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Geology 109 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between numerical and relative time?

A

Numerical is absolute. An age measured from the present, usually by measuring carbon/radioactive elements in the rock. Relative pertains to sequence of events, older than/younger than, superposition for example.

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2
Q

When did Earth form?

A

4.54 - 4.57 billion years ago.

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3
Q

When did Volcanoes form in the Flin Flon region?

A

About 1.87 billion years ago.

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4
Q

When was the last Ice Age. How long was it?

A

Began 80,000 years ago, lasted for 60,000 years. (Considered to have ended 12,000 ya)

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5
Q

What is the Primary Eon?

A

Phanerozoic

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6
Q

What are the Eras of the Phanerozoic?

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

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7
Q

When did the Paleozoic era start?

A

541 mya

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8
Q

When did the Mesozoic era start?

A

252 mya

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9
Q

When did the Cenozoic era start?

A

66 mya

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10
Q

What are the periods of the Paleozoic?

A

(in order from oldest to latest) Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian/Mississippian), Permian

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11
Q

What are the periods of the Mesozoic?

A

(oldest to latest) Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

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12
Q

What are the periods of the Cenozoic?

A

(oldest to latest)
Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

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13
Q

What are the Epochs of the Cenozoic?

A

(oldest to latest) Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene (today)

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14
Q

What are the Eons? When did they start?

A

Phanerozoic (started 541 mya), Proterozoic (2.5 Ga), Archean (4.0 Ga), Hadean (4.54 Ga).

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15
Q

What are the eons prior to the Phanerozoic called?

A

Precambrian

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16
Q

What is 1 AU?

A

1 astronomical unit, equivalent to the distance Earth is from the Sun. 150 million km

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17
Q

What is a light year?

A

The distance that light travels in one year. Distance measurement not a time measurement. 9.46 trillion km.

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18
Q

What was the theory that Earth was the center of everything?

A

Geocentricity, (Aristotle/Ptolemy).

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19
Q

What was Heliocentricity?

A

The theory proposed by Copernicus that proved the Sun was the center of the solar system.

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20
Q

What is the brief timeline of the process of disproving the Geocentric model?

A

During the Renaissance, Copernicus revived the theory Earth was round. Then Bruno was burned at the stake for proposing theory aswell. Then Galileo observed moons orbiting around Jupiter. Finally, Kepler determined the movement of planets around the sun. Sir Issac Newton put forth laws of universal gravitation, three laws of motion, calculus.

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21
Q

Who is considered to be the “Father of modern geology”?

A

James Hutton

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22
Q

How old is the universe?

A

About 14 billion years old.

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23
Q

When did life form on Earth?

A

About 3.8 billion years ago. (Complex life since 600 million years ago)

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24
Q

When did homo sapiens first appear?

A

400,000 years ago.

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25
Q

Fill in the blank: The number of _________ defines the element.

A

Protons

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: The number of protons in the atom is also called the _____________.

A

Atomic Number

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27
Q

The sum of the protons and neutrons’ mass in an element is called the:

A

Atomic Mass

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28
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Are variants of the same chemical element that differ in neutron number, thus in atomic mass. All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons in each atom.

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29
Q

What are the 3 basic types of stars?

A

Main Sequence Stars, Giant Stars, Dwarf Stars.

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30
Q

What are the 3 zones of the solar system?

A

Planet Zone, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud.

31
Q

Density of Earth?

A

5.52g/cm3

32
Q

Common Continental Crustal Rock density?

A

2.7g/cm3

33
Q

What is considered the most important impact crater in Mexico?

A

Chicxulub Crater

34
Q

Why is the Chicxulub Crater important?

A

Marks an important event of one of Earth’s largest extinction events.

35
Q

What is nuclear winter?

A

When a large impact/impacts happen, so much dust is thrown into the atmosphere that will block sunlight and blank out growing seasons for plants. Can also be accompanied by acid rain depending on if other chemicals are brought into the atmosphere.

36
Q

What elements make up Earth (primarily)

A

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium

37
Q

Terrestrial planets likely would have been molten by ________. More importantly, they would have been heated by the decay of numerous _______________.

A

4.5 bya, Radioactive isotopes.

38
Q

What is planetary differentiation?

A

Sometimes referred to as “the iron catastrophe”, it’s when a planet is molten and gravitational separation of elements happens, iron being the heaviest mostly gets brought into the core, while some remains in the mantle where it forms chemical compounds (minerals) that are less dense, thus floated. It has led to the formation of planetary cores and mantles; planetary crusts are more complex.

39
Q

What are the core’s 2 zones?

A

Inner solid iron core, outer liquid iron core.

40
Q

What are the mantle’s 2 solid layers?

A

Lower mantle (Mesosphere), Upper mantle.

41
Q

Describe the Lower Mantle’s behavior.

A

Behaves like very stiff taffy (low viscosity rock) that flows internally at about 2 cm a year.

42
Q

Describe the Upper Mantle’s structure

A

Divided into the physically weak Asthenosphere, and the physically strong Lithosphere.

43
Q

What is Isostasy?

A

Is the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth’s upper layers. The crust floats on the upper mantle, and the lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere.

44
Q

Isostasy is responsible for several important lithospheric phenomena, such as:

A

Uplift and subsidence, subduction, volcanism, tectonic mtn building (orogeny), and erosion.

45
Q

How does the atmosphere protect life on Earth?

A

Heat retention (greenhouse effect). absorbs UV solar radiation, reduced temperature extremes, creating pressure for liquid water to exist on Earth’s surface.

46
Q

What are the ways of determining relative age?

A
  1. SUPERPOSITION OF ROCK LAYERS (STRATA)
  2. INTRUSION (INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS)
  3. DEFORMATION (TECTONIC MTN. BUILDING)
  4. UNCONFORMITY (EROSION & NEW DEPOSITION)
  5. INCLUSIONS (PEBBLES; XENOLITHS)
  6. FOSSIL SUCCESSION
47
Q

What is superposition?

A

Determining age by looking at the layers of rock. Older layers are deeper down.

48
Q

What is lateral continuity?

A

Layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions; in other words, they are laterally continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous

49
Q

Regarding deformation, we recognize three states of differential stress: what are they?

A

Compressive; tensile; and lateral
shearing stress.

50
Q

What do normal faults do?

A

Aside from earthquakes, NORMAL FAULTS bring older rocks of the
footwall block adjacent to younger rocks of
the hanging-wall block

51
Q

What is uncomformity?

A

Four Special Types Of Boundaries Between Older And
Younger Rocks– All Represent Periods Of Non-Deposition.
ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
NONCONFORMITY
DISCONFORMITY
PARACONFORMITY

52
Q

What is paracomformity?

A

Represents a time of non-deposition, without observable
erosion

53
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Fragments Of Older Rock Within Younger Rock

54
Q

What are the 3 major causes of mass extinctions?

A
  1. Impact of large asteroids
  2. Excessive volcanism
  3. Large climate change
55
Q

We call the event of, and the process of, building convergent-plate- boundary
mountain belts:

A

Orogeny

56
Q

What is the difference between Stalactites and Stalagmites?

A

Stalactites grow from roof (down), Stalagmites grow from ground (up). (Columns are when they are together)

57
Q

The three types of rocks.

A

Igneous (derived from magma), Sedimentary (where most fossils occur, clastic, chemical, organic), and Metamorphic (changed rocks).

58
Q

What is Cyanobacteria?

A

Is a group of over 2000 bacteria species. The simplest organism to undergo photosynthesis.

59
Q

What are Stromatolites?

A

Layered sedimentary formations that are created mainly by photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria.

60
Q

What is porifera?

A

Sponges. (Porifera is having pores) (LATE PRECAMBRIAN to
PRESENT)

61
Q

What is CNIDARIA?

A

Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals (PRECAMBRIAN to PRESENT)

62
Q

What is Bryzoa?

A

(ORDOVICIAN TO PRESENT) (MOSS ANIMALS) (LACE CORAL)
(Sometimes Mistaken For Corals)
Bryozoans are tiny, colonial, lophophorate, mostly marine, sessile animals, most of
which secrete a calcite (CaCO2) exoskeleton slightly similar to that of corals.
Like corals they prefer warm marine waters, but, also like corals, some species live
at higher latitudes. There are ~5,000 living species and over 15,000 fossil
species.

63
Q

What are BRACIOPODS?

A

They are small, solitary, marine, lophophorate animals with paired shells (valves) of either calcite or phosphatic material (calcium phosphate, similar to bone and tooth enamel) (CAMBRIAN to PRESENT) they are symmetric

64
Q

What are MOLLUSCS?

A

Bivalves, snails, octopus, squids, ammonites. ) all have soft bodies, and
most have external shells of calcium carbonate. They are biologically more complex than
previously discussed organisms and have several specific types of organs including a
rudimentary nervous system, gills, and a simple heart. They also have gender and individuals
are either male or female. Modern Cephalopods have fairly advanced nervous system,
especially the octopuses which have independently “thinking” tentacles and a brain capable of
thinking and problem solving at a level not unlike that of the Great Apes. (CAMBRIAN TO PRESENT)

65
Q

What are ARTHROPODA?

A

The Largest Taxonomic Group Of Animals (>75,000 EXTANT
SPECIES).
It includes spiders, crabs, insects, centipedes, the extinct trilobites and eurypterids,
ostracods, and others whose bodies posses 4 common things:
- pairs of jointed limbs,
- an exoskeleton made mostly of chitin (a polysaccharide) which molts during growth,
- a segmented body with bilateral symmetry,
- an open circulatory system (as do molluscs).

66
Q

What are ECHINODERMATA?

A

(CAMBRIAN TO PRESENT) ECHINODERM (SPINY SKIN).
5 MAIN EXTANT CLASSES – ALL MARINE —- PLUS SEVERAL EXTINCT CLASSES. ASTEROIDEA = STARFISH
OPHIUROIDEA = BRITTLE STARS
CRINOIDEA = SEA LILY
ECHINOIDEA = SEA URCHIN
HOLOTHROIDEA = SEA CUCUMBER

67
Q

What are Hemichordata?

A

HEMICHORDATA (CAMBRIAN TO PRESENT) – a small phylum with 3 extant
Classes and only 120 known living species plus an extinct class of over 200 species

68
Q

How many major extinctions has there been?

A

Five big mass extinctions

69
Q

When was the biggest mass extinction?

A

250 mya

70
Q

3 types of mammals based on ways they reproduce, go.

A

1) Placental Mammals – primates, cattle, elephants, rodents, deer, cetaceans, bats, etc.
2) Marsupials – mothers have pouches (external nursery) – kangaroo, opossum.
3) Monotremes –lay eggs – platypus, echidna

71
Q

4 types of vascular plants

A

Angiosperms (all flowering plants: flowers, fruit trees and bushes, grass), Gymnosperms (non-flowering plants such as conifers), Ferns and Lycopods (both use spores).

72
Q

2 types of non-vascular plants

A

Mosses, Green Algae

73
Q
A

Geology 109 (1 decks)

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