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Ultrasound Physics > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

________ is the percentage of time the system is pulsing.

A

Duty Factor

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2
Q

__________ _______ have particle disturbance that is _____ to the direction of wave propagation.

A

Longitudinal Waves
parallel

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3
Q

If the number of scan lines increases, it ________ the frame rate

A

Slows down

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4
Q

As density increases, the speed of sound ________.

A

decreases

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5
Q

Color Doppler is processed using a ___________.

A

Autocorrelation

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6
Q

Sound travels fastest through _____.

A

Bone

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7
Q

The _________ _______ is a measure of the spread of frequencies in the plot.

A

Frequency bandwidth

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8
Q

________ _____ is a single gain control that increases amplification at all depths.

A

Overall gain

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9
Q

Units of frequencies and their prefixes in order of smaller to larger:

A

Cycle
Hz
kHz
Mhz

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10
Q

The purpose of damping material is to:

A

Shorten the pulse to improve axial resolution

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11
Q

The time it takes for one disturbance to repeat itself (from the start of one cycle to the start of the next cycle) is called ______.

A

Period

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12
Q

This parameter it is equal to the acoustical power, W, contained within the beam, divided by the beam area A: is ________.

A

I(SATA)

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13
Q

Three types of Doppler displays:

A

Spectral Doppler
color Doppler
power Doppler

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14
Q

Pulsed wave Doppler combined with gray-scale sonography is called ______ _______.

A

Duplex scanning

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15
Q

Prudent practice of sonography involves application of the ______ ______.

A

ALARA principle

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16
Q

Ultrasound produces a temperature rise as it ______________.

A

Propagates through tissues

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17
Q

Another name for the Frauhofer zone is ______.

A

Far zone

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18
Q

Ring-down artifact is a form of ________.

A

Reverberation

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19
Q

Beneficial artifacts include:

A

shadowing
enhancement

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20
Q

_________ demonstrates layers of fluid sliding over each other

A

Laminar flow

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21
Q

The difference between the emitted frequency and the echo frequency returning from a moving scatterer is known as _________.

A

Doppler shift

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22
Q

The _______ ________ relates the Doppler shift to the flow speed, frequency, and Doppler angle.

A

Doppler equation

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23
Q

Shape of the sound beam ________ as it extends into the far field

A

diverges

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24
Q

two elements are required for ______________________.

A

continuous wave imaging

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25
Q

An ultrasound transducer element vibrates when…

A

electricity is applied

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26
Q

As frequency increases, it increases ________.

A

attenuation

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27
Q

_____ __________ yield the best image on the monitor.

A

Write magnification

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28
Q

The most commonly used element for ultrasound transducer is:

A

PZT-lead zirconate titanate

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29
Q

In a single-element transducer, additional beams not included in the ultrasound beam are called _____ ______.

A

Side lobes

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30
Q

Lateral resolution is equal to _____ ________.

A

Beam diameter

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31
Q

____ ______ is the minimum separation necessary to resolve reflectors along the scan line.

A

Axial resolution

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32
Q

Does the near zone length decreases with an increase in frequency?

A

No

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33
Q

A _________ image display would be seen when using a linear transducer.

A

Rectangular

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34
Q

20 kHz is equal to _______ Hz.

A

20,000 Hz

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35
Q

If beam power increases, intensity will ______.

A

Increase

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36
Q

Attenuation increases with increasing ____.

A

frequency

37
Q

Impedance is equal to density multiplied by ____.

A

Propagation speed

38
Q

The unit for impedance is _____.

A

Rayls

39
Q

Can sound can travel through air, lung, bone, and a vacuum?

A

NO

40
Q

A sector scan is shaped like ______.

A

A slice of pie

41
Q

msec is a unit of _____.

A

Time

42
Q

frequencies higher than the human ear can hear is _________

A

Ultrasound

43
Q

factors determine the speed of sound are:

A

stiffness of the tissue
elasticity of the tissue
compressibility of the tissue
density of the tissue

44
Q

_____ ______ reduces the spatial pulse length.

A

Backing material

45
Q

Is mm a unit for Impedance?

A

NO

46
Q

Acoustic output is important when considering ______ & _________.

A

Bioeffects and safety

47
Q

_____ _______ is important when considering bioeffects and safety.

A

Acoustic output

48
Q

A change in direction of the sound beam at a tissue interface occurs when the following two conditions are present:

A

different propagation speeds
non-perpendicular angle of incidence

49
Q

the types of cavitation are:

A

stable cavitation:
(transient inertial) cavitation

50
Q

Beam refraction occurs when the following conditions are present:

A

non-perpendicular incidence
different speed of sound

51
Q

The Doppler effect is a ________

A

Change in echo frequency

52
Q

A sector scan is shaped like a _______.

A

Slice of pie

53
Q

Sonography is medical anatomic imaging using a__________.

A

Pulse echo technique

54
Q

Frequency is the number of _____________.

A

Complete cycles per second

55
Q

Sound requires ___________.

A

A medium through which to travel

56
Q

The mechanical index (MI)is an indication for the likelyhood of:

A

Cavitation

57
Q

Acoustic impedance values are determined by:

A

Speed of sound
Density

58
Q

The speed of sound in a medium is dependent on _______________.

A

Stiffness and Density

59
Q

The percentage or fraction of time that the system transmits a pulse is called _______.

A

Duty factor

60
Q

Power and intensity are __________ ______ related

A

Directly proportional

61
Q

_______ is the unit for Power.

A

Watts

62
Q

________ and ________ are descriptions of attenuation artifacts.

A

Shadowing
Enhancement

63
Q

Weakening of echoes distal to a strongly attenuating structure describes ________.

A

Shadowing

64
Q

_______ is the appearance of Doppler information on the wrong side of the baseline.

A

Aliasing

65
Q

Mirror image is commonly seen around ______.

A

Diaphragm

66
Q

Mean Doppler shifts are displayed in _____ ______.

A

Color doppler

67
Q

______ _____ _____ are displayed in Color Doppler.

A

Mean Doppler shifts

68
Q

______ is the time it takes for one cycle to occur.

A

Period

69
Q

Sonography is medical anatomic imaging using a _____ _____ ______.

A

Pulse echo technique

70
Q

Frequency is ______ proportional to wavelength.

A

Inversely

71
Q

Propagation speed is primarily determined by the ____________.

A

Stiffness of the media

72
Q

Ultrasound pulses contain a range of frequencies called the _______.

A

Bandwidth

73
Q

pressure density particle vibration are _______ ______.

A

Acoustic variables

74
Q

The damping material is also known as _____ _____.

A

Backing material

75
Q

The following are all ultrasound frequencies:

A

30,000.0 Hz
250.0 kHz
0.30 MHz

76
Q

If frequency increases, period will _____.

A

Decrease

77
Q

________ is the distance over which one cycle occurs.

A

Wavelength

78
Q

______ ______ is the speed at which a wave travels through a medium.

A

Propagation speed

79
Q

Matching layers are typically ______ the wavelength of the _______ ______.

A

1/4
Ultrasound beam

80
Q

Z = pc is the equation for _______ ______.

A

Acoustic impedance

81
Q

If the frequency of the transducer producing the sound wave is 500 Hertz, __________ is being produced.

A

Audible sound

82
Q

The fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is on is called __________.

A

Duty factor

83
Q

The rate at which energy passes through a unit area is called ______.

A

Intensity

84
Q

As sound travels, the reduction in amplitude and intensity of the wave is called ________.

A

Attenuation

85
Q

____ ________ refers to the minimum reflector spacing along the axis of an ultrasound sound beam that results in separate echoes on display.

A

Axial Resolution

86
Q

Parameters of pulsed wave doppler are:

A

pulse duration
pulse repetition period
pulse repetition frequency
Spl?
duty factor

87
Q

the term that means “bending of the beam” and is the the name of the associated law is refraction is related to _______.

A

Snell’s law

88
Q

If density increases impedance ______.

A

Increases

89
Q

Absorption relates to ______.

A

Heating

Ultrasound Physics (30 decks)

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