Final Review Flashcards
______are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
enzymes
A _________ is a heterogeneous mixture with really really big solutes than can separate easily from the solution. Blood is an example of this mixture.
Suspension
A _______ bond is one in which an electrons are shared between 2 atoms.
Covalent
XY = X + Y is an example of a __________ reaction.
Decomp
- Carb
- Lipid
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
Which of the following group of organic molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage and can be a chemical messenger in the form of hormones?
lipids/fats
Cholesterol is an example of a ________
phospholipid
Which one of the following are the building blocks of a protein?
amino acids
AGCT are the bases for DNA or RNA
DNA
Uracil only occurs in what?
RNA
Sol-gel transformation is an ability of _______ to transform from a fluid to a solid and back again.
colloids
ionic bond
covalent bond
- Tertiary
- Secondary
- Quaternary
- Simple
The reason you can move from one objective to the next on the microscope without needing to adjust the focus much is because most microscopes are ___________.
parfocal
A + B = AB is a ________ reaction which requires energy.
This is a/an ________ process
synthesis, anabolic
Molecules that are held together by an ionic bond easily break apart in water into these positive and negative charged atoms. These mineral compounds are called_______
salts
What substances like to give away H+ ions?
acids
A sequence of nucleotides that carries information to make one peptide chain is a/an…
gene
What are the 4 organic componds?
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Starting with the basic unit of life, list the 4 levels (in order) of organization that lead up to an entire BODY.
cells, tissues, organs, systems
What are the 4 atoms that make up 96% of all organic life?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
If it loses one, it has a positive charge and is called a/an
cation
if it gains one it has a negative charge and is called a/an
anion
The largest molecules in the body are
nucleic acids
Proteins & lipids with sugar groups on the surface of a cell. Site of binding sites & signaling in immune responses.
glycocalyx
Proteins on the outer surface, an act as enzymes
peripheral proteins
Proteins that create channels for molecules to pass through
integral proteins
Phase where Spindle fibers pull genetic material into half..one for each new daughter cell
anaphase
Phase where Chromatin condense and link with centromere, nuclear envelope disintegrates
prophase
Phase where Nuclear envelope redevelops around unraveling genetic material
telophase
Phase where Chromosomes line up in center of cell
metaphase
Not really a phase, but division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
Respiration is an example of what kind of water loss?
Insensible
Hypotonic fluids have ________ osmolality than that of blood.
less
DNA replication occurs in which phase?
interphase
strongest type of fiber (have the greatest tensile strength) found in the cytoskeleton? These act as internal ‘guy wires’.
intermediate filaments
When a glucose molecule crosses the cell membrane from a high concentration to a lower one with the help of a carrier protein and no energy is used, this is known as ____________.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of WATER across a membrane to achieve a balanced concentration is called
osmosis
When molecules move from a high concentration to a lower one “down the concentration gradient” this is called ________.
diffusion
If an animal is dehydrated, will its blood have high osmolality or low osmolality?
high
Molecules moving across the cell membrane in the same direction
symport
Molecules moving in different directions across the cell membrane
antiport
Region of cytoplasm near the nucleus that builds & breaks down microtubules.
centrosome
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
The viscous fluid that the cytoplasm is made up of.
cytosol
Site of synthesis & storage of lipids
smooth ER
3-D framework of the cell giving it support & shape
cytoskeleton
Produces most of the ATP/energy for the cell
mitochodria
Has ribosomes on the surface, stores protein
rough ER
Modifies, packages, & distributes molecules out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
Transport molecules to and from the nuclear pore
vault
Barrel shaped organelle that breaks down unwanted proteins in the cell
proteasomes
vesicles from Golgi apparatus that digest cellular debris
lysosomes
What happens in transcription and where specifically does it take place?
DNA makes mRNA; nucleous
Which type of cell doesn’t have a nucleus?
prokaryotic
Edema occurs when fluid goes from the ________ space to the _________ space.
intravascular, interstitial
If intravenous (IV) hypertonic fluid is given to a patient, the blood cells will….
shrink in size
When a nucleus wants to make a protein it it replicates a chunk of DNA through the process of ________ and makes a piece of ___________
Transcription; mRNA
Now, at the ribosome, this _RNA template from the nucleus is made into proteins by the process called ________
Amino acids attached to ________ floating around in cytoplasm are connected to this _RNA strip one at a time to form the final polypeptide
Translation; tRNA
Most animals are made up of about _____% water
60%
Connective tissue matching: adipose
fat
Connective tissue matching: areolar
subcutaneous
connective tissue matching: elastic
bronchi, arteries
connective tissue matching: dense regular
tendons, ligaments
connective tissue matching: dense irregular
skin dermis
connective tissue matching: reticular
spleen, lymph nodes
___________ are globular proteins that expose small sections of DNA to the nucleoplasm. DNA winds around these molecules to form nucleosomes.
histones
Which muscle cell has multiple nuclei?
skeletal
Epithelial tissues that manufactures & releases secretions are called what?
glandular
Long, stringy proteins that make up our hair & nails are known as _______ ________.
structural proteins
membrane matching: mucous
mouth, uterus
membrane matching: serous
parietal pleura
membrane matching: cutaneous
skin
membrane matching: synovial
joints
Which one is NOT a type of loose connective tissue?
elastic
reticular
areolar
adipose
elastic
Which nucleotide is NOT included in RNA?
adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine
thymine
thymine
Which nucleotide does NOT belong in DNA
uracil
cytosine
adenine
thymine
guanine
uracil
secretory cell that exocytosis its granules
merocrine
secretory cell that top portion pinches off to release its granules
apocrine
secretory cell where entire cell is destroyed to release its granules
holocrine
epithelial connection: proteins that prevents leaking and substances from passing between cells
tight junctions
epithelial connection: tubular channels that allow exchange of ions between cells
gap junctions
epthelial connection: tonofilaments that provide a strong coupling between cells, “welds”
desmosomes
epithelial connection: fibrous matrix secreted from cells to attach themselves to underlying tissue
basement membrane
What are the four types of tissue?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve
______ cells undergo mitosis
somatic
_______ cells undergo meiosis
reproductive
Inclusions are packaged substances the cell has engulfed, the other THREE things that make up the cytoplasm are:
organelles
cytosol
cystoskeleton
Unwound strings of DNA strings that function during interphase and are single- unpaired are called
chromatin
Wound DNA strings coiled tightly during metaphase and are paired before division are called
chromosome
Each half of the pair is called a
chromatid
Name two things that can cause a mutation (is a mutagen)
Spontaneous
Virus
Radiation
Chemicals
Fluid pushed through a membrane because of a pressure gradient (like in the kidney) is called [answer]
filtration
two components of extracellular matrix in connective tissue
ground substance
fibers
one components of connective tissue (not in extracellular matrix)
cells
three functions of connective tissue
Metabolic and structural connections between tissues
Protective sheath around organs
Insulation for body
Reserve energy
Framework for body support
Medium for transporting substances throughout body
Healing and control of outside microorganisms
There are two types of cells in connective tissue, fibroblast is an example of a ________ cell, and macrophage is an example of a ________ cell
fixed cell
transient cell
two major areas of connective tissue
proper
specialized
three unique areas of specialized connective tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
Four phase of tissue repair
hemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
maturation/remodeling
tissue repair: What happens during hemostasis
bleeding is stopped
tissue repair: What happens during inflammation
Histamine released, swelling, increased blood flow and WBC invade tissue
tissue repair: What happens during proliferation
granulation tissue and fibroblasts close wound
tissue repair: what happens during maturation/remodeling
Wound collagen and epithelization to regain strength
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
Has ducts
exocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
releases digestive enzymes
exocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
releases into the blood stream
endocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
produces hormones
endocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
releases into sinusoids
endocrine
Compact bone is made up of linear groups of ________________ systems that run lengthwise with the bone.
haversian
Which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial layer?
stratum corneum
A Langerhans cell (found in the epidermis) is what type of cell?
macrophage
What are the most distal dark, horny integument structures on the legs of horses called?
ergots
During which phase in a hair’s life does most of the growth occur?
anagen
The pelvis/pelvic limb is attached to the axial skeleton via which joint?
Sacroiliac
location-function of nerve structure
Pacinian
paw pads, deep touch
location-function of nerve structure
Messner’s corpuscle
superficial touch
location-function of nerve structure
merkel cells
very light superficial touch
location-function of nerve structure
follicle root plexus
tactical hair touch
The bones of the skull are held together by fibrous joints called what?
sutures
Bovine walk on their ___ and ____ digit while their ___ and ___ digits are vestigial ..referred to as dewclaws.
3,4
2,5
Sudoriferous glands are also called _______ glands.
sweat glands
feature of epidermis that fights off invaders
langerhans cells
sensory input feature of epidermis
merkel cells
deep layer of dermis that contains tension and flexor lines
reticular layer
nerve ending in dermis that sense touch and pain
meissner’s corpuscle
gland that cools the body at the hair shaft
apocrine sweat gland
gland that cools the body on the skin
eccrine sweat gland
Which TWO bones have a styloid process at the distal end?
radius, ulna
The spaces in ossified bone where osteocytes are trapped are called what?
lacunae
The small channels in bone that allow individual osteocytes to get nutrients inside the bone are called what?
canaliculi
A flat articular surface (like in vertebrae and carpus/tarsus is called a ___________.
facet
The patella sits in what groove?
Trochlear groove in femur
Slightly movable joints like those of the intervertebral disks between the vertebrae and the mandibular symphysis are known as ____________ __________.
cartilaginous joints
Bone marrow is found in which type of bone?
cancellous bone
Which is NOT a hidden bone of the face?
pteroid
turbinate
lacrimal
palatine
vomer
lacrimal
The internal bone in the skull that houses the pituitary fossa is the____________ bone.
sphenoid
diarthroses joint is where
hip
synarthroses joint is where
skull
amphiarthroses joint is where
pubis
The pelvic limb is attached to the axial skeleton via which joint?
sacroiliac
Large canals in bone that can be seen grossly & often on radiographs that carry blood into & out of bone are called what?
nutrient formaina
When a transient connective tissue cell passes in & out of connective tissue, (Like the Langerhans cells do in the epidermis) this MOVEMENT is called what?
diapedesis
Why/how does hair turn white/grey?
loses pigment
medulla is filled with air
Four fuctions of skin
Protective barrier
Prevent desiccation/drying/evaporation
Body Temp
Excretes salts/waste
Sensory
Vitamin D
Store nutrients
Shape (1/2)
Four functions of skeletal system
Support (Scaffold)
Protection
Leverage for muscles
Storage
Blood cell formation
‘hollow’ middle of the shaft of the long bone
medullary canal
the outer layer of long bone is very firm made of compact bone,
cortex
very thin membrane on the outer surface of long bone
periosteum
What is the name of the bone in a bovine heart?
OS cordi
The trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity, spine, crest, wing are all types of bone _______
processes
What does the diaphragm do on inspiration?
contracts & flattens out
Another name for a muscle cell is a…
muscle fiber
Conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles when doing motor activity or sensing stimuli refers to the _____________ Nervous System.
somatic
What is the name of cranial nerve VII?
facial
The neurons in the ventral horn & ventral nerve roots of the spinal cord carry what type of nerve impulses?
motor
What part of the brain is responsible for coordinating complex movements & reflexes?
cerebellum
When there is an injury to the spinal cord, reflex arcs caudal to the injury tend to be…
hyperreflexive
______________ are cells that make up the myelin sheath in the brain.
Oligodendrocytes
The cell membrane of a muscle cell/fiber is called the __________.
Sarcolemma
the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system?
Acetylcholine
connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
epimysium
connective tissue surround individual muscle cells
endomysium
connective tissue separating muscle fascicles
permysium
sarcomere - only thick filament present
H zone
sarcomere - only thin filament present
I band
sarcomere - both filaments present
A band
sarcomere - on both ends
Z line
Which group of muscles help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity to help during expiration
Internal intercostal muscles
What type of muscle metabolism results in the formation of lactic acid due to incomplete glucose breakdown?
anaerobic
One nerve innervating it’s muscle fibers is called a _________
motor unit
This area of white matter connects the left and right brain
corpus callosum
1) What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?
2) Rapid movement of the nerve impulse down these gaps is called:
nodes of ranvier
saltatory conduction
Muscle Shortens when stimulated
contraction
Muscle stretches when pulled
extension
muscle returns to original shape
elastic
muscle response to nerve stimulation
excitement
What 3 parts makes up the brain stem
mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata
Name 3 main activities/functions of the nervous system?
sensory - sense a stimuli
integration - process the stimuli and give a direction to the body
motor - carry out the action for the stimuli
Three functions of muscles
allow movement and action of body
generate heat for the body
give posture to the body
Three examples of autonomic system function
respiratory functions
cardiac functions
digestive functions
What makes up the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
What is the longest cranial nerve?
vagal
1) describe the blood brain barrier and 2 main things that make it
2) Why is this important?
Tight junctions of the blood vessel endothelium
Atrocytes (Glial cells) surrounding the vessels
Prevent toxins and some drugs from getting to the neurons
