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kines ex phys > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle belly

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2
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds bundles of fasicles

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

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4
Q

Plasmalemma (cell membrane) [structure of muscle fiber]

A

fuses with tendon, conduction of AP, maintains pH, transports nutrients

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5
Q

Satellite cells [structure of muscle fiber]

A

muscle growth, development, response to injury/training

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6
Q

Sarcoplasm [structure of muscle fiber]

A

cytoplasm, assists with glycogen storage

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7
Q

Transerve (T-Tubules) [structure of muscle fiber]

A

extensions of the plasmalemma, carry AP deeper into muscle fiber

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8
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [structure of muscle fiber]

A

Ca2+ storage

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

muscle –> fascicle –> muscle fiber –> myofibril

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10
Q

Sarcomeres

A

basic contractile element of skeletal muscle, end to end for full myofibril length, distinctive striations
common boundary structure: z-disk
used for muscle contraction: shortening

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11
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments, shows up lighter under microscope, l-band contains only actin

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12
Q

Myosin

A

thick filaments, shows up darker under microscope, H-zone contains only myosin

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13
Q

Motor units

A

a- motor neurons innervate muscle fibers

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14
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

site of communication between neuron and muscle
consists of synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber

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15
Q

Excitation-Contraction
Coupling

A
  1. Action potential (AP) starts in the brain
  2. AP arrives at axon terminal of neuron, releases
    acetylcholine (ACh)
  3. ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on
    plasmalemma
  4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-tubules
  5. Triggers Ca2+ release from SR
  6. Ca2+ enables actin-myosin contraction
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16
Q

Relaxed state of muscles

A
  • No actin-myosin interaction= no CB
  • Myofilaments overlap a little
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17
Q

Contracted state of muscles

A
  • Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere (power stroke)
  • Filaments shorten
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18
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

After power stroke ends:
* Myosin detaches from active site
* Myosin head rotates back to original position
* Myosin attached to another active site farther down
Process will continue until:
* Z-disk reaches myosin filaments OR
* AP stops, Ca2+ gets pumped back into SR

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19
Q

Muscle Relaxation

A

AP ends, electrical stimulation of SR stops
Ca2+ pumped back into SR
* Stored until next AP arrives
* Requires ATP
Without Ca2+ , troponin & tropomyosin return to
resting conformation
* Covers binding site
* Prevents cross-bridge formation

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20
Q

Muscle fiber type I

A

slow twitch

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21
Q

Muscle fiber type II

A

fast twitch, fatigue quickly
type IIa- short, high intensity
type IIx- used for every day activities, short, explosive sprints

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22
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Sup/Inf Vena cavae
  • Right atrium
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Lungs
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23
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • Lungs
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Left atria
  • Mitral/bicuspid valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic valve
  • Aortabody
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24
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle, only has one fiber type (similar to type I), cardiac muscle fibers connected by intercalated discs

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25
Q

left ventricle

A

has most myocardium, must pump blood to entire body, thickest walls (hypertrophy)

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26
Q

Right coronary artery

A
  • Supplies right side of the heart
  • Divides into marginal, posterior interventricular
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27
Q

Left (main) coronary artery

A
  • Supplied left side of the heart
  • Divides into circumflex, anterior descending
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28
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

coronary artery disease

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29
Q

Intrinsic heart rate

A

100 bpm

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30
Q

SA node: cardiac conduction system

A

initiates contractional signal
* Pacemaker cells in upper posterior RA wall
* Signal spreads from SA node via RA/LA
* Stimulates atrial contraction

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31
Q

AV node: cardiac conduction system

A

delays/relays signal to ventricles
* Located in wall of RA, towards the center
* Delay allows RA/LA to contract before RV, LV

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32
Q

AV bundle: cardiac conduction system

A

relays signal to RV/LV
* Travels along interventricular septum
* Divides into right and left bundle branches
* Sends signal towards apex of heart

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33
Q

Purkinje fibers: cardiac conduction system

A

send signal into RV/LV
* Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches
* Spread throughout entire ventricular wall
* Completes ventricular contraction

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34
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood pumped into one heartbeat

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35
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)

A

percent of EDV pumped

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36
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

Q = HR * SV
resting= 4.2-5.6 L/min

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37
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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38
Q

arterioles

A

control blood flow, feed capillaries

39
Q

capillaries

A

site of nutrient and waste exchange

40
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

41
Q

veins

A

carry blood from venules back to the heart

42
Q

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

highest pressure in artery (during systole)

43
Q

diastolic pressure (DBP)

A

lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)

44
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure over entire cardiac cycle

45
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, hollow organs

46
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, skeletal

47
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, heart

48
Q

respiratory system

A

carry O2 to and remove CO2 from all
body tissues

49
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

moving air in and out of lungs, lungs suspended by pleural sacs

50
Q

pulmonary ventilation: inspiration

A

active process, diaphragm flattens, rib cage & sternum move up and out
expands volume of thoracic cavity and lungs

51
Q

Boyles law

A

lung volumes increases –> intrapulmonary pressure decreases

52
Q

pulmonary ventilation: expiration

A

passive process, lung volume decreases –> intrapulmonary pressure increases
Milking action from changing pressures assists
right atrial filling (respiratory pump)

53
Q

pulmonary volumes

A

measured using spirometry

54
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of vital capacity and residual volume

55
Q

vital capacity

A

greatest amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration

56
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air entering and leaving lungs with each normal breath

57
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

58
Q

pulmonary diffusion

A

gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
Replenishes blood oxygen supply
Removes carbon dioxide from blood

59
Q

respiratory membrane

A

Surface across which gases are exchanged

60
Q

heart size with training

A

heart mass and LV volume increase

61
Q

resting HR after training

A

– decrease Markedly (~1 beat/min per week of training)
– increase Parasympathetic, decrease sympathetic activity in heart

62
Q

submaximal HR after training

A

decreased HR for same given absolute intensity

63
Q

maximal HR after training

A

no change, decrease with age

64
Q

cardiac output after training

A

no change at rest/submaximal
Maximal Q* increases considerably (due to increased SV)

65
Q

cardiovascular adaptations that increase

A

blood flow to active muscle, capillarization, total blood volume, systolic BP at max

66
Q

cardiovascular adaptations that decrease

A

blood flow to inactive regions, BP at given submaximal intensity, diastolic BP at max

67
Q

muscular adaptations

A

increase size and # of type I fiber (II –> I) (IIx may perform more like IIa)
increase capillary supply
increase myoglobin
increase size and # of mitochondria
oxidative enzymes increase activity

68
Q

metabolic adaptations

A

decrease lactate production, increase lactate clearance
resting and submaximal VO2 unchanged
increase max VO2

69
Q

substrates

A

Fuel sources from which we make energy (adenosine
triphosphate [ATP])

70
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • Process of converting substrates into energy
  • Performed at cellular level
71
Q

Metabolism:

A

chemical reactions in the body

72
Q

carbohydrates

A

accessed the quickest (easy breakdown)

73
Q

fat

A

efficient storage, prolonged & less intense exercise

74
Q

protein

A

used the least for energy, during starvation

75
Q

ATP-PCr

A

anaerobic, 100m, occurs in cytoplasm

76
Q

glycolysis

A

anaerobic, 400-800m, occurs in cytoplasm

77
Q

oxidative

A

aerobic (mile+), occurs in mitochondria

78
Q

muscular strength

A

maximal force that a muscle or muscle
group can generate

79
Q

muscular power

A

rate of performing work

80
Q

muscular endurance

A

capacity to perform repeated muscle
contractions (or sustain a single contraction over
time)

81
Q

FITT

A

frequency
intensity
time
type

82
Q

aerobic power

A

rate of energy release by oxygen-
dependent metabolic processes
Maximal aerobic power: maximal capacity for
aerobic resynthesis of ATP

83
Q

anaerobic power

A

rate of energy release by
oxygen-independent metabolic processes
* Maximal anaerobic power: maximal capacity of
anaerobic systems to produce ATP

84
Q

principle of individuality

A

not everyone equal, genetics impact, variations in cell growth rates

85
Q

principle of specificity

A
  • Exercise adaptations specific to mode and
    intensity of training
  • Training program must stress most relevant
    physiological systems for given sport
  • Training adaptations highly specific to type of
    activity, training volume, and intensity
86
Q

principle of reversibility

A
  • Use it or lose it
  • Training –> improved strength and endurance
  • Detraining reverses gains
87
Q

principle of progressive overload

A

must increase demands on the body to make further improvements

88
Q

principle of variation

A

systematically changes one or more variables to keep training challenging

89
Q

exercise order

A

large muscle groups before small, multi-joint before
single joint, high intensity before low intensity

90
Q

Free weights (constant resistance)

A
  • Tax muscle extremes but not midrange
  • Recruit supporting and stabilizing muscles
  • Better for advanced weight lifters
91
Q

Machines

A
  • May involve variable resistance
  • Safer, easier, more stable, better for novices
  • Limit recruitment to targeted muscle groups
92
Q

Threshold of training

A

Minimal level of exercise needed to achieve desired benefits

93
Q

Target zone

A
  • HRMAX= 220 bpm-age
  • Target zone= 55-90% HRMAX
94
Q

Exercise Physiology

A
  • The study of the effects of exercise on the body
  • Body’s responses and adaptations to exercise
    Population served
  • Elite performers
  • People of all ages and abilities

kines ex phys (2 decks)

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