Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
______are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
A
enzymes
2
Q
A _________ is a heterogeneous mixture with really really big solutes than can separate easily from the solution. Blood is an example of this mixture.
A
Suspension
3
Q
A _______ bond is one in which an electrons are shared between 2 atoms.
A
Covalent
4
Q
XY = X + Y is an example of a __________ reaction.
A
Decomp
5
Q
A
- Carb
- Lipid
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
6
Q
Which of the following group of organic molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage and can be a chemical messenger in the form of hormones?
A
lipids/fats
7
Q
Cholesterol is an example of a ________
A
phospholipid
8
Q
Which one of the following are the building blocks of a protein?
A
amino acids
9
Q
AGCT are the bases for DNA or RNA
A
DNA
10
Q
Uracil only occurs in what?
A
RNA
11
Q
Sol-gel transformation is an ability of _______ to transform from a fluid to a solid and back again.
A
colloids
12
Q
A
ionic bond
13
Q
A
covalent bond
14
Q
A
- Tertiary
- Secondary
- Quaternary
- Simple
15
Q
The reason you can move from one objective to the next on the microscope without needing to adjust the focus much is because most microscopes are ___________.
A
parfocal
16
Q
A + B = AB is a ________ reaction which requires energy.
This is a/an ________ process
A
synthesis, anabolic
17
Q
Molecules that are held together by an ionic bond easily break apart in water into these positive and negative charged atoms. These mineral compounds are called_______
A
salts
18
Q
What substances like to give away H+ ions?
A
acids
19
Q
A sequence of nucleotides that carries information to make one peptide chain is a/an…
A
gene
20
Q
What are the 4 organic componds?
A
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
21
Q
Starting with the basic unit of life, list the 4 levels (in order) of organization that lead up to an entire BODY.
A
cells, tissues, organs, systems
22
Q
What are the 4 atoms that make up 96% of all organic life?
A
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
23
Q
If it loses one, it has a positive charge and is called a/an
A
cation
24
Q
if it gains one it has a negative charge and is called a/an
A
anion
25
The largest molecules in the body are
nucleic acids
26
Proteins & lipids with sugar groups on the surface of a cell. Site of binding sites & signaling in immune responses.
glycocalyx
27
Proteins on the outer surface, an act as enzymes
peripheral proteins
28
Proteins that create channels for molecules to pass through
integral proteins
29
Phase where Spindle fibers pull genetic material into half..one for each new daughter cell
anaphase
30
Phase where Chromatin condense and link with centromere, nuclear envelope disintegrates
prophase
31
Phase where Nuclear envelope redevelops around unraveling genetic material
telophase
32
Phase where Chromosomes line up in center of cell
metaphase
33
Not really a phase, but division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
34
Respiration is an example of what kind of water loss?
Insensible
35
Hypotonic fluids have ________ osmolality than that of blood.
less
36
DNA replication occurs in which phase?
interphase
37
strongest type of fiber (have the greatest tensile strength) found in the cytoskeleton? These act as internal 'guy wires'.
intermediate filaments
38
When a glucose molecule crosses the cell membrane from a high concentration to a lower one with the help of a carrier protein and no energy is used, this is known as ____________.
facilitated diffusion
39
Movement of WATER across a membrane to achieve a balanced concentration is called
osmosis
40
When molecules move from a high concentration to a lower one "down the concentration gradient" this is called ________.
diffusion
41
If an animal is dehydrated, will its blood have high osmolality or low osmolality?
high
42
Molecules moving across the cell membrane in the same direction
symport
43
Molecules moving in different directions across the cell membrane
antiport
44
Region of cytoplasm near the nucleus that builds & breaks down microtubules.
centrosome
45
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
46
The viscous fluid that the cytoplasm is made up of.
cytosol
47
Site of synthesis & storage of lipids
smooth ER
48
3-D framework of the cell giving it support & shape
cytoskeleton
49
Produces most of the ATP/energy for the cell
mitochodria
50
Has ribosomes on the surface, stores protein
rough ER
51
Modifies, packages, & distributes molecules out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
52
Transport molecules to and from the nuclear pore
vault
53
Barrel shaped organelle that breaks down unwanted proteins in the cell
proteasomes
54
vesicles from Golgi apparatus that digest cellular debris
lysosomes
55
What happens in transcription and where specifically does it take place?
DNA makes mRNA; nucleous
56
Which type of cell doesn't have a nucleus?
prokaryotic
57
Edema occurs when fluid goes from the ________ space to the _________ space.
intravascular, interstitial
58
If intravenous (IV) hypertonic fluid is given to a patient, the blood cells will....
shrink in size
59
When a nucleus wants to make a protein it it replicates a chunk of DNA through the process of ________ and makes a piece of ___________
Transcription; mRNA
60
Now, at the ribosome, this _RNA template from the nucleus is made into proteins by the process called ________
Amino acids attached to ________ floating around in cytoplasm are connected to this _RNA strip one at a time to form the final polypeptide
Translation; tRNA
61
Most animals are made up of about _____% water
60%
62
Connective tissue matching: adipose
fat
63
Connective tissue matching: areolar
subcutaneous
64
connective tissue matching: elastic
bronchi, arteries
65
connective tissue matching: dense regular
tendons, ligaments
66
connective tissue matching: dense irregular
skin dermis
67
connective tissue matching: reticular
spleen, lymph nodes
68
___________ are globular proteins that expose small sections of DNA to the nucleoplasm. DNA winds around these molecules to form nucleosomes.
histones
69
Which muscle cell has multiple nuclei?
skeletal
70
Epithelial tissues that manufactures & releases secretions are called what?
glandular
71
Long, stringy proteins that make up our hair & nails are known as _______ ________.
structural proteins
72
membrane matching: mucous
mouth, uterus
73
membrane matching: serous
parietal pleura
74
membrane matching: cutaneous
skin
75
membrane matching: synovial
joints
76
Which one is NOT a type of loose connective tissue?
elastic
reticular
areolar
adipose
elastic
77
Which nucleotide is NOT included in RNA?
adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine
thymine
thymine
78
Which nucleotide does NOT belong in DNA
uracil
cytosine
adenine
thymine
guanine
uracil
79
secretory cell that exocytosis its granules
merocrine
80
secretory cell that top portion pinches off to release its granules
apocrine
81
secretory cell where entire cell is destroyed to release its granules
holocrine
82
epithelial connection: proteins that prevents leaking and substances from passing between cells
tight junctions
83
epithelial connection: tubular channels that allow exchange of ions between cells
gap junctions
84
epthelial connection: tonofilaments that provide a strong coupling between cells, "welds"
desmosomes
85
epithelial connection: fibrous matrix secreted from cells to attach themselves to underlying tissue
basement membrane
86
What are the four types of tissue?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve
87
______ cells undergo mitosis
somatic
88
_______ cells undergo meiosis
reproductive
89
Inclusions are packaged substances the cell has engulfed, the other THREE things that make up the cytoplasm are:
organelles
cytosol
cystoskeleton
90
Unwound strings of DNA strings that function during interphase and are single- unpaired are called
chromatin
91
Wound DNA strings coiled tightly during metaphase and are paired before division are called
chromosome
92
Each half of the pair is called a
chromatid
93
Name two things that can cause a mutation (is a mutagen)
Spontaneous
Virus
Radiation
Chemicals
94
Fluid pushed through a membrane because of a pressure gradient (like in the kidney) is called [answer]
filtration
95
two components of extracellular matrix in connective tissue
ground substance
fibers
96
one components of connective tissue (not in extracellular matrix)
cells
97
three functions of connective tissue
Metabolic and structural connections between tissues
Protective sheath around organs
Insulation for body
Reserve energy
Framework for body support
Medium for transporting substances throughout body
Healing and control of outside microorganisms
98
There are two types of cells in connective tissue, fibroblast is an example of a ________ cell, and macrophage is an example of a ________ cell
fixed cell
transient cell
99
two major areas of connective tissue
proper
specialized
100
three unique areas of specialized connective tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
101
Four phase of tissue repair
hemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
maturation/remodeling
102
tissue repair: What happens during hemostasis
bleeding is stopped
103
tissue repair: What happens during inflammation
Histamine released, swelling, increased blood flow and WBC invade tissue
104
tissue repair: What happens during proliferation
granulation tissue and fibroblasts close wound
105
tissue repair: what happens during maturation/remodeling
Wound collagen and epithelization to regain strength
106
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
Has ducts
exocrine
107
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
releases digestive enzymes
exocrine
108
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
releases into the blood stream
endocrine
109
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
produces hormones
endocrine
110
Exocrine or Endocrine gland?
releases into sinusoids
endocrine
111
Compact bone is made up of linear groups of ________________ systems that run lengthwise with the bone.
haversian
112
Which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial layer?
stratum corneum
113
A Langerhans cell (found in the epidermis) is what type of cell?
macrophage
114
What are the most distal dark, horny integument structures on the legs of horses called?
ergots
115
During which phase in a hair's life does most of the growth occur?
anagen
116
The pelvis/pelvic limb is attached to the axial skeleton via which joint?
Sacroiliac
117
location-function of nerve structure
Pacinian
paw pads, deep touch
118
location-function of nerve structure
Messner's corpuscle
superficial touch
119
location-function of nerve structure
merkel cells
very light superficial touch
120
location-function of nerve structure
follicle root plexus
tactical hair touch
121
The bones of the skull are held together by fibrous joints called what?
sutures
122
Bovine walk on their ___ and ____ digit while their ___ and ___ digits are vestigial ..referred to as dewclaws.
3,4
2,5
123
Sudoriferous glands are also called _______ glands.
sweat glands
124
feature of epidermis that fights off invaders
langerhans cells
125
sensory input feature of epidermis
merkel cells
126
deep layer of dermis that contains tension and flexor lines
reticular layer
127
nerve ending in dermis that sense touch and pain
meissner's corpuscle
128
gland that cools the body at the hair shaft
apocrine sweat gland
129
gland that cools the body on the skin
eccrine sweat gland
130
Which TWO bones have a styloid process at the distal end?
radius, ulna
131
The spaces in ossified bone where osteocytes are trapped are called what?
lacunae
132
The small channels in bone that allow individual osteocytes to get nutrients inside the bone are called what?
canaliculi
133
A flat articular surface (like in vertebrae and carpus/tarsus is called a ___________.
facet
134
The patella sits in what groove?
Trochlear groove in femur
135
Slightly movable joints like those of the intervertebral disks between the vertebrae and the mandibular symphysis are known as ____________ __________.
cartilaginous joints
136
Bone marrow is found in which type of bone?
cancellous bone
137
Which is NOT a hidden bone of the face?
pteroid
turbinate
lacrimal
palatine
vomer
lacrimal
138
The internal bone in the skull that houses the pituitary fossa is the____________ bone.
sphenoid
139
diarthroses joint is where
hip
140
synarthroses joint is where
skull
141
amphiarthroses joint is where
pubis
142
The pelvic limb is attached to the axial skeleton via which joint?
sacroiliac
143
Large canals in bone that can be seen grossly & often on radiographs that carry blood into & out of bone are called what?
nutrient formaina
144
When a transient connective tissue cell passes in & out of connective tissue, (Like the Langerhans cells do in the epidermis) this MOVEMENT is called what?
diapedesis
145
Why/how does hair turn white/grey?
loses pigment
medulla is filled with air
146
Four fuctions of skin
Protective barrier
Prevent desiccation/drying/evaporation
Body Temp
Excretes salts/waste
Sensory
Vitamin D
Store nutrients
Shape (1/2)
147
Four functions of skeletal system
Support (Scaffold)
Protection
Leverage for muscles
Storage
Blood cell formation
148
'hollow' middle of the shaft of the long bone
medullary canal
149
the outer layer of long bone is very firm made of compact bone,
cortex
150
very thin membrane on the outer surface of long bone
periosteum
151
What is the name of the bone in a bovine heart?
OS cordi
152
The trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity, spine, crest, wing are all types of bone _______
processes
153
What does the diaphragm do on inspiration?
contracts & flattens out
154
Another name for a muscle cell is a...
muscle fiber
155
Conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles when doing motor activity or sensing stimuli refers to the _____________ Nervous System.
somatic
156
What is the name of cranial nerve VII?
facial
157
The neurons in the ventral horn & ventral nerve roots of the spinal cord carry what type of nerve impulses?
motor
158
What part of the brain is responsible for coordinating complex movements & reflexes?
cerebellum
159
When there is an injury to the spinal cord, reflex arcs caudal to the injury tend to be...
hyperreflexive
160
______________ are cells that make up the myelin sheath in the brain.
Oligodendrocytes
161
The cell membrane of a muscle cell/fiber is called the __________.
Sarcolemma
162
the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system?
Acetylcholine
163
connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
epimysium
164
connective tissue surround individual muscle cells
endomysium
165
connective tissue separating muscle fascicles
permysium
166
sarcomere - only thick filament present
H zone
167
sarcomere - only thin filament present
I band
168
sarcomere - both filaments present
A band
169
sarcomere - on both ends
Z line
170
Which group of muscles help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity to help during expiration
Internal intercostal muscles
171
What type of muscle metabolism results in the formation of lactic acid due to incomplete glucose breakdown?
anaerobic
172
One nerve innervating it's muscle fibers is called a _________
motor unit
173
This area of white matter connects the left and right brain
corpus callosum
174
1) What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?
2) Rapid movement of the nerve impulse down these gaps is called:
nodes of ranvier
saltatory conduction
175
Muscle Shortens when stimulated
contraction
176
Muscle stretches when pulled
extension
177
muscle returns to original shape
elastic
178
muscle response to nerve stimulation
excitement
179
What 3 parts makes up the brain stem
mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata
180
Name 3 main activities/functions of the nervous system?
sensory - sense a stimuli
integration - process the stimuli and give a direction to the body
motor - carry out the action for the stimuli
181
Three functions of muscles
allow movement and action of body
generate heat for the body
give posture to the body
182
Three examples of autonomic system function
respiratory functions
cardiac functions
digestive functions
183
What makes up the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
184
What is the longest cranial nerve?
vagal
185
1) describe the blood brain barrier and 2 main things that make it
2) Why is this important?
Tight junctions of the blood vessel endothelium
Atrocytes (Glial cells) surrounding the vessels
Prevent toxins and some drugs from getting to the neurons
