Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
alveoli
A
end of each bronchiole; clusters of microscopic air sacs where O2 and Co2 are exchanged
2
Q
afferent nerves
A
carry nerve impulses from body to spinal cord
3
Q
amylase
A
enzyme in saliva that begins to break down carbs; pancreatic digestive enzyme that further breaks down complex sugar molecules into glucose and into food fibers (waste)
4
Q
anuria
A
absence of urine because of acute renal failure
5
Q
Apgar Score
A
procedure that gives score to newborn (1-5 minutes after birth)
0-1-2 points given for: heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, response to stimulation, and skin color. (normally 1-point is taken away for acrocyanosis)
6
Q
apnea
A
absence of spontaneous respirations due to respiratory failure or respiratory arrest
CPAP machine
7
Q
astrocyte
A
cells with branches that radiate outward, like a star
support the dendrites of neurons and connect them to capillaries
form blood-brain barrier that keeps certain harmful substances in blood from entering the brain
8
Q
aura
A
sensation on gets before the onset of a seizure
9
Q
auscult/o
A
listening
10
Q
axon
A
elongated extension of cytoplasm at end of a neuron, covered by myelin
11
Q
balanitis
A
infection and inflammation of glans penis
12
Q
bile
A
what liver cells produce, makes bilirubin and biliverdin
13
Q
bolus
A
small rounded mass, especially of chewed food at moment of swallowing
14
Q
Braxton Hicks
A
false labor, irregular contracts to strengthen itself in preparation for childbirth
15
Q
Candidiasis
A
yeast infection; vaginal itching, leukorrhea
16
Q
capn/o
A
carbon dioxide, CO2
17
Q
carpal tunnel syndrome
A
chronic condition; caused by repetitive motions of hand and wrist, often caused by typing
tingling because of inflammation
swelling compresses median nerve
18
Q
catheterization
A
procedure which catheter is inserted through urethra and into the bladder to drain the urine
condom / Foley / straight / suprapubic
19
Q
cephal/o
A
head
20
Q
cerebellum
A
separate rounded section at base of brain; receives sensory information about muscle tone and position of body (helps maintain balance)
21
Q
cerebrum
A
largest area of brain; divided into 4 lobes and 2 hemispheres
lobes = parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital
22
Q
chancre
A
lesion that ulcerates, forms crust and heals
associated with syphillis in men
23
Q
chyme
A
semisolid mixture of food particles, saliva, and digestive enzymes
two sphincters keep the chyme in the stomach
24
Q
cirrhosis of the liver
A
chronic, progressive inflammation and irreversible degeneration of liver, with enlargement, nodules, and scarring
f(x) of liver is impaired
25
COPD
chronic obstructive lung disease - incudes bronchitis or emphysema
caused by chronic exposure to sire pollution or smoking
inflammation of bronchi; hyperinflation and rupture of alveoli
type of reactive airway disease
26
cyst/o
bladder, fluid-filled sacs, semisolid cyst
27
cystoscopy
procedure that uses cystoscope through urethra to examine inside of bladder
28
defecation
process of elimination
29
degulation
process of swallowing that occurs when food particles in oral cavity are swallowed and move into pharynx
30
dendrite
multiple branching structures at the beginning of a neuron
31
DRE
digital rectal exam
procedure to palpate prostate gland; yearly in men over 50
32
dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormone
during childhood and puberty; defect in anterior pituitary gland; short stature with normal body proportions
33
dyspepsia
mild, temporary epigastric pain; sometimes gas or nausea
AKA indigestion
34
dyspnea
difficult, labored, or painful respirations
shortness of breath
35
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
factors include kidney stones, cystitis, etc.
36
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of fertilized ovum somewhere other than uterus; implants in cervix, ovary, abdominopelvic cavity
most common site = uterine tube
37
ED (as it related to the reproductive system)
erectile dysfunction
inability to achieve or sustain an erection of penis
38
efferent nerves
carry nerve impulses away from spinal cord to the body
ventral nerve roots and their spinal
nerve
39
ejaculation
action of semen leaving the body
40
epididymis
attach to outer wall of the testis; where the sperm mature
41
epiglottis
lid like structure that seal the laryngeal opening so that swallowed food goes into the esophagus
open when breathing
42
eupnea
normal depth and rate of respiration
43
external genitalia (male reproductive system)
scrotum
testis
epididymis
vas deferens (also internal)
44
fertility
ability to conceive and give birth
45
flagellum
tail of sperm
46
gamete
mature mate (sperm) or female (ova) cell that contains 23 chromosomes and can unite with the opposite sex gamete to produce a zygote
47
gastrointestinal
pertaining to the stomach and intestines; elongated body system that goes from mouth to the anus
48
genital herpes (and drug that treats it)
herpes simplex virus, type 2
Tx: topical and oral antiviral drugs, which shorten the duration or each outbreak
49
GERD (what can you do to help treat/relieve it)
gastroesophageal reflux disease
eat small, frequent meals; elevate head or bed when sleeping; avoid alcohol and foods that stimulate stomach acid production
50
glossitis
infection or inflammation of tongue; could be caused by vitamin B deficiency
51
glycosuria
excess glucose in the blood,; excreted in the urine
52
goiter
chronic and progressive enlargement of thyroid gland
AKA thyromegaly
53
gonad
sex glands
ovaries (produces egg) = female
testes (produces sperm) = male
54
Graves disease
type of hyperthyroidism
autoimmune
body produces antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on thyroid gland, which increases production of thyroid hormones
55
hal/o
breathe
56
HCG (what does this signify)
human chronic gonadotropin
in pregnancy it stimulates the corpus luteum to keep producing estradiol and progesterone
57
hemaglobin A1C
binds with glucose; indicates average level of blood glucose in previous 12-weeks; used to monitor how well diabetic patients are controlling blood glucose
58
hematuria
blood in urine
59
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
(tinged sputum)
60
hepatitis
infection and inflammation of liver
Hepatitis A / B / C / D
Hep D only develops in those who already have Hepatitis B
61
hepatocyte
liver cells
62
HIV (and what disease it can cause)
human immunodeficiency virus; infects helper T cells; lymphocytes
causes AIDS
63
HPV (and what it can cuase)
human papillomavirus
genital warts or dysplasia of cervix or cancer of cervix
64
HRT (treatment)
hormone replacement therapy
Tx for menopause
65
hydrocephalus
excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is produced or flow of it is blocked
"water on the brain"
66
IBS (symptoms also)
irritable bowel syndrome
symptoms: cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea alternating with constipation, excessive mucous
67
ingestion
consumption of substance
taking in food, drink, or another substance by swallowing or absorbing it
68
inguinal hernia
hernia in groin
hernia: defect and weakness in muscle of diaphragm or abdominal wall; intestine and peritoneum bulge through = swelling and pain
69
lipase
pancreatic digestive enzyme that breaks down small fat globules into fatty acids
70
lobectomy
removes entire lobe
71
lumbar puncture
procedure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid
AKA spinal tap
72
mammography (what it can detect)
procedure that uses x-rays to create image of breasts
detects cysts and areas of microcalcification, infection, + tumors
73
mastication
step 1 in mechanical digestion
involves teeth as they tear, chew, and grind food in oral cavity; tongue helps as it moves food particles around the mouth and mixes them with saliva
74
meatus
where urethra ends
males: located at the end of penis and covered by the foreskin if uncircumcised
females: located at anterior of exterior opening of vagina
75
meconium
first bowel movement; thick, greenish-black, tar-like and contains mucus and bile and skin cells
76
medulla oblongata
most inferior part of brainstem; contains respiratory centers that automatically set the respiratory rate
77
menarche
first menstrual period; beginning of menstruation
78
meninges and the layers
what brain is surrounded and protected by; 3-layers
dura mater: outermost, protects brain
arachnoid: 2nd layer, beneath is subarachnoid space = filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains branching fibers
pia mater: innermost layer; covers surface of brain, contains network of small blood vessels
79
motility
forward movement, as it pertains to sperm
80
myelin sheath
fatty, white insulating layer; covers LARGE axons
myelin increases speed of an electrical impulse along the neuron
81
nephr/o
kidney, nephron
82
nephron
functional unit of the kidney; site of urine production
each kidney contains 1MM+ nephrons
83
olfactory nerve
cranial nerve I
sensory, f(x) is to smell; receives sensory info about smells from olfactory receptors in the nose
84
orthropnea
difficulty breathing when lying down; only comfortable in a straight upright position
dyspnea and congestion occur if patient is lying down; severity is expressed as # of pillows that are needed
85
ovulation (signs of)
increased temperature
cervical mucus changes
estradiol decreases
progesterone increases
endometrium building up
86
oximetry
procedure to measure the degree of hemoglobin saturation of the blood
87
PAP Smear (what it can detect)
screening test to detect abnormal cells (dysplasia) or carcinoma in situ of cervix
88
parasympathetic nervous system
active when body is sleeping, resting, eating, or light activity - "rest and digest"
neurotransmitter = acetylcholine
decreased heart rate, BP, metabolic rate
increase or decreased of pupils depending on light level
increase in peristalsis, saliva secretion, contract bladder, prepares body for sex
89
parenchyma of the kidney (and what it contains)
functional or working tissue of kidney and contains nephrons that are in tissue layers of cortex and medulla
90
peps/o
digestion
91
peptic ulcer
chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosin of mucosa with formation of an ulcer
esophageal / gastric / duodenal ulcers are all peptic ulcers
92
pept/o
digestion
93
perineum
male: area of skin between posterior scrotum and anus
female: area of skin between vulva and anus
94
pH
measure how acidic or alkaline urine is
urine is normally slightly alkaline
acidic: < 7
alkaline: > 7
95
pituitary gland
endocrine gland; master gland of the body
anterior: secretes 7 hormones
posterior: store 2 hormones produced in hypothalamus
96
placenta previa
incorrect position of placenta with edge partially or completely covering the cervical canal
97
PMS
premenstrual syndrome; high levels of estradiol and progesterone that happen just prior to menstruation
98
pne/o
breathing
99
polyphagia
feeling of being hungry and eating often
100
polyuria
excessive amounts of water excreted in the urine
increased amounts of urine
101
PSA
blood test that detects glycoprotein in cells of prostate gland
higher level = advanced cancer
increase in men with prostate cancer
102
pulmonary embolism
blockage of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches; decreased level of O2; shortness of breath
103
pulmonology
medical speciality that studies anatomy and physiology of respiratory system
104
-ptysis
condition of coughing up
105
purul/o
pus
106
py/o
pus
107
quadriplegia
injury to upper spinal cord, paralysis of all four extremeties
108
renal pelvis
large funnel shaped area that narrows to become the ureter
109
ren/o
kidney
110
scrotum
soft pouch of skin behind the penis and in front of the legs; contains testes, epididymis, and part of vas deferens
a few degrees cooler
111
seminiferous tubules
small tightly coiled tubes that produce sperm
112
septum
central, vertical wall of cartilage and bone that divides hollow nasal cavity into left and right sides
113
spermatic cord (what it contains)
what fetal testis has; contains vas deferens as well as arteries, veins, and nerves
114
spermatogenesis
producing mature sperm/spermatozoa
115
spermatozoon
sperm, singular
motile and mature sperm cell
116
spir/o
breathe; coil
117
stomatitis
inflammation of mucosa in oral cavity caused by poorly fitting dentures or infection
118
sympathetic nervous system
"active and alert"
"fight or flight"
active when body is active or exercising
neurotransmitter = norepinephrine
actions: increased mental awareness, dilate pupils, increase heart rate and metabolic rate, increase BP, increase air flow to lungs, increased respiratory rate, increased energy
119
synapse
space between two neurons
120
tetany
involuntary muscle cramp or spasm due to abnormal alterations in body's electrolytes (especially calcium)
121
testis
what is inside scrotum; produce sperm and testosterone, male gonad
122
toxic shock syndrome
super absorbant tampons; menstrual blood held for extended period of time
high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension (shock)
123
TURP (what this procedure will correct and where is it done)
transurethral resection of the prostate
corrects benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate enlargement)
done in prostate
124
URI
upper respiratory infection
bacterial or viral infection of nose or throat, AKA common cold or headcold
125
ureter
tube connects renal pelvis of kidney to the bladder
126
urethra
tube that carriers urine from the bladder to outside the body
male: urine and semen travel through same hole
127
vasectomy (and why a person would get this)
male procedure to prevent pregnancy; section of each vas deferens is removed and cut ends sutured or cauterized
can be reversed
128
vesic/o
bladder; fluid/filled sac
129
causes of an asthma attack
exposure to allergens, dust, mold, smoke, inhaled chemicals, exercise, cold air, or emotional stress
130
what the central nervous system consists of and its function
CNS = brain and spinal cord
receive, process, and interpret sensory information from internal boy and environment around it
131
substances leave the stomach and enter what organ
small intestine
duodenum - jejunum - ileum
132
substance regulated by parathyroid gland
regulates amount of calcium in blood
133
waste products that are excreted by kidney
urea, creatine, uric acid, drugs and products of drug meatbolism
134
what holds the ovaries in place?
broad ligament
135
what shaken baby syndrome can cause?
permanent brain damage, head trauma
136
what is used for treat type 1 diabetes?
insulin
137
what type of procedure would be performed to remove cervical lesions?
cryosurgery
138
causes of gastric ulcer
bacteria Helicobacter pylori; caused by excessive hydrochloric acid, stress, drugs (aspirin) that irritate mucosa
139
what is a receptor as it relates to hormones?
site where hormone binds to, which in turn unlocks a receptor on a gland
140
the different types of seizures
tonic-clonic / grand mal
absence
complex partial / psychomotor
simple partial / focal motor
141
average menstrual cycle
28-days
142
what the peripheral nervous system consists of and its function?
cranial, spinal nerves, and branches
divided into autonomic and somatic
automatic divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic
143
the common cause of a UTI
bacterial infection in urinary tract caused by Escherichia coli
144
what does the umbilical cord bring from the mother to fetus?
oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies
removes CO2 and waste
145
why an antiemetic drug is given
treats nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness
146
signs of breast cancer
swelling, enlarged lymph nodes, nipple discharge
advanced: peau d'range (dimpling of skin) and nipple retraction
147
what is performed to find the bacterium that causes an infection?
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
148
how are fraternal twins made?
ovary releases two ova that are fertilized by different sperm
149
what type of monitor is used for diabetes mellitus?
glucose (sugar) monitor
150
patient with Cushing Syndrome has an increased level of what?
cortisol
