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Bio 121 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What was originally Charles Darwin Appointed as?

A

gentle mans companion

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2
Q

Who recommended Darwin to the Captian?

A

Prof. J. Henslow

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3
Q

What was Darwin’s later role on the ship and what responsibilities did that consist of?

A

Ship’s naturalist his duties included: recording the weather, geological features, animals, fossils, rocks, minerals & indigenous people.

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4
Q

What were Darwin’s plans for the voyage?

A

to continue his own investigations of geology and marine invertebrates. To collect specimens of other specimens of other organisms that might be new discoveries.

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5
Q

What was the first key event that Darwin experienced on the voyage.

A

Experienced a earthquake in Chile.

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6
Q

What book did Darwin read on the voyage and what did he gain out of it.

A

Read “Principles of Geography” by Sir Charles Lyell. Slow geological processes take a long time and from this he realized that there was plenty of time for evolution to take place.

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7
Q

What was the Second key event that Darwin experienced on the voyage.

A

His observations in South America and Galapagos’ Islands.

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8
Q

What did Darwin notice about the species different location

A

that species differed from place to place.

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9
Q

what were the 2 morphological forms of tortoises that Darwin observed.

A

the saddle back which had a shell that bowed up at the front to allow for greater movement of their neck so they could reach vegetation higher up.
Dome shaped tortoise that was only able to get things on ground level

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10
Q

What type of plants did Darwin see on the Galapagos Islands and why were they there?

A

the prickly cactus looked different on some islands. On the islands that there were no tortoises present there were cactus on the ground. with the islands with tortoise the cacti that grows taller and has their flowers up higher.

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11
Q

What is the term for an adaption based on feeding pressure?

A

foraging.

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12
Q

What did Darwin see with the Galapagos finches?

A

that the different species of finches had beaks that differed from those of other species. This was due to the types of food that are available.

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13
Q

What did Darwin see with the Galapagos woodpeckers?

A

that the woodpeckers would use the spines of the cacti as a skewer to get insects out of the holes of dead tree branches.

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14
Q

What did Darwin conclude from his observations of the finches on the Galapagos Islands?

A

that the finches had different beaks depending on what island they are living on.

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15
Q

What was Darwin’s third key event that happened on the voyage?

A

visiting the Coccus Islands

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16
Q

Who was in charge of the mammal fossils?

A

Prof. Richard Owen

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17
Q

what is Taxodon platensis and what is significant about it?

A

was the earliest evidence of an extinct hoof animal. resembled a giant capybaras. spent a lot of time in water pools. 4 ft long and 2 ft tall.

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18
Q

What is Macrauchenia Patachonica and what is significant about it?

A

large mammal. approximately 3 meter high. a herbivore that resembles the hump less camel with a short trunk. It morphologically similar to the llama and had feet that resembled those of rhinos. As it stands it no living relatives.

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19
Q

what is Glyptodon and what is significant about it?

A

It is the Giant armadillo that is similar armadillos found in south America. The modern armadillo evolved from it.

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20
Q

What were Darwin’s observations of the mocking bird?

A

Florina birds were bigger darker & had larger beaks. the mocking birds were much more different from each other even though the islands were not spaced far apart. this supported the theory of evolution

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21
Q

What did John Gould tell Darwin?

A

That he collected different species of mockingbirds that resembled close appearance to those of Chile & Argentina. In the Galapagos the birds that Darwin though that he was collecting was different species of grosbeaks and blackbirds.

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22
Q

What did Darwin notice about the limbs of mammals and what theory did this support?

A

Mammals limbs looked very different and had different function but had a very similar skeletal structure. Provided evidence that mammals shared a Common ancestor and helped Darwin with the theory of evolution.

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23
Q

What did Darwin draw in his notebook?

A

a evolutionary tree. the most ancient forms are at the base of tree and the descendants are the branches of the tree

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24
Q

What book did Darwin read that lead him to theory of natural selection?

A

“essay on the principle of population” by Thomas Malthus that put forward that the human population will out grow the food supply and individuals must compete for resources, the weak die off and the strong survive.

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25
Q

What was the theory of natural selection a mechanism of?

A

evolution (transmutation)

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26
Q

Darwin’s First observation for the theory of Natural Selection?

A

for any species, population sizes would continue to increase exponentially if all individuals that are are born reproduced successfully

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27
Q

Darwin’s Second observation for the theory of Natural Selection?

A

nonetheless, populations tend to remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations.

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28
Q

Darwin’s Third observation for the theory of Natural Selection?

A

resources are limited

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29
Q

Darwin’s forth observation for the theory of Natural Selection?

A

members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no 2 individuals are exactly alike.

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30
Q

Darwin’s First inference for the theory of Natural Selection?

A

production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among a population, which result in only a fraction of offspring surviving.

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31
Q

Darwin’s 5th observation for the theory of natural selection?

A

Much of the variation is heritable the offspring resemble the parents that increase this success of reproduction

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32
Q

Darwin’s second inference for the theory of natural selection?

A

Survival depends in part on inheritable traits. Individuals who inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment have a higher fitness and are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals.

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33
Q

Darwin’s third inference for the theory of natural selection?

A

The unequal ability of individuals to survive makes a change in the population to the characteristic that is more favorable.

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34
Q

Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?

A

The guy who laid out the foundation of natural selection and Charles Darwin took those ideas and made it into something of his own.

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35
Q

What happened after Charles Darwin published his book?

A

The book went against religious and scientific doctrines. Seven months after the book was published the Oxford Natural History Museum was created. Thomas Henry had lectures supporting Darwin’s theory of evolution.

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36
Q

What was the first ancestor of bears

A

Celphalgale

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37
Q

What is the modern central propositions of evolution?

A

All living things are descended from a marine animal all extant species can change and give rise to new species.

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38
Q

What evidence is there to support the theory of evolution?

A

Artificial selection, selective breeding of animals and plants over a 100s of years and works faster than natural selection. Fossils in the fossil record show historical sequence of events.

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39
Q

What is the ancestral Organism for the modern whale

A

pakicetus

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40
Q

Marine Examples that support the theory of evolution?

A

Sinonyx jiashanensis, primarily a land animal, probably hunted/scavenged sea shores, the size of a wolf, built for stamina and strength. Pakicetus inachus, first ancestor, primarily a land animal, size of a wolf, characteristical features of the inner ear, from Pakistan.

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41
Q

ambulocetus

A

Similar to pakicetus but with foot feet which is better adapted for swimming it could also spend time and land. The nose slowly moves to the top of head.

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42
Q

rodhocetus

A

Reduced hindlegs, vertebrae shorter which is an adapt ation for swimming, the ear region is more specialized for underwater hearing. Came after Ambilocetus

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43
Q

Durodon & Basilosaurus

A

Has a complete set of hind bones that are reduced in size. And came after the Rodhocetus

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44
Q

Modern Whale

A

Came after Durodon & Basilosaurus

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45
Q

Land example that supports the evolution theory?

A

Hyracotherium, ancestor of all living horses, donkeys in zebras, the size of a dog and ate leaves in The Woodlands. Show the evolution of the hoof and the molars.

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46
Q

Changes of the horse overtime

A

Larger size, reduce number of toes and the development of the hoof to run faster, bigger molars, the teeth are modified for grazing while the previous generations web browsers.

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47
Q

Aerial example of the theory of evolution?

A

Archaeopteryx, oldest feathered animal in the fossil record, skeleton is a dinosaur with a long ponytail, ribs are free but not fused, head and bones are not fused and they have teeth.

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48
Q

What are characteristics of all birds?

A

Wings, feathers, a wishbone

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49
Q

the Archaeopteryx is what

A

Raptile to a bird

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50
Q

What is the third evidence to support the theory of evolution?

A

Homologies of comparative anatomy

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51
Q

What are the three biological designs?

A

Homologous characters, analogous characters, homoplaisious characters.

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52
Q

Definition of analogous characters

A

Have similar functions

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53
Q

Definition of homologous characters

A

Are derived from common ancestor

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54
Q

Definition of homoplaisious

A

Have similar appearance

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55
Q

Analogous characters example

A

Dragonfly wings, stiffened membrane supported by tightness veins. Bat wings, internal bony skeleton covered by membrane of skin and muscle.

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56
Q

Homologous structures are used to infer what?

A

Evolutionary relationships because they are derived from a common ancestor

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57
Q

Thylacosmilus and smilodon

A

They are homoplasies, analogous. Thylacoleosmilus is a marsupial and smilodon is a placental. They have Saber teeth

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58
Q

What is the third evidence that supports the theory of evolution but is the 2nd subcategory.

A

Vestigial characters, a structure that is non functional but exists.

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59
Q

Examples of vestigial characters.

A

The coccyx in the human body, the bones of pelvis and femur in snakes in Wales,

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60
Q

Comparative Embryology in animals

A

Retention of characters. E . G. Pharyngeal slits invertebrates, gills in fish, ears and throat in humans

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61
Q

Molecular homologies

A

Genetic code ATGC, genes that control embryotic and development are similar to those of an animals these are known as hox genes.

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62
Q

What is the function of hox proteins.?

A

This determines what segment structures the embryo will have E. G. Legs antennae and wings.

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63
Q

What is the most primitive Penguin

A

Waimanu

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64
Q

What is the 4th evidence to support the theory of evolution ?

A

Biogeography which is graphical distribution of species overtime

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65
Q

What does the 4th evidance to support the evolution theory suggest?

A

Species in a given area have evolved from pre-existing species

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66
Q

What is the 5th evidence to support the theory of evolution?

A

Convergent evolution suggest adaptation to the environment

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67
Q

Examples to support the 5th evidence of theory of evolution

A

Echidna & giant anteater these creatures are not closely related, what is important is that these creatures evolve similar traits to help adapting to similar environments.

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68
Q

what are the 5 evidence to support the theory of evolution

A

Artificial selection, fossils in the fossil record, homologies/ comparative anatomy/ comparative Embryology/ molecular homologies, biogeography, convergent evolution

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69
Q

What is microevolution

A

Changes in the population

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70
Q

Which of the three homologies did Darwin not know about

A

Molecular homologies

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71
Q

What is macroevolution

A

Formation of a new species

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72
Q

What is an adaptation

A

Of course you know what an adaptation is

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73
Q

What is polymorphism

A

Having multiple forms

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74
Q

What is an example of polymorphism

A

Deer mice with their tails, falls a bell curve

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75
Q

What is the cause of phenotypic variation

A

Environmental or genetic causes

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76
Q

What is genetic variation

A

Is the raw material of evolution

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77
Q

What is an example of non inherited variation

A

The European map butterflies are season forms of the same species

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78
Q

What are examples of inheritable variation

A

The postman butterfly, has a genetic bias for geographical variation in colour pattern and has several genes to control the colour. The coloration of the Jaguar the gene that encodes an enzyme that is involved in the tan pigment and in the Panther there’s an enzyme for the black payment

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79
Q

Do only populations evolve or just the individuals

A

Just the populations

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80
Q

What does natural selection act on

A

The phenotype

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81
Q

Natural selection indirectly acts on what

A

The genotype allele frequency

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82
Q

Describe adaptation by natural selection

A

Changes in their camouflage to prevent them from getting eating

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83
Q

Define camouflage

A

An Organism matching or blending in with its background which makes it less vulnerable to pray

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84
Q

Define mimicry

A

where an Organism resembles another species

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85
Q

what is an example of an Organism that uses mimicry

A

Hawk moth Caterpillar that looks like a snake, the Bombardier beetle in the false Bombardier beetle that lacks chemical

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86
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

The mimic share signals characteristics similar to the model

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87
Q

Examples of batesian mimicry

A

Bees and Wasps

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88
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Ecologically sympatric pairs are distasteful and have warning coloration

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89
Q

Examples of mullerian mimicry

A

Heliconius butterflies

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90
Q

Industrial melanism

A

Where industrial processes or activities result in the changing of creatures

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91
Q

Example of industrial melanism

A

The light and peppered moth, before industrial processes took place 99% of the moths were light coloured but after the industrial process took place 90 percent of the Moths were peppered. This was due to the increases CO2 which killed the lichen.

92
Q

What was the third example of natural selection

A

The beak size in the galapogos finches, the cause was probably because of the humidity and size of the seeds

93
Q

What is sexual cannibalism

A

The process where a mate kills the other after mating

94
Q

Example of sexual cannibalism

A

In the giant African mantis, provided a high energy source for egg development in that is an increase of offspring survivability

95
Q

What is the males benefit during sexual cannibalism

A

The meeting continues after the head is chopped off this results in his genes being passed on and it prevents others from mating with the female

96
Q

What is sexual selection

A

Diversity in appearance between sexes

97
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

Phenotypic differences between males and females and these phenotypic differences can allow advantages in mating

98
Q

what is the first type of sexual selection

A

Intrasexual selection

99
Q

What is intrasexual selection

A

Competition Between members of the same sex

100
Q

Example of i intrasexual selection

A

Male federal are crabs that use their big claw to defend the borough in which the female lives

101
Q

What is the second type of sexual selection

A

Intersexual selection

102
Q

What is intersexual selection

A

Between members or of the opposite sex therefore it’s females choice

103
Q

Examples of intersexual selection

A

Pheasants, have long and brightly coloured tail feathers that fan out during meeting behavior. The tail takes energy to grow therefore it is a sign of fitness. Increased reproductive success comes with a cost more visibility to predators. Females choose based on certain traits. African long-tailed widow bird the longer the tail the more likely e-mail will get a mate

104
Q

For natural selection what is selected for

A

The best survivors of climate predators competitors and diseases

105
Q

Sexual selection is selected for

A

The best re producers and the members of opposite sex

106
Q

What is the first pattern of evolutionary change

A

Anagenesis, a single species that transformed into as new species over the course of many generations

107
Q

What is the second pattern of evolutionary change

A

Clodo genesis, division of a species into two only one that promotes biological diversity by increasing the number of species like the Galapagos finches

108
Q

What is speciation

A

The process leading to the formation of new species it is the source of biological diversity

109
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

The splitting of a population into two geographically separated population specifically slow geological events. No gene flow between the isolated populations.

110
Q

Geographic isolation promotes what

A

Allopatric speciation

111
Q

Example of allopatric speciation

A

Porkfish. Antelope squirrels

112
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Process by which an Organism diversify rapidly from the ancestral species

113
Q

What is the founder event

A

Establishment of new population by a small number of individuals

114
Q

Example of allopatric speciation

A

Hawaiian honeycreepers. Hawaiian silversword alliance

115
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

thought that other organelles of the cell were created in the plasma membrane but not the mitochondria or the plastids. The belief was that there was an aerobic bacterium that was eaten by a cell and overtime they became fused together to create mitochondria or the chloroplast

116
Q

What happened in the proterozoic eon

A

Appearance of the first eukaryote and
appearance of the first multicellular eukaryote that would eventually lead to the existence of fungi plantae and animalia

117
Q

When was the first multi cellular eukaryotic cell present

A

1.5 billion years ago

118
Q

Green algae

A

Chlorophyta are common inhabitants imarine in water environments. Charophyta are also a type of green algae.

119
Q

What are the four kingdoms of the domain eukarya

A

Protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

120
Q

What phylum gave rise to modern land plants

A

Charophyta an chlorophyta

121
Q

What first evolved marine environment

A

Animals

122
Q

what is the Cambrian explosion and when did it take place

A

It was an Abrupt increase in biodiversity and took place in the phanerozoic

123
Q

When did fish evolve

A

The Cambrian

124
Q

When do the fish become great diversified

A

Devonian

125
Q

What is the Reason for increase in biodiversity

A

The Marine animals had evolved most of the basic body forms observed in modern groups which caused an increase an biodiversity

126
Q

What is the challenges of living on land

A

Obtaining water, preventing water loss, obtaining sufficient energy, heat, cold

127
Q

Which invaded the land first plants or animals

A

The Plants, specifically those who descended from green algae

128
Q

What what were the first land plants

A

Bryophytes and non vascular plants ordovician

129
Q

Characteristics of the early land plants

A

They required water for sperm to swim to the eggs, weak support tissues in the stone to resist the pull of gravity, low vascular tissue to transport water and minerals upward, no waterproof cuticle

130
Q

When did the vascular plants appear

A

In the middle of silurian/ devonian

131
Q

what was the first vascular plant called

A

Cooksonia

132
Q

What is vascular tissue

A

Used to transport water and mineral ions from the soil to the rest of the plant

133
Q

What part of the vascular tissue provided the support against gravity

A

The cell walls in the Xylem

134
Q

How did the first vascular plants reproduce

A

The sporangium to develop spores

135
Q

What period did the major diversification of land plants and what plants do they produce

A

The devonian, loco pods ferns and pro gymnosperms that produced the first trees and 1st forests

136
Q

What is stomata

A

Tiny pores on the back end of the leaves that allowed gas exchange found on the 1st vascular plants

137
Q

What is a pro gymnosperm

A

The first seed bearing plants

138
Q

Why are seeds an advantage

A

Eliminates the dependence on moist habitats for reproduction and allow plants to expand into drier areas

139
Q

What period did gymnosperms appear

A

At the end of the devonian and the late carboniferous

140
Q

What was the early carboniferous like

A

Warm and wet, forest swamps , and giant clubmosses and tree ferns

141
Q

What happened in the Permian

A

Tectonic forces move world landmasses together to form supercontinent pangaea which change the climate. There is much drier and harsh conditions which gives seed bearing plants an advantage ‘cause they did not need water for reproduction and the need for sporing trees had died out

142
Q

What period did angiosperms come.

A

Appeared in the late Jurassic an replaced gymnosperms during the Cretaceous

143
Q

What period did the colonization appliance begin

A

Ordovician

144
Q

What period did the colonization of land animals begin

A

Ordovician

145
Q

What was the first land animal

A

Euthycarcinoids, joined appendages, walk down legs and drag the spiketail, this is a marine group of arthropods that moved to freshwater, and then it moved on to land

146
Q

The Euthycarcinoids gave rise to what

A

Myriapods, crustaceans & hexapods

147
Q

Adaptions of Euthycarcinoids

A

Where exo skeleton that was important for water balance and gills for respiratory system

148
Q

Who was Possibly the first animals to colonize land

A

Silurian millipedes

149
Q

Adaptations of the silurian millipedes

A

Living in damp humid environments, bring deeper into substrate, avoiding sun so they were nocturnal, internal fertilization

150
Q

What percentage do arthropods make up land animals

A

75

151
Q

important of the wetlands

A

Detrital inputs from terrestrial and wetlands vegetation provide a traffic base for increasingly complex food webs the exploitation of these vegetation it was the driving force of the evolution tetrapods, fish began to exploit the stable and more productive shallow water

152
Q

Amphibians evolved from what

A

Sarcopterygians, had lobed pectoral and pelvic fins diver strengthen with bones

153
Q

Bones in the limbs of amphibians are homologous to the bones of what

A

Sarcopterygians

154
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Believed to be the fish that crawled onto the land are the tetrapods it had both of the gills and lungs front fins traces had other shadow water.

155
Q

Discovery of what fossil proved that the amphibian body plant had evolved in water

A

Acanthostega, the cranial adaptions for terrestrial feeding were not present

156
Q

Acanthostega

A

Tetrapod limbs more more efficient in navigating shallow water, has fishlike features as it had gills and no true joints. Had tetrapod like features as the head was not joined to the shoulder had a femur as large as the humerus large pelvic girdle, tibia and fibula attached to ankle bones digits on each Lim

157
Q

What creature occured after acanthostega

A

ichthyostega

158
Q

Linneage leading to amphibians

A

Gills that were lost because more reliance on earth breathing, lungs evolved as an adaptation to the life in the wetlands

159
Q

Why could amphibians not colonize dryer terrestrial habits

A

because their skin is permeable to water loss so they needed to return to water to reproduce where there was external fertilization

160
Q

What is amplexus

A

Is the process of squeezing out eggs from the female to fertilize

161
Q

What is unique among frogs

A

They have both internal fertilization and live birth of tadpoles

162
Q

Why do the females of the southern gastric brooding frog swallow their eggs

A

To protect them

163
Q

What period was there a mass extinction of amphibians

A

Between the Permian and triassic

164
Q

When did reptiles appear

A

The end of the carboniferous

165
Q

When did reptile diversify

A

During the Permian

166
Q

Why were reptiles able to colonize drier terrestrial habitats

A

they developed a dry waterproof skin that was covered by scales, males and females copulate so fertilization was internal to eliminate the need for water reproduction, females lay amniote eggs because the eggs are covered by protective leathery

167
Q

What is the fluid filled region of the embryo called

A

The amnion

168
Q

What is an advantage of the reptiles have over the amphibians

A

There is no metamorphosis it’s in the cycle like amphibians meaning no substages like tableta froglet

169
Q

What did dinosaurs evolve off of

A

reptiles during the triassic period of the mesozoic era

170
Q

What is an ornithischians

A

Bird hip dinosaurs

171
Q

What is saurischians

A

Lizard hipped dinosaurs

172
Q

What are the two groups of saurischians

A

theropods carnivores and sauropod herbivores

173
Q

did birds come from saurischians or the ornithischians

A

The saurischians specifically the therapods

174
Q

Mammals evolved offer lineages of reptiles in what era & period

A

Triassic. In the mesozoic era

175
Q

How did the dinosaurs become extinct and during what period

A

an asteroids or comets struck the earth in the location of Mexico during the end of Cretaceous.

176
Q

Effects of the impact that wiped out the dinosaurs

A

Crater 180 kilometers in diameter, cloud of super heated dust, and ash would have spread from the crater destroyed life an A 500 kilometer radius. Triggered huge global earthquakes and volcanic activity, large scale fires, continental landslides, huge tsunami’s the sun was blocked from the dust causing temperature to decrease and plans to di, after this event mammals become the most dominant terrestrial vertebrate group and four main lines of mammals were lost

177
Q

What was George Gaylord Simpson’s estimation

A

99% of the species originating since the Cambrian are extinct

178
Q

What is an ecosystem engineer

A

A foundation species

179
Q

Example of foundation species

A

North American Beaver

180
Q

What did the brown tree snake do?

A

Decimated native bird populations, which had evolved in the absence of predators and lacked the ability to fly. It caused local extinction of at least 12 species. It was a threat to many native small mammals and other reptiles. Caused extinctions of lizard species

181
Q

List the invasive species of Saskatchewan

A

Wild boars, purple loosestrife, Prussian carp

182
Q

Why are invasive species so successful

A

Better competitors than the native species, pioneer species which has few native predators, they prey on organisms that lack anti predator defences, no parasites

183
Q

What is functional extinction

A

Only reduced number of individuals are left and the population is no longer viable and their chances of reproduction are very low

184
Q

What is an extinction vortex

A

A downward spiral of population decline from which it cannot naturally recover, can be caused by inbreeding and genetic drift

185
Q

What is the minimum viable population

A

The minimal population size a species can have

186
Q

What is extirpated

A

a species that has disappeared / been lost locally (region)

187
Q

What is endangered

A

A species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction

188
Q

What is threatened

A

A species likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse the factors causing its decline

189
Q

What is special concern

A

A species that may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of biological characteristics an identified threats

190
Q

What is not at risk

A

Species not at risk of extinction under current circumstances

191
Q

How many Canadian mammals are listed as endangered threatened or of special concern

A

Approximately 1/3

192
Q

What is background extinction rate

A

Rate of species lost in the absence of human activities

193
Q

What is the average extinction rate

A

One to 10 species/ five years

194
Q

how much has human activity increased extinction rates by

A

1000 to 10,000 times

195
Q

How many species have become extinct since the year 1600

A

1000 species

196
Q

Since 1800 how many words species have been lost in what is this extinction rate

A

106 species have been lost when only two to four species should have been lost. This is 50 times the background extinction rate

197
Q

True or false the growth of human population is linked to the number of extinctions

A

True

198
Q

What did Darwin see with the ground fiinches?

A

that they had thick beaks that were used to crush hard nuts.

199
Q

What are the four anthropogenic causes of biodiversity loss

A

1 global changes. 2 habitat loss. 3 overexploitation/ overharvesting. 4 introduction of species into an area

200
Q

What is an anthropogenic cause

A

An effect resulting from human activity

201
Q

What are some global changes

A

Releasing toxins into environment. Greenhouse gases and global warming. Depletion of atmospheric ozone

202
Q

What are the natural greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor

203
Q

What do greenhouse gas molecules do

A

They warm the earth surface an lowered the atmosphere

204
Q

What percentage of the coral reefs have been damaged by human activities

A

93%

205
Q

How many years will it take for 40 to 50% of all coral reefs to disappear

A

30 to 40 years

206
Q

How many of all fish live in coral reefs

A

1/3 of all marine fish

207
Q

What is special about the Great Barrier Reef

A

It is the world’s largest coral reef system

208
Q

What causes coral bleaching

A

Coral bleaching occurs when corals are stressed by changing environmental conditions. Corals react by expelling the symbiotic algae that live in their tissues and then turned completely white. The symbiotic algae, called zooxanthellae are photosynthetic can provide their host coral with food in return for protection

209
Q

What species has increased due to the effects of global warming

A

Arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks

210
Q

What’s bad about pesticides

A

They kill bees and pollinators birds mammals aquatic animals and not nontarget plants. The runoff also can contaminate surface and groundwater.

211
Q

What do forest contribute

A

They are major contributors to the earth’s ability to maintain his climate, by the global impact of their photosynthesis

212
Q

Percentage of species that have become extinct endangered or rare in the last few 100 years due to the implication destructions of their physical habitats

A

73%

213
Q

What are some animals that have been over exploited

A

The dodo bird, passenger pigeon, giant tortoise, Atlantic cod

214
Q

Give an example of an introduced invasive species

A

Argentinan ant in California, red fox in Australia, European rabbit in Australia

215
Q

What is a part of the the quanternary epoch

A

Holocene, pleistocene

216
Q

When did the holocene begin

A

11,700 years ago

217
Q

Things we have to do to keep earth alive

A

Eliminate need for fossil fuels and to use renewable energy sources, create healthy oceans and develop sustainable fishing practices, change of diet and delvelopment of more effective food production in a significant smaller amount of space, stop all deforestation

218
Q

Example of place that has illuminated the need for fossil fuels and has switched to renewable energy

A

Morocco

219
Q

Give an example of a place that has created healthy oceans and developed sustainable fishing practices

A

Palau

220
Q

Give an example of a place that has developed more effective food production in a significant smaller amount of space

A

The Netherlands

221
Q

Give an example of a place that has stopped deforrestization

A

Costa Rica

222
Q

Explain the earthquake in Chile

A

He found that rocks lined with recent marine shells were now elevated above the tide. The island of santa maria raised an average of three meters. He also read the principles of geology by sir charles lyle

223
Q

What was the effect of the firstkey event on Darwin

A

It made him realize that there was plenty of time for evolution to take place

224
Q

Explain Darwin’s observations of South America and the Galapagos islands

A

He was done by the diversity of species compared to those in Europe. He saw many different species that were different compared to those in Europe. He noticed wonderful adaptations of species to different environments like the marine iguana versus the land iguana, do blue-footed booby and the greater frigatebirds, and the flightless birds. He noticed that the flightless bird had some vestigial wings. He also collected fossils and notice that fossils changed overtime and that more recent fossils are more similar to present day forms than the older fossils.

225
Q

Explain Darwin’s visit to the cocos islands

A

He found that there was twenty species of plants, one species of lizard, no land birds or native mammals, and 13 species of insect which one was a beetle

226
Q

what was the effect of darwin’s third key event

A

It made him wonder why there was an absence of biodiversity on the cocos island

Bio 121 (2 decks)

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