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BIOL*1080 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

Deoxygenated blood returns to __________ from venous circulation

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle and goes to ___________?

A

Capillary beds

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4
Q

What occurs at the capillary beds?

A

O2/CO2 and nutrient exchange

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5
Q

Where is the majority of blood in the body found?

A

Systemic veins and venules

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6
Q

______ are thick and smooth muscular walls, need to handle high pressure (aorta)

A

Arteries

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7
Q

_________ are less muscular, further away from the heart, highly innervated to control smooth muscle contraction, and the main site of BP regulation.

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

__________ have no muscle and no control over contraction; no ability to withstand pressure. However, movement of fluid is maximised.

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

________ are the main site of lymphocytes (crossing from blood to lymph-nodes)

A

Venules

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10
Q

_________ are thin-walled, relatively muscular, and used for efficient expansion and recoil

A

Veins

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11
Q

Blood is conducted rapidly under these conditions

A

Vessel has high velocity and low-surface area

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12
Q

Low velocity and high surface area in vessls is good for __________.

A

Gas/nutrient exchange

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13
Q

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

A

Cardiac output

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14
Q

Heart rate and stroke volume increases during ___________

A

exercise

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15
Q

Deoxygenated blood in veins uses a pressure gradient to go against gravity and is facilitated by?

A

Expansion of thoracic cavity
Contracting skeletal muscles
Valves (prevent blood from flowing backward)

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16
Q

Valve malfunction; allowing for the backward flow of blood in superficial veins. (veins protrude from skin).

A

Varicose veins

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17
Q

Neural input is ________

A

Involuntary contraction

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18
Q

35% of the heart’s volume is composed of?

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

The 1st sound “Lub” the heart makes is blood going from the _________ to the _________.

A

atria, ventricle

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20
Q

The 2nd sound the heart makes “dub” is the ___________.

A

Closure of semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves

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21
Q

Narrowing of valves, genetic or may be due to calcification, or scarring
May lead to heart failure in more serious conditions

A

Stenosis

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22
Q

4 Issues of artificial heart valves:

A

Durability → (carbon, titanium)
Clot formation → requires consistent anticoagulant therapy
Can get stuck
Resistance to flow → vulnerability to backflow

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23
Q

Contraction is __________.

Relaxation is _____________.

A

Systole, diastole

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24
Q

Blood pressure = ________/_________

A

systole, diastole

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25
Q

The initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction. Related to ventricular filling.

A

Preload

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26
Q

Diastolic arterial pressure.
The pressure against which the heart has to work to eject blood during systole.
Never drops to 0.
The higher the pressure the harder your heart has to work to open a valve.

A

Afterload

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27
Q

The heart’s natural pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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28
Q

Picks up electric signal and carries it to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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29
Q

What are 3 nerves in the heart?

A

Bundle of His
Bundle of branches
Purkinge fibers

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30
Q

Gap Junctions of the heart are formed by __________.

A

Intercalated disks

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31
Q

Miscommunication in the heart results in?

A

arrythmia

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32
Q

Abnormal SA node firing results in ____________

A

tachycardia (fast heart beat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat)

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33
Q

Can slow down or prevent signal to get from atria to ventricles

A

Blockages

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34
Q

____________is a quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)

A

atrial fibrillation

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35
Q

Lower chambers fibrillate on their own

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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36
Q

Sympathetic innervation is when ___________ increases heart rate.

A

Norepinephrine

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37
Q

Parasympathetic innervation is when _________ reduces hearth rate.

A

Acetylcholine

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38
Q

A sign of being overworked

A

Hypertrophy

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39
Q

Plaque buildup on arterial wall makes it harder to push blood through heart as it leads to thickening of walls

A

Atherosclerosis

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40
Q

Catheter and balloon are threaded into the coronary artery

Balloon is inflated to push plaque to sides of arterial wall to open artery

A

Angioplasty

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41
Q

maximum pressure

When the ventricles contract, sending blood out to arteries

A

Systolic BP

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42
Q

minimum pressure

When the heart relaxes between beats → never zero due to elastic recoil

A

Diastolic BP

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43
Q

Alpha-receptors are located on arteries
Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to alpha adrenergic receptors
Causes arteries to constrict
Blood pressure increases!

A

Vasoconstriction

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44
Q

Blood vessels in skeletal muscles lack alpha-receptors
Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to beta adrenergic receptors
This dilates vessels of the skeletal muscle to increase blood flow

A

Vasodilation

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45
Q

Four basic processes of the gastrointestinal system

A

Motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption

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46
Q

Chemical and mechanical digestion starts here

A

Cephalic phase (the stage in which the stomach responds to the mere sight, smell, taste, or thought of food)

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47
Q

Digestion of protein and fat occurs in the stomach, but not ____________

A

Carbohydrates

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48
Q

Chief cells release _________ for the breakdown of protein

A

pepsinogen

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49
Q

Chief cells release ________ to breakdown lipids, stimulated by ___________

A

Gastric lipase, acetylcholine

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50
Q

Bicarbonate is secreted in mucus to ____________.

A

Neutralise pH

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51
Q

The gallbladder stores ___________

A

Bile

52
Q

Without a gallbladder, the liver directs _____________ without storage

A

bile

53
Q

Increase surface area to promote nutrient absorption

A

Villi/microvilli

54
Q

The pyloric sphincter opens and food (chyme) enters the upper duodenum

A

Stage 1 of absorption in the small intestine

55
Q

Digestive enzymes anchored on the luminal surface of the small intestine epithelial cells

A

Stage 2 of absorption into the small intestine

56
Q

3 carbohydrates that are transported across the absorptive cells of the intestinal surface

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

57
Q

___________ is higher at birth and infancy because they require higher levels of fat and lactose

A

Lactase

58
Q

____________ are amphipathic; allow fat to mix with water

A

bile salts

59
Q

___________ have hydrophilic outside, lipophilic (hydrophobic) inside

A

Micelles

60
Q

the majority of lipid digestion occurs where?

A

Pancreas

61
Q

Triglycerides get packaged into a ____________ which is a lipid transport

A

chlyomicron

62
Q

where the large and small intestine connnect

A

Ileocecal valve

63
Q

_____________ digest and absorb what chemicals they can in anaerobic fermentation. Produce short-chain fatty acids as end-products of fermentation.

A

Resident microbes

64
Q

when you take antibiotics it is important to eat _____________to balance this effect.

A

Probiotics

65
Q

drive to eat to obtain pleasure even when you’re not hungry

A

Hedonic hunger

66
Q

Increased motivation to eat following depletion of energy stores (when you’re actually hungry)

A

Homeostatic hunger

67
Q

Moves chyme through the large intestine (bulking agent)

A

Insoluble fiber

68
Q

Carbohydrates and fat are broken down into ___________ which is the entry point into Krebs cycle which leads to the production of ATP

A

Acetyl CoA

69
Q

The majority of ATP comes from reducing equivalents such as

A

FADH2 and NADH

70
Q

Phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation → short high-intensity burst of energy

A

Anaerobic ATP production

71
Q

Efficient and energy-dense

A

Fat

72
Q

Stored in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen → supplies blood with glucose (important in a fasted state)
Highly branched structure of glycogen always for efficient storage

A

Carbohydrates

73
Q 
Body mass (muscle) will be used in starvation or caloric restriction (low carbohydrate diet)
The body tries to protect these stores
A

Protein

74
Q

Aerobically, can generate ATP slightly faster than fat
Can generate ATP anaerobically (3x faster than aerobic)
However, holds lots of water

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

Doesn’t hold water, twice as energy-dense
Represents our most abundant energy reserve
Can’t provide energy anaerobically (must have oxygen)

A

Fat

76
Q

storage of excess nutrients after eating
Glycogen (carbohydrate) stored in liver and muscle
Triglycerides (fat) stored in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle
Excess calories in the form of glucose or amino acids will get converted to fat

A

Anabolism

77
Q

When the body breaks down stored macronutrients to supply the brain and nervous system with glucose
Various pathways that break down protein, triglycerides, and glycogen

A

Catabolism

78
Q

Is the pathway in which glycogen is broken down into glucose → to help maintain our blood glucose levels which supply the nervous system and brain with glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

79
Q

Is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (lactate and pyruvate leaving muscle and being converted into glucose in the liver) → making glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

A

Gluconeogenesis

80
Q

Too much glucose

A

Hyperglycemia

81
Q

Too little glucose

A

Hypoglycemia

82
Q

Can cause glycosylation of amino acids in kidneys, peripheral nerves, the lens of the eye, causing damage. → getting glucose where you don’t want it.

A

Hyperglycemia

83
Q

Decreases blood glucose level

A

Insulin

84
Q

Increases blood glucose level

A

Glucagon

85
Q

Insulin goes up, glucagon goes down (after you eat) → insulin to glucagon ratio increases!

A

Less production of glucose in liver

86
Q

Insulin goes down, glucagon goes up (after not eating for a while) → glucagon to insulin ratio increases!

A

Glucose production in liver increases

87
Q

Represents major source of genetic variation (not the only source)
Represents major source that distinguishes phenotypes

A

SNPs

88
Q

Is an inflammatory cytokine that when increased also increases mortality rate

A

IL-6

89
Q

Mitochondrial damage occurs 10x more frequently due to the generation of

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

90
Q

Reads and replicates/repairs mitochondrial DNA

A

DNA polymerase gamma

91
Q

DNA pol-y gamma is not as effective as we __________

A

age

92
Q

Can lower the level of DNA mutations in mice, heart is also enlarged, brain weight also increases . → even though mice were prone to aging process

A

Exercise

93
Q

Places where individuals commonly live to be 100

Family focus, social engagement, no smoking, limited alcohol, plant-based diet, physical activity

A

Blue zones

94
Q

Incidence of diabetes was blunted the best by _______________ (even while metformin was a great drug)

A

Exercise lifestyle intervention

95
Q

Longest vein in the body (foot to heart)

A

Saphenous vein

96
Q

__________ can contract _________ as a backup system using _________.

A

Ventricles, independently, bundle of his

97
Q

__________ can contract _________ as a backup system using _________.

A

Ventricles, independently, bundle of his

98
Q

The “bad” of hypertrohpy

A

increased BP, narrowing of aortic valves

99
Q

The “good” of hypertrophy

A

An appropriate adaptation in endurance athletes

100
Q

What specifically happens in endurance athletes in terms of hypertrophy?

A

Increased size in LV chamber

101
Q

What specifically happens to a weightlifter during hypertrophy?

A

Increased LV wall and septum thickens (needs to overcome resistance after overload)

102
Q

Example of an inflammatory mediator that contributes to atherosclerosis

A

C-reactive protein

103
Q

Saturated/trans fat can contribute to heart disease, however dietary _________ can not.

A

cholesterol

Cholesterol deposits can contribute

104
Q

What is preload?

A

Stretching of myocytes prior to contraction so the ventricle can fill with blood

105
Q

What common vein is used during bypass surgery

A

Saphenous vein, radial artery

106
Q

Plugging your nose and pushing air out temporarily raises blood pressure and slows heart rate! → helps weightlifter lift heavy weights

A

Valsalva maneuver

107
Q

Lacking lactase enzyme

A

Lactose intolerance

108
Q

Gastric lipase is associated with what organ?

A

Stomach

109
Q

Acts on lipids present inside the micelle structure to cleave fatty acids

A

Pancreatic Lipase

110
Q

Fatty acids diffuse across the __________

A

Brush border

111
Q

What happens to lipid after it has been broken down into monoglycerides?

A

Put back together into triglycerides

112
Q

Where do chlyomicrons get absorbed?

A

Lymphatic system

113
Q

The colonic epithelium absorbs _________&__________

A

Water and simple ions

114
Q

Main enery macronutrients

A

Fat and Carbs

115
Q

Provides us with short burst of energy (during sprint)

A

Phosphocreatine degradation

116
Q

Aerobic or Anaerobic ATP production

A

Glycolysis

117
Q

Burning feeling after intense exercise is due to _________?

A

Lactic acid seperating into lactate and hydrogen protons.

118
Q

Stored in liver and muscle

A

Carbs

119
Q

Stored in adipocytes

A

FAt

120
Q

Glucose ____________ when formed in muscle

A

Doesn’t leave

121
Q

___________ is used to make ketones

A

Glycerol

122
Q

________ can go to nervous system tissue and be oxidized, which occurs when there is excessive fat breakdown

A

Ketones

123
Q

Why is blood glucose maintained so tightly?

A

Many cells require glucose
Maintain osmotic balance
Don’t want hyperglycemia

124
Q

What could make glucogon levels increase?

A

Fasting

125
Q

In aging, what contributes to alzherimer’s, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis?

A

Inflammatory cytokines

126
Q

Autoimmune response

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

127
Q

Digestive disorder that occurs when acidic stomach juices reverse from the stomach into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophogeal Reflux Disease

BIOL*1080 (1 decks)

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