Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathopharm > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Complications of diuretics

A

Electrolyte imbalance (potassium - hypokalemia)
Dehydration
Hypertension
Fluid loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define muscular atrophy - what is it, what does it look like

A

Breakdown of muscle tissue
Not using muscles enough
Paralysis, coma, bed rest could cause it
Compare to opposite side of the body - smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intended use and side effects of steroids

A

Intended use - reduce inflammation

Side effects - infection, bulking up/weight gain, buffalo hump, moon face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Complications of peptic ulcer disease

A 
Fistulas
Common from H.pylori, overuse of aspirin
Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
Weight loss if severe
Pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does Warfarin do and what does too much Warfarin look like

A

Blood thinner
Prevents clots from forming
Slower than Heparin
Monitor PT
Use electric razor, no contact sports, watch for excessive bruising
Avoid grapefruit juice (it contains Vitamin K which could decrease the effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sympathomimetic bronchodilators

A

Mimics sympathetic nervous system - beta 2
Bronchodilate before giving steroids
Asthma, exacerbation of COPD
Side effects: increased HR, increased BP, restlessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If your patient has been newly diagnosed with COPD, what medications would you see them taking

A

Bronchodilators if they’re having exacerbation
Steroids to decrease inflammation
Mucolytics to reduce mucous
Encourage coughing and deep breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Some things that cause constipation

A 
Opioids
Some foods
Dehydration
Lack of exercise/movement
Menopause
To decrease constipation - increase fluids, exercise, laxatives/stool softeners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What might cause a patient to be in a fluid volume overload/deficit

A

Fluid overload - renal disease, ineffective cardiac output, drinking too much fluid, SIADH
Fluid deficit - diabetes insipidus, diuretics, dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Patient education for patient going home on a diuretic

A 
Increased urination
Monitor urine output
Daily weight check - notify doctor if greater than 3 lbs a day
Take in fluids but don’t over hydrate 
Take diuretics in the morning
Hypernatremia, hyperkalemia
Main electrolyte to monitor is potassium
Monitor for signs of hypotension - dizziness, lethargy, fatigue, bounding pulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some side effects of narcotics

A

CNS depression
Respiratory depression
Altered levels of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consideration to keep in mind when prescribing meds to an elderly patient

A 
Decreased kidney and liver function
Decreased drug excretion
Toxic high levels in body
Adverse effects of meds
Start low, go slow with prescription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the normal range for sodium in the body

A

135-145
Hyponatremia - excess fluid
Hypernatremia - dehydration
First signs and symptoms are neuro: HA, confusion, and altered consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What medications would you give to someone who has the common cold (URI)

A

Antitussive - suppress cough
Decongestant - pseudoephedrine
- too much can cause rebound congestion
- increased HR and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Potential physiologic changes with GERD

A

Barrett’s esophagus - acid damaging lining of tissue of esophagus
Aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Patient education to consider if sending someone home on a corticosteroid inhaler

A

Rinse mouth after - can cause thrush an decrease normal flora of the mouth
Use a spacer
Not an emergency inhaler
Localized - don’t have to worry about Cushing’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What would you teach your patient who is taking a drug that is treating high cholesterol (statin)

A

GI upset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If your patient has gone to surgery who is oversedated, what do you do

A

Check for respiratory depression

Give Narcan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antacids

A 
Stabilize pH in the stomach
Used for GERD
Some drug to drug interactions
Can be taken as a calcium supplement
Problems - electrolyte imbalance, heart failure (depending on type of antacid), could be masking a deeper problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If you give someone medication for pain, how do you assess them afterwards

A

Pain level, where it is located, if it’s radiating, when it started, quality of pain
Last time they received the medication
Opioids - respiratory depression, CNS depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

A

Thyroid medication for hypothyroidism
Take first thing in the morning
Slow to work
Signs of a functioning thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Effects of glargine lantus insulin

A 
Long acting (24 hours)
Onset 1 hour
“1 day is 24 hours”
Take first thing in the morning
No peak
Type 2 diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Categories of drugs

A

Schedule I — most potential for abuse and dependence, no medicinal qualities (Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Ecstasy, Peyote)

Schedule II — high potential for abuse and dependence, some medicinal qualities (Vicodin, Cocaine, Meth, OxyContin, Adderall)

Schedule III — moderate potential for abuse/dependence, acceptable medicinal qualities, doctor’s prescription required (Tylenol w/ Codeine, Ketamine, Steroids, Testosterone)

Schedule IV — low potential for abuse/dependence, acceptable medicinal qualities, prescription required but fewer refill regulations (Xanax, Darvan, Valium, Ativan, Ambien, Tramadol)

Schedule V — lowest potential for abuse/dependence, acceptable medicinal qualities, prescription required, fewest refill regulations (Robitussin AC, Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If you have a patient with a disease such as TB, what are some assessments/treatments

A

Bacterial infection of the lungs
Drug to treat is INH (antibiotic), Rifampin (can cause liver failure, urine to turn orange)
Airborne precautions
Stays dormant in lungs, immunosuppression will reactivate it (steroids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What to do if you have a medication to give but have never seen it before

A

Look up indications/contraindications
Drug to drug interactions
Patient history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Side effects of antihistamines

A

Nausea and vomiting
Drowsiness
First generation vs second generation
- First generation causes drowsiness, second generation doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Side effects of sympathomimetic stimulants

A

Increase HR, BP

Decrease urinary output and bowel movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does pro arrhythmic mean

A

Causes a new arrhythmia

Consider dyrythmias - amiodarone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lispro humalog insulin

A

“Lispro, let’s go”
Fast acting
Give with food
Onset 5-15 min, peak 30-60 min, duration 2-4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a cross allergy of penicillin

A

Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Causes of acute pyelonephritis

A

Untreated UTI

Signs and symptoms - flank pain, proteinuria, elevated WBC, cloudy urine

32
Q

Some factors that affect drug metabolism

A

Old age
Liver function
Weight
Gender

33
Q

If the patient is on diuretics and starts complaining of blurred vision and nausea, what are you going to do

A

Check vitals and electrolytes - potassium

34
Q

What are some adverse effects of long-term corticosteroid therapy

A

Cushing’s - moon face, buffalo hump
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Increased appetite
Decreased immune function

35
Q

Chest pain

A

Nitroglycerin - decreases BP

MONA - morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin

36
Q

Patient teaching with steroids

A

Don’t stop too quickly - so body can adjust and begin to make their own steroids
Decreased immune system
Take in the morning - can make you alert and excited

37
Q

How would you treat pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin B12

38
Q

Difference between BUN and serum creatinine

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen - do not depend on BUN alone because it can be increased if patient is dehydrated

Serum Creatinine - better picture of glomerular function

39
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia and how to treat it

A

Enlarged prostate that causes difficulty urinating
Treat with Flomax
Pregnant women should not handle the drug
May take 3-4 months before seeing effect
Don’t have kids for a while because it can have toxic effects

40
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A 
Inflammatory bowel disease
Can occur in any part of the GI tract
Autoimmune
Medications: steroids
Painful
41
Q

Risk factors for strokes

A

Modifiable - high BP, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, oral birth control
Non modifiable - family history, age

42
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Blood thinners
Given to prevent blood clots

Warfarin (Coumadin)

  • PO, slow
  • Antidote — vitamin K
  • Monitor PT and INR

Heparin, Lovenox

  • antidote — protamine sulfate
  • heparin — monitor PTT
  • works faster
  • lovenox can be administered at home, does not require labs

Contraindications - active bleed

43
Q

GI Bleed vs Iron Stool

A

GI Bleed - black tarry stool (melena)

Iron Stool - clay and dark stool

44
Q

Why would you give a patient atropine that’s going into surgery

A

Anticholinergic
Slows motility
Decreases saliva (patient could aspirate during surgery)

45
Q

Alpha and beta receptors

A

Sympathetic
Beta 1 - heart
Beta 2 - lungs
Alpha 1 - nerve membranes (blood vessels, iris, bladder)
Alpha 2 - stimulation decreases SNS output

46
Q

Digoxin toxicity

A

Too little potassium
Potassium and digoxin fight for the same receptor
Not enough potassium allows digoxin to take over

47
Q

NSAIDS

A 
Used for pain and inflammation
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
Cox 1 
- “Blood will run”
- NSAIDs that block Cox 1 increases risk of bleeding
Cox 2
- “Nothing gets through”
- NSAIDs that block Cox 2 can increase the risk of stroke and clots
48
Q

Example of a drug allergy and drug adverse effects

A

Allergy - anaphylaxis

Adverse effects - GI upset

49
Q

Antibiotic used to treat MRSA

A

Vancomycin

Adverse effects: tinnitus, Red Man Syndrome

50
Q

Organ for excretion of drugs

A

Kidneys

51
Q

Adverse effects of opioids

A

CNS depression
Constipation
Respiratory depression

52
Q

When would you give codeine

A

To suppress cough

Do not give to someone who is sedated, comatose, or cannot clear their own airway

53
Q

Define what a subdural hematoma

A

Bleed under the dural layer
Can be caused by fall, car crash
Decreased levels of consciousness

54
Q

Medications to not give for active brain bleeding

A

Aspirin

Anything that inhibits Cox 1

55
Q

Seizure medications

A

Decrease brain activity

Do not give to someone who already has an altered level of consciousness

56
Q

Dilantin (Phenytoin)

A

Anti-seizure medication
Dizziness, nausea, vomiting
Fall risk

57
Q

Cause behind Parkinson’s

A

Not enough dopamine

58
Q

Baclofen

A

Anti spasmodic

Monitor CNS and respiratory depression

59
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

Aspiration - make sure airway is cleared

60
Q

Adverse effects of statin medications

A

Liver damage - jaundice

61
Q

Main adverse effect of ace inhibitors

A

Dry cough

End in “-pril”

62
Q

Modifiable factor of coronary artery disease

A

Diet
Smoking
Exercise

63
Q

Acute right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness

A

Appendicitis

64
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bleeding in stool

65
Q

Do you give more fluids with SIADH

A

No
Fluid restriction
Monitor weight daily

66
Q

Diabetes that is insulin dependent

A

Type 1

67
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Constipation
Bradycardia
Feeling cold
Lower metabolism

68
Q

Adverse effects of ciprofloxacin

A

“Cipro, hell no”
Suicide
Aortic tendon rupture

69
Q

When would client stop taking antibiotic

A

Once entire course is finished
Severe allergy
If stopped early, at risk for antibiotic resistant infection/superbug (c.diff)

70
Q

Treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

Radiation

Thyroid removal - have to take synthroid

71
Q

What does bactrim do

A

Sulfonamide drug

Can be used for UTI

72
Q

What is stress incontinence

A

Pressure that causes leakage

73
Q

Some factors that can contribute to development of CKD

A

Untreated UTI

Chronic hypertension

74
Q

Some things that can cause development of UTI

A

Dehydration
Old age (confusion)
Bacteria (wiping back to front)

75
Q

What does zofran do

A

Treats nausea

76
Q

Conditions that can cause nausea and vomiting

A

Everything

77
Q

Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease

A

H.pylori

Excessive aspirin use

Pathopharm (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions