Final Review Flashcards
Hypothesis
A statement of association that is either rejected or failed to be rejected
Quantitative
Testing a hypothesis using statistical rules
Qualitative
Measuring the quality of something rather than qualitative
Mixed method
combining quantitative and qualitative research methods in the same research project.
Analysis
The examination of the observations. Frequently this analysis of observations is done with the help of a statistical analysis.
Conclusion
The step where the question posed in the hypothesis is answered.
Null Hypothesis
A hypothesis the is rejected or failed to be rejected
Agent
The material that causes the disease
Environment
Something that contributes to the disease outbreak when the host and agent come together in some way
Host
The victim of the disease
Musculoskeletal System
Body system that supports movement, stability, and form
Muscular and Skeletal
Control Group
Endocrine:Regulate hormone production
Nervous: Regulates the body’s response to stimuli
Essential fat
Needed for insulation, cushioning between parts of the body and vital organs, and maintaining body functions.
Women= 12%
men=3%
Storage Fat
Approximately 50% is stored under the skin. The other 50% is in the gut region where it protects the kidneys, keeps the intestines in place, and protects the bones. Normal=
12% men and 15% women
Lean Body Weight
Male term which is equivalent to the total body weight minus the 12% storage fat.
Minimal Weight
Female term total body weight minus the storage fat.
Minimal Weight
Female term total body weight minus the storage fat.
Setpoint Weight
Physiologically appropriate weight, a weight our bodies will physiologically defend
Osteoporosis
Low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, which increases fracture risk
Risk factors linked to Osteoporosis
Race- Whites and Asians are higher risk Lack of Calcium High Sodium Consumption (Calcium loss through urine) Lack of Physical Activity Smoking, Alcohol abuse & Caffeine Heredity-
Transtheoretical Model Stages
The stages of change represent the core construct around which everything is organized.
Enabling Factors
Make it possible for a motivation to be realized; that is, they enable a person to act on their own predispositions. They include available resources, supportive policies, assistance, and services.
Reinforcing Factors
Factors or responses to behaviors that increase the chance of reoccurrence.
- Directly, vicariously or self responses.
- Can be positive or negative.
Barriers to change
Predisposing factors
Factors we are predisposed to include age, biological sex, educational levels, and family background (culture).
Calories per gram of fat 9 kcal/g,
protein 4 kcal/g, carbohydrate 4
kcal/g, and alcohol 7kcal/g
1 gram per kcal
Fruits and Vegetables
5-10 a day
Fats
Less than 30% of your total daily calorie consumption
Saturated Fat
- Solid at room temperature.
- Saturated fats increase blood cholesterol more than any other food items eaten.
Unsaturated fat
- This type of fat is normally liquid at room temperature and derived from plant sources.
- Two kinds of unsaturated fats are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated.
Healthy levels of Blood pressure
120/80 mmHg/dL
Pulmonary Function Test
Gender
Height
Weight
Parts of Heart
The two upper chambers are called atria.
-which pump blood into the ventricles.
the two lower parts are called ventricles
-Which pump blood away from the heart to other organs of the body
Flow of Circulation
- Deoxygenated blood is collected from the top and bottom parts of the body into the right atrium
- The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
- Veins transport blood away towards the heart
- Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Atherosclerosis
a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
Aneurysm
- Widening or ballooning of the arterial wall
- Usually caused by a congenital defect or a weakening of the wall of the vessel.
Heart Attack
Blockage of normal blood supply to an area of the heart
Stroke
Blocked artery in heart
coronary
Eustress
Good stress
ex. wedding, new job
Distress
Bad stress
ex. Fired, death
Effects of stress on the body
Increased heart rate &
blood pressure
Increased breathing rate
Blood sugar levels rise
Immune system gets a slight boost
Total Dissolved Solids in water
500mg/L (0.5gm/l)
Nitrates in Water
10mg/L
Fluoride in Water
4mg/L
Max sound
<90dBA (average) for 8
Temperature in Buildings
68 of (heated) 78 of (cooled)
coliform bacteria in water
0 colonies/100ml
Turbidity nephelometric units
5 NTUs
Noise effects on body
Anxiety
Annoyance, mood shifts
Hypertension
change in immune system
Evaluated blood pressure
Point Source Sollution
Contamination originates from a single source
Non-point source
Pollution is contamination derived from diffuse sources.
Ground Water
When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling the cracks, crevices, and porous spaces of an aquifer, it becomes groundwater.
Surface Water
Covering about 70% of the earth, surface water is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and all those other blue bits on the world map.
Coliform bacteria
non-pathogenic,
indicates the presence of fecal matter, other bacteria may be present
Emphysema
Chronic disease where alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) are destroyed, impairing the lungs’ ability to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Causes of Alcoholism
Biological factors- Drinkers who had parents that were alcoholics
Sociocultural- Social pressures and family attitude towards drinking
Effects of CO on the body
decreased oxygen in cells
oxygen deprivation in tissues
Moderate drinking in people
Men- 2 a day
Women- 1 a day
Effects of secondhand smoke
SIDS, Increase chronic disease, 10k per year,
Methods of birth control and effectiveness
abstinence, surgical hormonal, barrier, spermicidal, natural, other
Methods of preventing STI infections
Abstinence and Male/Female Condoms
Purpose of “test tube sex”
risks of
unprotected sex
Pregnancy rate without
contraceptives
85% in a year
Fertilization
Fallopian
tubes/oviduct
Emergency contraception
not the abortion pill (RU486), 72hr, prevents
implantation
