Final Review Flashcards
______are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
enzymes
A _________ is a heterogeneous mixture with really really big solutes than can separate easily from the solution. Blood is an example of this mixture.
Suspension
A _______ bond is one in which an electrons are shared between 2 atoms.
Covalent
XY = X + Y is an example of a __________ reaction.
Decomp
- Carb
- Lipid
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
Which of the following group of organic molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage and can be a chemical messenger in the form of hormones?
lipids/fats
Cholesterol is an example of a ________
phospholipid
Which one of the following are the building blocks of a protein?
amino acids
AGCT are the bases for DNA or RNA
DNA
Uracil only occurs in what?
RNA
Sol-gel transformation is an ability of _______ to transform from a fluid to a solid and back again.
colloids
ionic bond
covalent bond
- Tertiary
- Secondary
- Quaternary
- Simple
The reason you can move from one objective to the next on the microscope without needing to adjust the focus much is because most microscopes are ___________.
parfocal
A + B = AB is a ________ reaction which requires energy.
This is a/an ________ process
synthesis, anabolic
Molecules that are held together by an ionic bond easily break apart in water into these positive and negative charged atoms. These mineral compounds are called_______
salts
What substances like to give away H+ ions?
acids
A sequence of nucleotides that carries information to make one peptide chain is a/an…
gene
What are the 4 organic componds?
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Starting with the basic unit of life, list the 4 levels (in order) of organization that lead up to an entire BODY.
cells, tissues, organs, systems
What are the 4 atoms that make up 96% of all organic life?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
If it loses one, it has a positive charge and is called a/an
cation
if it gains one it has a negative charge and is called a/an
anion
The largest molecules in the body are
nucleic acids
Proteins & lipids with sugar groups on the surface of a cell. Site of binding sites & signaling in immune responses.
glycocalyx
Proteins on the outer surface, an act as enzymes
peripheral proteins
Proteins that create channels for molecules to pass through
integral proteins
Phase where Spindle fibers pull genetic material into half..one for each new daughter cell
anaphase
Phase where Chromatin condense and link with centromere, nuclear envelope disintegrates
prophase
Phase where Nuclear envelope redevelops around unraveling genetic material
telophase
Phase where Chromosomes line up in center of cell
metaphase
Not really a phase, but division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
Respiration is an example of what kind of water loss?
Insensible
Hypotonic fluids have ________ osmolality than that of blood.
less
DNA replication occurs in which phase?
interphase
strongest type of fiber (have the greatest tensile strength) found in the cytoskeleton? These act as internal ‘guy wires’.
intermediate filaments
When a glucose molecule crosses the cell membrane from a high concentration to a lower one with the help of a carrier protein and no energy is used, this is known as ____________.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of WATER across a membrane to achieve a balanced concentration is called
osmosis
When molecules move from a high concentration to a lower one “down the concentration gradient” this is called ________.
diffusion
If an animal is dehydrated, will its blood have high osmolality or low osmolality?
high
Molecules moving across the cell membrane in the same direction
symport
Molecules moving in different directions across the cell membrane
antiport
Region of cytoplasm near the nucleus that builds & breaks down microtubules.
centrosome
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
The viscous fluid that the cytoplasm is made up of.
cytosol
Site of synthesis & storage of lipids
smooth ER
3-D framework of the cell giving it support & shape
cytoskeleton
Produces most of the ATP/energy for the cell
mitochodria
Has ribosomes on the surface, stores protein
rough ER
Modifies, packages, & distributes molecules out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
Transport molecules to and from the nuclear pore
vault
Barrel shaped organelle that breaks down unwanted proteins in the cell
proteasomes
vesicles from Golgi apparatus that digest cellular debris
lysosomes
What happens in transcription and where specifically does it take place?
DNA makes mRNA; nucleous
Which type of cell doesn’t have a nucleus?
prokaryotic
Edema occurs when fluid goes from the ________ space to the _________ space.
intravascular, interstitial
If intravenous (IV) hypertonic fluid is given to a patient, the blood cells will….
shrink in size
When a nucleus wants to make a protein it it replicates a chunk of DNA through the process of ________ and makes a piece of ___________
Transcription; mRNA
Now, at the ribosome, this _RNA template from the nucleus is made into proteins by the process called ________
Amino acids attached to ________ floating around in cytoplasm are connected to this _RNA strip one at a time to form the final polypeptide
Translation; tRNA
Most animals are made up of about _____% water
60%
Connective tissue matching: adipose
fat
Connective tissue matching: areolar
subcutaneous
connective tissue matching: elastic
bronchi, arteries
connective tissue matching: dense regular
tendons, ligaments
connective tissue matching: dense irregular
skin dermis
connective tissue matching: reticular
spleen, lymph nodes
___________ are globular proteins that expose small sections of DNA to the nucleoplasm. DNA winds around these molecules to form nucleosomes.
histones
Which muscle cell has multiple nuclei?
skeletal
Epithelial tissues that manufactures & releases secretions are called what?
glandular
Long, stringy proteins that make up our hair & nails are known as _______ ________.
structural proteins
membrane matching: mucous
mouth, uterus
membrane matching: serous
parietal pleura
membrane matching: cutaneous
skin
