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final review Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle belly

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2
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds bundles of fasicles

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

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4
Q

Plasmalemma (cell membrane) [structure of muscle fiber]

A

fuses with tendon, conduction of AP, maintains pH, transports nutrients

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5
Q

Satellite cells [structure of muscle fiber]

A

muscle growth, development, response to injury/training

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6
Q

Sarcoplasm [structure of muscle fiber]

A

cytoplasm, assists with glycogen storage

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7
Q

Transerve (T-Tubules) [structure of muscle fiber]

A

extensions of the plasmalemma, carry AP deeper into muscle fiber

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8
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [structure of muscle fiber]

A

Ca2+ storage

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

muscle –> fascicle –> muscle fiber –> myofibril

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10
Q

Sarcomeres

A

basic contractile element of skeletal muscle, end to end for full myofibril length, distinctive striations
common boundary structure: z-disk
used for muscle contraction: shortening

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11
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments, shows up lighter under microscope, l-band contains only actin

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12
Q

Myosin

A

thick filaments, shows up darker under microscope, H-zone contains only myosin

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13
Q

Motor units

A

a- motor neurons innervate muscle fibers

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14
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

site of communication between neuron and muscle
consists of synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber

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15
Q

Excitation-Contraction
Coupling

A
  1. Action potential (AP) starts in the brain
  2. AP arrives at axon terminal of neuron, releases
    acetylcholine (ACh)
  3. ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on
    plasmalemma
  4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-tubules
  5. Triggers Ca2+ release from SR
  6. Ca2+ enables actin-myosin contraction
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16
Q

Relaxed state of muscles

A
  • No actin-myosin interaction= no CB
  • Myofilaments overlap a little
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17
Q

Contracted state of muscles

A
  • Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere (power stroke)
  • Filaments shorten
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18
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

After power stroke ends:
* Myosin detaches from active site
* Myosin head rotates back to original position
* Myosin attached to another active site farther down
Process will continue until:
* Z-disk reaches myosin filaments OR
* AP stops, Ca2+ gets pumped back into SR

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19
Q

Muscle Relaxation

A

AP ends, electrical stimulation of SR stops
Ca2+ pumped back into SR
* Stored until next AP arrives
* Requires ATP
Without Ca2+ , troponin & tropomyosin return to
resting conformation
* Covers binding site
* Prevents cross-bridge formation

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20
Q

Muscle fiber type I

A

slow twitch

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21
Q

Muscle fiber type II

A

fast twitch, fatigue quickly
type IIa- short, high intensity
type IIx- used for every day activities, short, explosive sprints

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22
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Sup/Inf Vena cavae
  • Right atrium
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Lungs
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23
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • Lungs
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Left atria
  • Mitral/bicuspid valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic valve
  • Aortabody
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24
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle, only has one fiber type (similar to type I), cardiac muscle fibers connected by intercalated discs

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25
left ventricle
has most myocardium, must pump blood to entire body, thickest walls (hypertrophy)
26
Right coronary artery
* Supplies right side of the heart * Divides into marginal, posterior interventricular
27
Left (main) coronary artery
* Supplied left side of the heart * Divides into circumflex, anterior descending
28
Atherosclerosis
coronary artery disease
29
Intrinsic heart rate
100 bpm
30
SA node: cardiac conduction system
initiates contractional signal * Pacemaker cells in upper posterior RA wall * Signal spreads from SA node via RA/LA * Stimulates atrial contraction
31
AV node: cardiac conduction system
delays/relays signal to ventricles * Located in wall of RA, towards the center * Delay allows RA/LA to contract before RV, LV
32
AV bundle: cardiac conduction system
relays signal to RV/LV * Travels along interventricular septum * Divides into right and left bundle branches * Sends signal towards apex of heart
33
Purkinje fibers: cardiac conduction system
send signal into RV/LV * Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches * Spread throughout entire ventricular wall * Completes ventricular contraction
34
Stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood pumped into one heartbeat
35
Ejection fraction (EF)
percent of EDV pumped
36
Cardiac output (Q)
Q = HR * SV resting= 4.2-5.6 L/min
37
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
38
arterioles
control blood flow, feed capillaries
39
capillaries
site of nutrient and waste exchange
40
venules
collect blood from capillaries
41
veins
carry blood from venules back to the heart
42
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
highest pressure in artery (during systole)
43
diastolic pressure (DBP)
lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)
44
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average pressure over entire cardiac cycle
45
smooth muscle
involuntary, hollow organs
46
skeletal muscle
voluntary, skeletal
47
cardiac muscle
involuntary, heart
48
respiratory system
carry O2 to and remove CO2 from all body tissues
49
pulmonary ventilation
moving air in and out of lungs, lungs suspended by pleural sacs
50
pulmonary ventilation: inspiration
active process, diaphragm flattens, rib cage & sternum move up and out expands volume of thoracic cavity and lungs
51
Boyles law
lung volumes increases --> intrapulmonary pressure decreases
52
pulmonary ventilation: expiration
passive process, lung volume decreases --> intrapulmonary pressure increases Milking action from changing pressures assists right atrial filling (respiratory pump)
53
pulmonary volumes
measured using spirometry
54
total lung capacity
sum of vital capacity and residual volume
55
vital capacity
greatest amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration
56
tidal volume
amount of air entering and leaving lungs with each normal breath
57
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
58
pulmonary diffusion
gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries Replenishes blood oxygen supply Removes carbon dioxide from blood
59
respiratory membrane
Surface across which gases are exchanged
60
heart size with training
heart mass and LV volume increase
61
resting HR after training
– decrease Markedly (~1 beat/min per week of training) – increase Parasympathetic, decrease sympathetic activity in heart
62
submaximal HR after training
decreased HR for same given absolute intensity
63
maximal HR after training
no change, decrease with age
64
cardiac output after training
no change at rest/submaximal Maximal Q* increases considerably (due to increased SV)
65
cardiovascular adaptations that increase
blood flow to active muscle, capillarization, total blood volume, systolic BP at max
66
cardiovascular adaptations that decrease
blood flow to inactive regions, BP at given submaximal intensity, diastolic BP at max
67
muscular adaptations
increase size and # of type I fiber (II --> I) (IIx may perform more like IIa) increase capillary supply increase myoglobin increase size and # of mitochondria oxidative enzymes increase activity
68
metabolic adaptations
decrease lactate production, increase lactate clearance resting and submaximal VO2 unchanged increase max VO2
69
substrates
Fuel sources from which we make energy (adenosine triphosphate [ATP])
70
Bioenergetics
* Process of converting substrates into energy * Performed at cellular level
71
Metabolism:
chemical reactions in the body
72
carbohydrates
accessed the quickest (easy breakdown)
73
fat
efficient storage, prolonged & less intense exercise
74
protein
used the least for energy, during starvation
75
ATP-PCr
anaerobic, 100m, occurs in cytoplasm
76
glycolysis
anaerobic, 400-800m, occurs in cytoplasm
77
oxidative
aerobic (mile+), occurs in mitochondria
78
muscular strength
maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate
79
muscular power
rate of performing work
80
muscular endurance
capacity to perform repeated muscle contractions (or sustain a single contraction over time)
81
FITT
frequency intensity time type
82
aerobic power
rate of energy release by oxygen- dependent metabolic processes Maximal aerobic power: maximal capacity for aerobic resynthesis of ATP
83
anaerobic power
rate of energy release by oxygen-independent metabolic processes * Maximal anaerobic power: maximal capacity of anaerobic systems to produce ATP
84
principle of individuality
not everyone equal, genetics impact, variations in cell growth rates
85
principle of specificity
* Exercise adaptations specific to mode and intensity of training * Training program must stress most relevant physiological systems for given sport * Training adaptations highly specific to type of activity, training volume, and intensity
86
principle of reversibility
* Use it or lose it * Training --> improved strength and endurance * Detraining reverses gains
87
principle of progressive overload
must increase demands on the body to make further improvements
88
principle of variation
systematically changes one or more variables to keep training challenging
89
exercise order
large muscle groups before small, multi-joint before single joint, high intensity before low intensity
90
Free weights (constant resistance)
* Tax muscle extremes but not midrange * Recruit supporting and stabilizing muscles * Better for advanced weight lifters
91
Machines
* May involve variable resistance * Safer, easier, more stable, better for novices * Limit recruitment to targeted muscle groups
92
Threshold of training
Minimal level of exercise needed to achieve desired benefits
93
Target zone
* HRMAX= 220 bpm-age * Target zone= 55-90% HRMAX
94
Exercise Physiology
* The study of the effects of exercise on the body * Body’s responses and adaptations to exercise Population served * Elite performers * People of all ages and abilities

kines ex phys (2 decks)

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