptiles have over the amphibians
There is no metamorphosis it's in the cycle like amphibians meaning no substages like tableta froglet
169
What did dinosaurs evolve off of
reptiles during the triassic period of the mesozoic era
170
What is an ornithischians
Bird hip dinosaurs
171
What is saurischians
Lizard hipped dinosaurs
172
What are the two groups of saurischians
theropods carnivores and sauropod herbivores
173
did birds come from saurischians or the ornithischians
The saurischians specifically the therapods
174
Mammals evolved offer lineages of reptiles in what era & period
Triassic. In the mesozoic era
175
How did the dinosaurs become extinct and during what period
an asteroids or comets struck the earth in the location of Mexico during the end of Cretaceous.
176
Effects of the impact that wiped out the dinosaurs
Crater 180 kilometers in diameter, cloud of super heated dust, and ash would have spread from the crater destroyed life an A 500 kilometer radius. Triggered huge global earthquakes and volcanic activity, large scale fires, continental landslides, huge tsunami's the sun was blocked from the dust causing temperature to decrease and plans to di, after this event mammals become the most dominant terrestrial vertebrate group and four main lines of mammals were lost
177
What was George Gaylord Simpson's estimation
99% of the species originating since the Cambrian are extinct
178
What is an ecosystem engineer
A foundation species
179
Example of foundation species
North American Beaver
180
What did the brown tree snake do?
Decimated native bird populations, which had evolved in the absence of predators and lacked the ability to fly. It caused local extinction of at least 12 species. It was a threat to many native small mammals and other reptiles. Caused extinctions of lizard species
181
List the invasive species of Saskatchewan
Wild boars, purple loosestrife, Prussian carp
182
Why are invasive species so successful
Better competitors than the native species, pioneer species which has few native predators, they prey on organisms that lack anti predator defences, no parasites
183
What is functional extinction
Only reduced number of individuals are left and the population is no longer viable and their chances of reproduction are very low
184
What is an extinction vortex
A downward spiral of population decline from which it cannot naturally recover, can be caused by inbreeding and genetic drift
185
What is the minimum viable population
The minimal population size a species can have
186
What is extirpated
a species that has disappeared / been lost locally (region)
187
What is endangered
A species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction
188
What is threatened
A species likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse the factors causing its decline
189
What is special concern
A species that may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of biological characteristics an identified threats
190
What is not at risk
Species not at risk of extinction under current circumstances
191
How many Canadian mammals are listed as endangered threatened or of special concern
Approximately 1/3
192
What is background extinction rate
Rate of species lost in the absence of human activities
193
What is the average extinction rate
One to 10 species/ five years
194
how much has human activity increased extinction rates by
1000 to 10,000 times
195
How many species have become extinct since the year 1600
1000 species
196
Since 1800 how many words species have been lost in what is this extinction rate
106 species have been lost when only two to four species should have been lost. This is 50 times the background extinction rate
197
True or false the growth of human population is linked to the number of extinctions
True
198
What did Darwin see with the ground fiinches?
that they had thick beaks that were used to crush hard nuts.
199
What are the four anthropogenic causes of biodiversity loss
1 global changes. 2 habitat loss. 3 overexploitation/ overharvesting. 4 introduction of species into an area
200
What is an anthropogenic cause
An effect resulting from human activity
201
What are some global changes
Releasing toxins into environment. Greenhouse gases and global warming. Depletion of atmospheric ozone
202
What are the natural greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
203
What do greenhouse gas molecules do
They warm the earth surface an lowered the atmosphere
204
What percentage of the coral reefs have been damaged by human activities
93%
205
How many years will it take for 40 to 50% of all coral reefs to disappear
30 to 40 years
206
How many of all fish live in coral reefs
1/3 of all marine fish
207
What is special about the Great Barrier Reef
It is the world's largest coral reef system
208
What causes coral bleaching
Coral bleaching occurs when corals are stressed by changing environmental conditions. Corals react by expelling the symbiotic algae that live in their tissues and then turned completely white. The symbiotic algae, called zooxanthellae are photosynthetic can provide their host coral with food in return for protection
209
What species has increased due to the effects of global warming
Arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks
210
What's bad about pesticides
They kill bees and pollinators birds mammals aquatic animals and not nontarget plants. The runoff also can contaminate surface and groundwater.
211
What do forest contribute
They are major contributors to the earth's ability to maintain his climate, by the global impact of their photosynthesis
212
Percentage of species that have become extinct endangered or rare in the last few 100 years due to the implication destructions of their physical habitats
73%
213
What are some animals that have been over exploited
The dodo bird, passenger pigeon, giant tortoise, Atlantic cod
214
Give an example of an introduced invasive species
Argentinan ant in California, red fox in Australia, European rabbit in Australia
215
What is a part of the the quanternary epoch
Holocene, pleistocene
216
When did the holocene begin
11,700 years ago
217
Things we have to do to keep earth alive
Eliminate need for fossil fuels and to use renewable energy sources, create healthy oceans and develop sustainable fishing practices, change of diet and delvelopment of more effective food production in a significant smaller amount of space, stop all deforestation
218
Example of place that has illuminated the need for fossil fuels and has switched to renewable energy
Morocco
219
Give an example of a place that has created healthy oceans and developed sustainable fishing practices
Palau
220
Give an example of a place that has developed more effective food production in a significant smaller amount of space
The Netherlands
221
Give an example of a place that has stopped deforrestization
Costa Rica
222
Explain the earthquake in Chile
He found that rocks lined with recent marine shells were now elevated above the tide. The island of santa maria raised an average of three meters. He also read the principles of geology by sir charles lyle
223
What was the effect of the firstkey event on Darwin
It made him realize that there was plenty of time for evolution to take place
224
Explain Darwin's observations of South America and the Galapagos islands
He was done by the diversity of species compared to those in Europe. He saw many different species that were different compared to those in Europe. He noticed wonderful adaptations of species to different environments like the marine iguana versus the land iguana, do blue-footed booby and the greater frigatebirds, and the flightless birds. He noticed that the flightless bird had some vestigial wings. He also collected fossils and notice that fossils changed overtime and that more recent fossils are more similar to present day forms than the older fossils.
225
Explain Darwin's visit to the cocos islands
He found that there was twenty species of plants, one species of lizard, no land birds or native mammals, and 13 species of insect which one was a beetle
226
what was the effect of darwin's third key event
It made him wonder why there was an absence of biodiversity on the cocos island
