final review

Question 1

Kings in the Late Middle Ages increasingly had to consult representative assemblies to grant new taxes because?:

Answer 1

income from ordinary revenues, particularly rents, had declined

Question 2

all of the following figures opposed the growing papal authority except?

Answer 2

bernard of clairvoix

Question 3

instability of the late 14c was the result of the

Answer 3

weakening of feudalism in europe, increasing financial pressures on european rulers, demographic turmoil caused by the black plague, widespread failure of european rulers to produce a direct male heir

Question 4

the great schism was finally resolved

Answer 4

by returning the pope to rome, but catholicism’s political power was broken

Question 5

which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of gunpowder on europe’s nobility

Answer 5

gunpowder led to the end of knights in armor and jousting with lances

Question 6

conciliarism

Answer 6

argued that a general council of top church officials not the pope possessed supreme earthly authority in the church

Question 7

all of the following trends occurred in the decades after the outbreak of the bubonic plague in 1348 except

Answer 7

downward trend in the prices of manufactured goods

Question 8

medieval scholasticism was characterized by

Answer 8

the use of dialectical logic

Question 9

one of the most important consequences of the hundred years war was that

Answer 9

parliament widened its powers in england

Question 10

unam sanctam expressed what view

Answer 10

temporal power was subject to the spiritual power of the church

Question 11

the Hanseatic league monopolized trade in the

Answer 11

baltic and north seas

Question 12

christians were forbidden to loan money at interest because

Answer 12

money could not make money

Question 13

the word vernacular is used to describe

Answer 13

the spoken language of an area

Question 14

the dominant trend in government in renaissance city-states in italy was from

Answer 14

republicanism to despotism

Question 15

which of the following would have the greatest influence on shaping the values of the italian renaissance

Answer 15

the townhouse of an italian merchant

Question 16

father of humanism

Answer 16

petrarch

Question 17

renaissance education was characterized by

Answer 17

emphasis on developing the “complete individual”

Question 18

favorite classical author of renaissance scholars was

Answer 18

cicero

Question 19

what was not a characteristic of the renaissance

Answer 19

strong anti christian sentiment

Question 20

renaissance humanists would have been most interested in

Answer 20

finding an old greek manuscript

Question 21

castiglione’s the courtier

Answer 21

suggested the proper social graces for a young renaissance noble

Question 22

literary masterpiece the satirized the ideals of knighthood and chivalry was written by

Answer 22

cervantes

Question 23

renaissance courtiers were

Answer 23

people who served a prince in multiple political and administrative ways

Question 24

civic humanists

Answer 24

advocated active service to the city-state

Question 25

northern humanists differed from their italian predecessors

Answer 25

in their focus on the textual reexamination of the bible and the writings of the early church fathers

Question 26

Art and sciences are not cast in a mold, but are perfected by degrees, by often handling and polishing, as bears leisurely lick their cubs into form. (Michel de Montaigne, Works II. xii, 1533-1592)

Answer 26

skepticism concerning known or revealed truth

Question 27

mannerist art was characterized by

Answer 27

distorted human figures and unnatural lighting effects

Question 28

jacob burckhardt believed the italian renaissance was

Answer 28

a distinct break from the middle ages

Question 29

Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that?:

Answer 29

god gave humans free will so that they could choose to be earthly or spiritual creatures

Question 30

liberal education in the renaissance included all of the following except

Answer 30

the study of military theory

Question 31

thomas moore’s utopia

Answer 31

presented a revolutionary social order based on communal living and property

Question 32

the prince argued that

Answer 32

the prince’s highest obligation was the preservation of his state

Question 33

italian renaissance art can be most appropriately described as

Answer 33

neoclassicism in which the traditional characteristics of harmony and symmetry were valued

Question 34

lorenzo valla gained fame for

Answer 34

proving the donation to constantine a fraud

Question 35

constructed as an intellectual threat to the church, humanism

Answer 35

maintained that the true source of authority within the church was scripture

Question 36

• cujus regio, ejus religio.
• reaffirmation of German nationalism.
• limited to the recognition of Lutheranism and Catholicism.
• resolved the conflict between German Protestants and Catholic princes
  in the Holy Roman Empire.

All of the statements above describe the?:

Answer 36

peace of augsburg

Question 37

what was the cause for the protestant reformation, end of unity in western christianity, religious conflict, increase in lay education and spiritual reading

Answer 37

the great schism characterized by the Avignon papacy and the struggle between pope boniface XVIII and the french king phillip IV

Question 38

protestant reformation had extended its influence to all of the nations except

Answer 38

spain

Question 39

when the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs, jingle spoken by

Answer 39

johannes tetzel

Question 40

the schmalkadic war was begun by

Answer 40

charles V to restore catholicism to the holy roman empire

Question 41

calvinist law prohibited

Answer 41

dancing and gambling

Question 42

ulrich zwingli was responsible for the protestant conversion of

Answer 42

switzerland

Question 43

the diet of worms was

Answer 43

imperial council that ordered martin luther to recant and condemned him when he refused

Question 44

the peace of augsburg

Answer 44

permitted only the ruler of each state in the empire to choose between lutheranism and catholicism

Question 45

All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal
life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been
created for one or the other of these ends, we say that he has been
predestined to life or death.

This statement above reflects an essential view of?:

Answer 45

john calvin

Question 46

most important reason for the popularity of lutheranism among the northern german princes was that it

Answer 46

attacked the idea of divinely established papal authority

Question 47

martin luther rejected

Answer 47

financial payment for the remission of sins

Question 48

not a cause of the protestant reformation

Answer 48

reform decrees of the council of trent

Question 49

the brethren of common life represent

Answer 49

an example of pre-reformation popular piety

Question 50

wycliffe and huss appealed to the superiority of

Answer 50

the bible

Question 51

calvin insisted upon strict observance of moral laws because

Answer 51

moral behavior was an outward sign that the person was probably of the elect

Question 52

german peasants were attracted to luther’s ideas chiefly because they

Answer 52

believed he supported their freedom from serfdom

Question 53

luther believed women should

Answer 53

rule to household

Question 54

result of the protestant reformation of the 16c was the

Answer 54

establishment of state churches in england, scotland, and northern germany

Question 55

calvinism was a theocractic religion because

Answer 55

it permitted only members of its church to hold political office

Question 56

official creed of lutheranism is in

Answer 56

the augsburg confession

Question 57

popular lay movements that most directly assailed the late medieval church were the

Answer 57

lollards and hussites

Question 58

principal reason for the sale of indulgences by the roman catholic church was the

Answer 58

desire to complete the building of the new st peters in rome

Question 59

protestant reformation

Answer 59

encouraged the movement for popular education

Question 60

2 Which of the following northern Christian humanist writers and their works are paired INCORRECTLY?:
1 - Sir Thomas More - Utopia.
2 - Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote.
3 - Francois Rabaleis - The Handbook of the Courtier.
4 - Desiderius Erasmus - In Praise of Foly.

Answer 60

only 3

Question 61

the printing press helped the reformation succeed for all the following reasons except

Answer 61

it allowed the papacy to rapidly suppress lutheranism

Question 62

the council of trent was important because it

Answer 62

reaffirmed the traditional doctrines of the catholic church

Question 63

the reformation in germany resulted in

Answer 63

political fragmentation

Question 64

the english reformatoin was peculiar because the government broke with rome

Answer 64

when there was no theological dispute between the king and the pope

Question 65

englands break with the roman church became official with the passage of the

Answer 65

act of supremacy

Question 66

martin luther intended his 95 theses to

Answer 66

initiate a debate on the buying and selling of indulgences

Question 67

the reformation influenced the development of the modern world primarily by

Answer 67

providing some justification for the challenging the absolute authority of kings

Question 68

the weber thesis attempted to explain the connections between the rise of calvinism and the rise of

Answer 68

capitalism

Question 69

in geneva the calvinists

Answer 69

imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior

Question 70

the elizabethan settlement

Answer 70

established the church of england

Question 71

who supported martin luther

Answer 71

prince frederick III - elector of saxony

Question 72

pope paul III did all except

Answer 72

reconcile catholicism with protestantism at the imperial diet of regensburg

Question 73

the religious order became the tool of the papacy in their crusade against the spread of protestantism

Answer 73

the society of jesus (jesuits)

Question 74

the first european country to enter into direct trade with the far east and establish colonies there was

Answer 74

portugal

Question 75

the spanish empire in america was characterized by

Answer 75

the introduction of a manorial like system, the encomienda

Question 76

who benefited from the inflation of the sixteenth century

Answer 76

merchants

Question 77

why did the english, dutch, and french governments fail to begin colonization of the americas and direct trade with the orient until more than 100 years after columbus discovered america

Answer 77

domestic troubles and religious controversies delayed organized action

Question 78

spains expansion in the americas was made particularly easy by

Answer 78

the impact of imported diseases on the indian population

Question 79

the treaty of tordesillas gave portugal the eastern trade route to the indies as well as brazil lands to the west of brazil were given to

Answer 79

spain

Question 80

technological innovations in maritime technology by the 1500s were important because

Answer 80

the made it possible for europeans to sail anywhere

Question 81

by the 16th century the center of commercial activity had shifted from the mediterranean to the

Answer 81

atlantic ocean

Question 82

encomiendas in the spanish new world were

Answer 82

grants permitting owners to take income or labor from land and its inhabitants

Question 83

scarcity of labor in the americas led the spanish and portugese colonizers

Answer 83

import slaves from africa

Question 84

the mediterranean carrying trade in the 14c and 15c was in the hands of

Answer 84

venice

Question 85

portugese exploration of the african coast was inspired and supported by

Answer 85

prince henry the navigator

Question 86

the major cause of the growing weakness of spain and portugal after 1600 was

Answer 86

failure to find productive investments with profits from the new world colonies

Question 87

all of the following helped cause the age of european exploration

Answer 87

technological advances making long sea voyages possible, the desire to spread christianity, european demand for eastern spices, ottoman expansion threatening access to the goods of the east

Question 88

in 1571 spanish and turkish control of the mediterranean at the battle of

Answer 88

lepanto

Question 89

which best explains the decline of spanish power in the 17c

Answer 89

foolish monarchs and an uncertain flow of treasure from the new world

Question 90

why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern european nations in the later 16c

Answer 90

the dutch and british improved the design of oceanic vessels producing faster ships than their catholic rivals

Question 91

at its height the spanish empire of phillip II included all except

Answer 91

bohemia

Question 92

for england, the primary result of the 16c wars with spain was that it

Answer 92

assured her national independence and promoted an intense national spirit

Question 93

phillip II strengthened the spanish inquistion in the netherlands because

Answer 93

he wanted to find and punish dutch protestants

Question 94

elizabeth I major goal in foreign policy was to

Answer 94

avoid open wafare whenever possible and keep england strong and at peace

Question 95

the spanish term reconquista refers to which of the following

Answer 95

the defeat of the islamic states on the iberian peninsula

Question 96

machiavelli’s the price was significant because it

Answer 96

became the bible for 20c dictators,, it was one of the first reality-based treatises on political behavior, it was written with the goal of unifying italy, it was based primarily on empirical observation

Question 97

after the united provinces of the netherlands won independence from spain, their government could best be described as

Answer 97

a weak union of strong provinces

Question 98

the greatest cause of warfare between 1550 and 1650 was

Answer 98

religious rivalries

Question 99

all of the following were accomplishments of the tudor monarchy

Answer 99

getting the most funds from their not very extensive inheritance, putting an end to dynastic instability, transforming england into a protestant union, creation of a new level peerage as a fund raising tool

Question 100

machiavelli would’ve like a guy who

Answer 100

manipulate the people and use any means to gain power

Question 101

which was a foregin policy initiative of phillip II of spain

Answer 101

an attempt to invade england, an attempt to influence the succession of the french throne, an attempt to return lutheran areas of north germany to the catholic fold, an attempt to combat the work of calvinist in the netherlands

Question 102

the HRE was a weak title because

Answer 102

it was an elected monarchy

Question 103

ferdinand and isabella consolidated royal power in spain by

Answer 103

obtaining from the papacy the right to make major ecclesiastical appointments in spain

Question 104

elizabeth I religious policy

Answer 104

policy of moderation and compromise

Question 105

catholicism was recognized as the official religion of france but limited toleration was extended to calvinists by the

Answer 105

edict of nantes

Question 106

the religious climate of france prior to the french wars of religion was best characterized by

Answer 106

a nobility that was nearly 50% hugenots

Question 107

the remark attributed to the french king, henry IV, that paris is worth a mass, is usually interpreted to mean that

Answer 107

put political necessities above personal beliefs

Question 108

in 16 and 17c europe, the member of a community most likely to be accused of witchcraft was

Answer 108

an elderly, widowed woman

Question 109

in the late 1620s and early 1630s, king gustavus adolphus of sweden played a key role in european affairs by

Answer 109

leading a protestant coalition against catholic europe

Question 110

the peace of westphalia

Answer 110

weakened the HRE

Question 111

the st bartholomew’s day massacre

Answer 111

decimated the ranks of protestant leadership but failed to suppress the anti catholic movement in europe

Question 112

the thirty years war became primarily a political conflict during the

Answer 112

swedish french phase

Question 113

which reflects the state of europe in 1648

Answer 113

the northwest of europe was predominantly protestant while the south was mostly catholic

Question 114

consequences of 30 years war

Answer 114

settlement of the religous wars between catholics and protestants in germany, depopulation and economic stagnation of central europe, predominance of france, decrease in power of the holy roman emperors

Question 115

the churches view of witchcraft was that

Answer 115

witches must be put to death for the good of society, but they might achieve salvation if they recanted before execution

Question 116

the rebellions that swept through europe during the time of the 30 years war indirectly resulted in

Answer 116

an increase in the power of the european monarchies

Question 117

treaties of westphalia marked the beginning of a new era in diplomatic history cite

Answer 117

papal objections to the treaties were ignored and the treaties did not recieve papal sanction, the austriaan habsburgs abandones spain, german territorial princes acquired the right to sign treaties and made war, except against the emperor and the empire, sweden emerged as one of the strongest powers in europe

Question 118

the spanish armada was to

Answer 118

replace queen elizabeth with a catholic monarch

Question 119

the malleus maleficarum

Answer 119

standard handbook on witches

Question 120

following the 30 years war, what country became dominant in europe

Answer 120

france

Question 121

the 16c religious wars that had plagued france were largely ended with the

Answer 121

edict of nantes

Question 122

which of the following is true of the dutch revolt

Answer 122

william of orange led it, dutch flooded their own lands to hamper the spanish, the war was both a political and religious struggle, the southern provinces pledged loyalty to spain in exchange for compromises on certain issues

Question 123

louis did not support

Answer 123

cooperation with the estates general

Question 124

the corvee

Answer 124

was involuntary forced labor imposed on french peasants

Question 125

thomas hobbes believed

Answer 125

the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed

Question 126

peter the greats europeanization of russia consisted primarily of

Answer 126

importing western technocrats and technology to his country

Question 127

between the 16c and 17c, peasants in poland, bohemia, hungary and russia

Answer 127

were granted democratic control over village life

Question 128

the guiding force behind cardinal richelieu’s domestic policies was

Answer 128

the subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

Question 129

in what ways was political life in the netherlands unique in europe in the 17c and 18c

Answer 129

the netherlands was a republic with a decentralized government

Question 130

a significant feature of english society in the 16c and 17c was the

Answer 130

growing wealth of the country gentry and middle class businessmen

Question 131

colbert’s contributions to the economy of france included all of the following except

Answer 131

creating a national bank

Question 132

the overall practical purpose of the court of versailles was to

Answer 132

exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real power

Question 133

during the english revolution, the levellers advocated the idea that

Answer 133

all men should have the vote regardless of whether they own property

Question 134

the cabinet system in england is based upon the view that government leadership must

Answer 134

be elected to and supported by a majority of parliament

Question 135

jacques bousset was the seventeenth century’s most articulate

Answer 135

advocate of the absolute, divinely ordained right of kings

Question 136

who exerted the most influece on italy in the 18th c

Answer 136

austrians

Question 137

the war of spanish succession began when charles II of spain left his territories to

Answer 137

the french heir

Question 138

ivan III was responsible for

Answer 138

military campaigns that freed much of russia from the mongols

Question 139

which of the following was the most significant factor in the rise of national states in western europe

Answer 139

the rise and support of the middle class

Question 140

the siege of vienna in 1683 was undertaken by

Answer 140

the turks

Question 141

peter the greats reforms included

Answer 141

requiring the russian nobility to wear western clothing and speaking french at court

Question 142

during the 16c the main reason for the increase in power of the englosh monarch was the

Answer 142

ability of the tudor monarchs

Question 143

in 1640 charles I called parliament into session because he

Answer 143

needed money to suppress a rebellion in scotland

Question 144

in the 18c, the principal economic activity of the netherlands was

Answer 144

banking and finace

Question 145

although different in their sources of power, the governments of 18c great Britain and France had which of the following characteristics in common

Answer 145

both nations had a small elite landowning aristocrats who were considered the natural ruling class with power and influence in the government

Question 146

an immediate effect of the glorious revolution in england was

Answer 146

the supremacy of parliament over the monarchy

Question 147

john locke - tabula rasa

Answer 147

the blank slate that is the human mind at birth

Question 148

hobbes and locke disagreed over the theory that

Answer 148

the only alternative to social chaos is absolute monarchy

Question 149

the pragmatic sanction stated that the hapsburg possessions

Answer 149

could never be divided

Question 150

the ptolematic conception of the universe was also known as

Answer 150

the geocentric theory

Question 151

tycho brahe

Answer 151

recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built in denmark

Question 152

sir francis bacon’s contribution to philsophy, novum organum was based upon

Answer 152

glorifying inductive reasoning

Question 153

newtons mathematical discoveries included

Answer 153

calculus, a mathematical means of measuring rates of change

Question 154

causes of scientific revolution

Answer 154

improvements in scientific instruments, contributions of medieval universities, the recovery of classical scholarship during the renaissance, the challenges of navigation during long sea voyages

Question 155

which of the following statements most accurately reflects the attitude of the states of europe toward the new science

Answer 155

both england and france established royal societies of learned scientists to meet together to discuss their discoveries

Question 156

galileo’s ideas on motion included

Answer 156

the principle of inertia

Question 157

the scientific revolution

Answer 157

challenged the idea that women were inferior to men

Question 158

scientific revolution challenged christianity because

Answer 158

it undermined the literal interpretation of the bible

Question 159

as a result of the scientific theories developed through the 16c and 17c, europeans developed a conception of the universe

Answer 159

as governed by natural laws

Question 160

spinoza differed with all other philsophers of his day about the

Answer 160

divinity of the material universe

Question 161

galileo is credited with what important scientific discovery

Answer 161

all objects fall with equal acceleration, not velocity

Question 162

descrates idea was that the world consists of two fundamental entities or substances, which we can call

Answer 162

physical and spiritual

Question 163

medieval science was primarily based on

Answer 163

blending of christain theology and the writings of classical authors

Question 164

in de humani corporis fabrica andrea versalius

Answer 164

created modern anatomy text

Question 165

the newtonian scientific model of the universe is

Answer 165

mechanistic and predictable

Question 166

scientific revolution and deism radically transformed western thinking by

Answer 166

introducing the idea of secular progress

Question 167

what was the purpose of the english navigation acts

Answer 167

to require colonial goods to be shipped to england in english ships

Question 168

a most signifcant result of the 7 years war was

Answer 168

loss of the french empire in america

Question 169

all of the following are true of 18c british mercantilism

Answer 169

encouragement of staple crop production in america, requirement that trade between britain and the colonies be carried in british or american ships, prohibition on the importation of certain items from non-british sources into the colonies, requirement that items imported into the colonies be shipped through britain first

Question 170

the economic theory of mercantilism would be consistent with which of the following statements

Answer 170

a government should seek to direct the economy so as to maximize exports

Question 171

which of the following statements concerning late 18c farming is most accurate

Answer 171

market agriculture was gradually replacing subsistence agriculture in most parts of europe

Question 172

from the European perspective, the principal outcome of the seven years war was the

Answer 172

subsequent struggle between prussia and austria for hegemony in central europe

Question 173

which resulted from british mercantilist policies

Answer 173

decline of dutch shipping and commerce

Question 174

the economic policy laissez faire

Answer 174

contends that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own economic interests

Question 175

english south sea bubble crisis of the early 18c involved

Answer 175

the economic collapse of a governmental monopoly and a speculative scheme

Question 176

which of the nations acquired territory in asia in the 18c through the initiative of agents working for joint stock companies

Answer 176

great britain and netherlands

Question 177

which applies to the early development of industrialization in europe

Answer 177

a period of proto industrialization during the 1600s and 1700s preceded the industrial revolution

Question 178

which of the following is characteristic of 18c economic change

Answer 178

the increase in both population and food supply

Question 179

india eventually came under the control of the british crown because of

Answer 179

the financial and administrative successes of the british east india company

Question 180

jethro tull’s discoveries were part of a general movement to

Answer 180

apply the principles of scientific experiment to agricultural practices

Question 181

the agricultural improvements of the mid 18c were based on the elimination of

Answer 181

the open field system

Question 182

adam smith economic theory advocated

Answer 182

the governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces

Question 183

proto industrialization refers to

Answer 183

the employment of laborers who worked at home but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants

Question 184

what was the nature of trade between eastern and western europe in the 17c and early 18c

Answer 184

western europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods

Question 185

adam smith phrase invisible hand referred to which of the following

Answer 185

the automatic mechanism of a free economy

Question 186

rousseau’s conception of the general will meant

Answer 186

a vague common interest but not necessarily majority rule

Question 187

voltaire’s famous polemic slogan, crush the infamous thing referred to

Answer 187

religious bigotry as support by an organized clergy

Question 188

in general the 18c philosophes were

Answer 188

popularizers of scientific and intellectual discoveries of the 17c

Question 189

the best government said which of the following men is achieved by the separation of powers

Answer 189

montesqieu

Question 190

both Montesquieu and voltaire

Answer 190

admired english institutions

Question 191

which of the following was not a principle of deism

Answer 191

science proves that god does not exist

Question 192

thinkers of the enlightenment considered humanity as

Answer 192

a link in the rationality ordered chain of beings

Question 193

enlightenment philosophes argued that women

Answer 193

and men were different and operated in seperate spheres

Question 194

maria theresa can be labeled an enlightened despot because she

Answer 194

introduced many legal reforms in the habsburg empire

Question 195

david hume argued that human beings

Answer 195

did not have any certain knowledge at birth

Question 196

for rousseau, what was the main source of inequality and the chief cause of crime

Answer 196

private property

Question 197

the most important contribution catherine the great made early in her reign was the

Answer 197

establishment of a legislative commission to review the laws of russia

Question 198

all of the following considered major factors that fostered the ideals of the enlightenment except

Answer 198

the colonial worldview

Question 199

many 18c philosophes believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by

Answer 199

benevolent absolutist monarchs

Question 200

the ideas of the enlightenment challenged the long term assumptions about sovereignty and instead proposed that

Answer 200

governments are bound to the will of the people

Question 201

which of the following cannot be said of the 18c enlightenment

Answer 201

it reflected acceptance of social inequities and injustices as inevitable effects of the natural law

Question 202

the enlightenment

Answer 202

was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things

Question 203

the recognized capital of the enlightenment was

Answer 203

paris

Question 204

rousseau’s most important concept in the social contract was that

Answer 204

government must be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by the accident of history or inheritance

Question 205

recent scholarship suggests that the enlightened despots of europe

Answer 205

were affected little by enlightenment ideas

Question 206

18c british nobility differed from 18c french nobility in that

Answer 206

the english aristocracy accepted the social and political responsibilities of their position and participated more directly in running their government

Question 207

in the 18c, europe’s largest city was

Answer 207

london

Question 208

peasant life in 18c europe was characterized by

Answer 208

vulnerability to rising taxes and rents

Question 209

the artistic movement that replaced the baroque during the enlightenment was

Answer 209

rococo

Question 210

in 18c england, the greatest threat to the economic security of small farmers was

Answer 210

the enclosure movement

Question 211

economic and social life among the mass of people under the acien regime of the 18c still primarily focused around

Answer 211

the harvest

Question 212

the european lower classes reacted to the enlightenment by

Answer 212

seeking comfort in grass-roots religious revival movements

Question 213

which of the following statements best describes the attitude toward children in the first part of the 18c

Answer 213

they were ignored, often brutalized, and often unloved

Question 214

who were the first to initiate a political campaign to abolish slavery

Answer 214

quakers and baptists

Question 215

which of the following statements best applies to europes social order in the 18c

Answer 215

peasants were still hindered by a variety of feudal services and fees imposed by the powerful aristocracy

Question 216

european efforts to deal with crime after 1700

Answer 216

employed public displays of punishment for the purpose of deterrence

Question 217

during the ancien regime, european jews

Answer 217

were seperated from non-jews in districts called ghettos

Question 218

recent challenges to the traditional exploration of the origins of the french revolution have centered on the fact that the

Answer 218

nobility and upper bourgeoisie were not necessarily pitted against each other

Question 219

the principal french tax, the taille was paid by

Answer 219

the peasantry almost exclusively

Question 220

an english statesman whose criticism of the french revolution and other writings have earned him a reputation as a spokesman for conservatism was

Answer 220

edmund burke

Question 221

all of the following are accurate statements about the french revolution except

Answer 221

the revolution failed to end the legal inequities between the classes

Question 222

during the era of the french revolution, the thermidorean reaction

Answer 222

terminated the reign of terror and led to the execution of robespierre

Question 223

during the reign of terror, the committee of public safety sought to do all of the following except

Answer 223

establish a separation between state and religion

Question 224

the legislators of the french revolution enacted all of the following measures that affected women except a law

Answer 224

granting the right to vote women who owned a sufficient amount of property

Question 225

which of the following was a result of the civil constitution of the clergy

Answer 225

the church was made a department of the french state

Question 226

the national assemblys efforts to reorganize the catholic church resulted in

Answer 226

deep division within both the country and the clergy

Question 227

the new republican calendar of 1793

Answer 227

was part of an effort at dechristianization

Question 228

the declaration of the rights of man and citizen guaranteed

Answer 228

security of property

Question 229

the cahiers de doleances of 1789 generally demanded

Answer 229

government reforms

Question 230

the greatest number of victims under “the terror” (1793-1794) were from which social group

Answer 230

peasants

Question 231

which of the following was responsible for the convening of the estates general in 1789

Answer 231

the french governments near bankruptcy

Question 232

the french national assembly was established by

Answer 232

the middle class of the third estate

Question 233

the seizure of the bastille of july 14, 1789 was important because it

Answer 233

represented a successful attack on the tyranny of the old regime

Question 234

the assignats of the french revolutionary era were

Answer 234

paper currency backed by church lands

Question 235

for french peasants the revolution of 1789 meant

Answer 235

greater landownership

Question 236

abbie sieyes answer to the question what is the third estate was

Answer 236

the most useful component of french society

Question 237

the term great fear refers to

Answer 237

panic in the countryside that fanned the flames of rebellion

Question 238

the men elected to represent the third estate in the estates general were primarily

Answer 238

lawyers and government officials

Question 239

written in the midst of the french revolution, the 1793 constitution

Answer 239

reflected the vision of rousseau’s social contract

Question 240

the committee of public safety was established to

Answer 240

combat the dual threat of internal rebellion/counter-revolutionaries and foreign invasion

Question 241

louis xvi responded to the tennis court oath by

Answer 241

declaring the actions of the third estate illegal

Question 242

which of the following groups in france were most opposed to the civil constitution of the clergy

Answer 242

peasants

Question 243

letters de cachet were a means by which the french king could

Answer 243

imprison anyone without benefit of a trial

Question 244

the poltical views of girondists were

Answer 244

more moderate than the view of other jacobins

Question 245

according to the rules of the french constitution of 1791, “active citizens” were defined as

Answer 245

men who paid annual taxes equal to three days of labor wages

Question 246

all of the following were reforms passed by the french national assembly in reaction to earlier abuses

Answer 246

confiscation of church property, limitations on the power of the monarchy, revocation of special privileges of the nobility, ended papal authority over french clergy

Question 247

the conservative government that came to power after the Thermidorian reaction

Answer 247

restored social stability without sacrificing the ideals of 1789

Question 248

as first consul, napoleon combined what he conceived to be the best of the revolution and of the old regime, this led to all of following reforms

Answer 248

careers in government service were determined by talent not pedigree, the creation of the bank of france, the codification of french law, the establishment of a solid currency and public credit

Question 249

napoleons concordat with the papacy contained all but one of the following provisions

Answer 249

lands confiscated and sold during the revolution were to be returned to the church

Question 250

the most persistent opponent of napoleon and the french republic was

Answer 250

great britain

Question 251

under the napoleonic code, workers received

Answer 251

no specific rights or guarantees

Question 252

all of the following are true about the napoleonic era except

Answer 252

despite the fact that all the other european great powers, england, prussia, austria, and russia were allied against him from 1799 onwards, napoleon managed to defeat them until 1812

Question 253

a lasting effect of the napoleonic occupation of europe was the

Answer 253

stimulation of national feeling in the subject lands

Question 254

which of the following was achieved during the regime of napoleon bonaparte

Answer 254

he codified the laws of france in his famous civil code, womens legal position was weakened with the activation of the civil code, he arranged a concordat with the catholic church, he created a powerful centralized bureaucracy

Question 255

although the french revolution had abolished slavery, napoleon

Answer 255

decided to reinstate it and ordered the invasion of haiti and capture of toussaint-louverture

Question 256

napoleon was seen by some as an heir of the revolution because of his

Answer 256

commitment to equality of oppritunity

Question 257

napoleon’s purpose in instituting the continental system was to

Answer 257

defeat england through economic war

Question 258

in general napoleon championed

Answer 258

equality under the law but not political freedom

Question 259

why is it significant that napoleon crowned himself as emperor of the first french empire in 1804

Answer 259

napoleons invasion of spain

Question 260

the quadruple alliance included all of the following european powers except

Answer 260

italy

Question 261

napoleon

Answer 261

joined the jacobins shortly after the french revolution

Question 262

napoleon’s conquest of spain doomed its american empire by

Answer 262

allowing the colonies to govern themselves for six years.

Question 263

How did Napoleon deal with the Holy Roman Empire?:

Answer 263

he replaced the empire with the Confederation of the Rhine.

Question 264

after the french revolution and the napoleonic era, france

Answer 264

was divided into departments rather than provinces

Question 265

Which country was NOT ruled by a member of the Bonaparte family during the first decade of the 19c?:

Answer 265

prussia

Question 266

Industrialization in England resulted in all of the following EXCEPT?:

Answer 266

the elimination of social distinctions between the middle and working class.

Question 267

The British Ten Hours Act mainly concerned?:

Answer 267

the labor of women and children in British factores.

Question 268

A major cause of the Industrial Revolution was the?

Answer 268

increase in population.

Question 269

Government policy was an important part of early industrialization for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?:

Answer 269

social welfare programs for workers.

Question 270

According the the Classical Economists’ “Iron Law of Wages”?:

Answer 270

if a worker received more than a subsistence wage, he/she would breed more children who would eat up the surplus.

Question 271

Which of the following was the major purpose of the Corn Laws in Britain in the early 1800s?:

Answer 271

to protect the interests of British grain producers.

Question 272

One reason why the factory system replaced the domestic system in England was that?:

Answer 272

neither water power nor steam power could be used efficiently in the home.

Question 273

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was in a large part inspired by?:

Answer 273

entrepreneuers who sought and accepted new manufacturing methods and inventions.

Question 274

Which of the following is TRUE of changes in the standard of living in the first half of the 19c?:

Answer 274

there is not complete agreement on this question among historians, the middle and upper classes made spectacular advances, while real wages were higher than before, few workers were permanently employed, some skilled workers were noticeably better off

Question 275

The Industrial Revolution began in England for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?:

Answer 275

she was an island nation safe from invasion.

Question 276

The Luddites?:

Answer 276

physically attacked machines they believed adversely affected their livelihood.

Question 277

The conclusions of Malthus and Ricardo relative to economic affairs suggested that?:

Answer 277

liberals were right to reject government interference in economic affairs because it could do no good.

Question 278

Robert Owen’s only success was the?:

Answer 278

organization of consumers’ cooperatives.

Question 279

The Enclosure Movement in England had all but which one of the following features?:

Answer 279

wool production declined as food crops became more profitable.

Question 280

In England, the Factory Act of 1833 clearly?:

Answer 280

limited the hours of work for children under thirteen years of age.

Question 281

The New Poor Law did which of the following?:

Answer 281

established unpleasant workhouses in the hopes that only the truly needy would seek public assistance.

Question 282

Classical liberals supported all of the following EXCEPT?:

Answer 282

universal male suffrage.

Question 283

During the century following 1832, the MAIN objective of the Reform Acts passed by the British Parliament was the?:

Answer 283

extension of suffrage.

Question 284

The group that gained most political power as a result of the Reform Bill of 1832 was the?:

Answer 284

middle-class people of the towns.

Question 285

Despite little immediate success with their reform demands, the Chartists saw all but which one of these demands passed into law?:

Answer 285

holding of annual elections for members of Parliament.

Question 286

Urbanization and industrialization in 19c Europe?:

Answer 286

created new social classes, increased class conflict, changed family life, influenced the creation of the realist school of art and writing