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Vet Sci II - Bel Rea > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Dosage

A

Amount of drug/unit of body weight (mg/kg)

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2
Q

Dose

A

Amount of drug given at one time (cc/ml)

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3
Q

Dosage Intervals

A

SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD, PRN, Q2H

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4
Q

Potential Causes of Toxicities

A

Allergic reaction
Inappropriate species
Inappropriate amount of frequency
Inappropriate route of administration

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5
Q

Reasons to Adjust Drug Dosage

A

Certain breeds/species
Gender (pregnancy)
Age of animal (older, neonates)
Preexisting conditions

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6
Q

Preexisting Conditions

A

Renal or liver failure
Seizures
Shock
Drug interactions

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7
Q

Drug Distribution - Biphasic

A 
First phase
- Absorption
- Distribution
Second Phase
-Biotransformation
Elimination
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8
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of the drug from the site of administration into the systemic blood circulation

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9
Q

Rate of Absorption

A

Fastest: IV, IC, IO
Intermediate: ET, IP, IM, SQ
Slowest: PO

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10
Q

Drug Solubility - Lipophilic Drugs

A

Drugs that dissolve in oil
Cross cell membrane readily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids.
Best Route: oral, readily absorbed in GI system

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11
Q

Drug Solubility - Hydrophilic Drugs

A

Drugs that dissolve in water
Diffuse well into and through interstitial fluids.
Best Route: SQ, IM, IV

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12
Q

Distribution

A

Movement of the drug from the systemic circulation to the target tissue or intended site of action

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13
Q

Binding of a Drug to a Protein

A

Once absorbed, most drugs bind to a protein (ex albumin within blood plasma)
The unbound portion of the drug will diffuse through cell membrane, metabolize and be excreted
Maintain equilibrium, part of drug is used and excreted while the other is bound to protein and retained until needed.

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14
Q

Perfusion of Tissues

A

The amount of blood passing through a tissue or organ (carrying O2 and Hgb)

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15
Q

Highly Perfused Tissues and Organs

A

Heart
Kidneys
Lungs

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16
Q

Poorly Perfused Tissues and Organs

A

Fat

Cartilage

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17
Q

Biotransfusion

A

The chemical alteration of a drug in the body

Prior to a drug being “cleared from blood” it must be biotransformed

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18
Q

Metabolites

A

The chemical component formed from biotransfusion of a drug

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19
Q

Sites of Biotransfusion

A

Primary: Liver
Secondary: Lungs, skin, intestinal tract

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20
Q

Elimination

A

The removal of a drug from the body

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21
Q

Sites of Elimination

A

Primary: Kidneys
Secondary: Liver, lungs, sweat, mammary glands

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22
Q

Major Routes of Drug Administration in the Body

A

Enteral: involves GI tract
Parenteral: bypasses GI tract

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23
Q

Oral Medications

A

Pills: tablets (+/- chewables), caplets, capsules
Liquids
Powders, Granules
Paste

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24
Q

Advantages of Using Oral Administration

A 
Less amount of skill required
At home administration
Less stressful to patient (+/-)
Less painful to patient
Iatrogenic infections less likely
Less adverse reaction
25
Q

Disadvantages to Oral Administration

A

Possible injury to patient or administrator
Accuracy of dose
Possibility os aspiration pneumonia (more common with liquid or paste)

26
Q

3 Indications for Using Oral Administration

A

Treating a specific GI disorder
When immediate absorption is unnecessary
When dispensing home medications

27
Q

Contraindications for Oral Administration

A

V/D
When rapid absorption is needed
When there is possible interference with other drugs

28
Q

Indications for Using an Orogastric Tube

A 
Nutritional support in anorexic patient
Administration of medications
Administration of radiograph contrast material
Decompression of the stomach
Stomach lavage
Dislodging a foreign body (not common)
29
Q

Orogastric Tube Complications

A

Misplacement of the tube

Esophageal &/or gastric injuries

30
Q

Orogastric Tube Placement - Measurement for Dog

A

Tip of nose to the last rib

31
Q

Orogastric Tube Placement - Measurement for Cat

A

Tip of nose to 10th or 11th rib

32
Q

Orogastric Tube Placement

A

Measure/mark tube
Use speculum/roll of tape
Lube tube
Administer and remove

33
Q

How to Verify Tube Placement

A 
Swallowing ?
Seeing tube go down esophagus
Feeling two tubes
Listen/smell
Coughing
Radiograph - best indication
34
Q

Removal of Orogastric Tube

A

Tip the head down
Kink the tube
(prevent aspiration)

35
Q

Indication for Placing NG Tube

A

Longer term access to stomach than orogastric tube
Nutritional support
Decompression of the stomach
Administration of medications (not primary reason)

36
Q

NG Tube Complications

A

Misplacement
Esophageal &/or gastric injuries
Epistaxis
Smaller width

37
Q

Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes

A

Ability to bypass affected area of the GI tract
Pharyngostomy/Esophagostomy
Gastrostomy
Enterostomy

38
Q

Indications for Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes

A

Prolonged nutritional support

GI tract injuries (oral cavity - intestines)

39
Q

Complications with Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes

A

Surgery
Infection
Dislodgment of the tube
Extensive aftercare

40
Q

Indications for Administering an Enema

A

Relief of constipation/obstipation
Evacuation of the distal colon
Administration of medications

41
Q

Complications for Administering an Enema

A

Rectal trauma

42
Q

Enema Solutions

A

Warm water
Warm soapy water
DSS (Diocytl Sodium Succinate)
Mineral Oil

43
Q

Enema Dose

A

5-20 mls/lb

44
Q

Advantages of Injectable Administration

A

Rapid onset of action

More accurate dosage

45
Q

Disadvantages of Injectable Administration

A

Greater skill required
+/- more painful and stressful to patient
Increased risk of infection
Increased risk of adverse reaction

46
Q

Complications That Can Occur When Giving an Injection

A 
Hemorrhage and hematoma at the site
Abscess
Granuloma 
Local irritation
Tisue necrosis
47
Q

SQ Injections - Common Sites

A

Scruff
Lateral Thorax
Flank

48
Q

SQ Technique

A

Upside down dart hold/3 finger hold

Tent skin, needle parallel to body, aspirate, inject

49
Q

Meds That NEVER Go SQ

A

Whole blood
Hypertonic solutions
Oil-based meds

50
Q

Intramuscular Injection Sites

A 
Lumbar (epaxial)
Hamstring
Gluteals
Quadriceps
Pectorals (equine/bovine)
Triceps (equine/bovine)
Cervical (equine/bovine)
51
Q

Maximum IM Volume

A

Dogs and Cats: 2cc/site or 4cc/site for large dogs

Large Animals: 10cc/site

52
Q

List of IV Injection Sites

A 
Cephalic vein
Jugular vein
Lateral saphenous
Femoral
Sublingual vein
Ear vein
53
Q

Intraosseous Injection

A

Needle is placed into the sinusoids within the bone marrow

54
Q

Most Common IO Injection Sites

A

Tibial crest
Trochanteric Fossa
Wing of the ilium
Greater tubercle of the humerus

55
Q

Indications for Using IO Injections

A

Rapid administration of fluids or medications
When central or peripheral vein is unavailable
When vein is too small to catheterize

56
Q

Contraindications for IO Injections

A

Endotoxic patient
Placement in certain pneumatic bones of birds
Placement in a fracture or previous fractured bone
Placement over an abscess

57
Q

Intraperitoneal Injection

A

Abdominocentesis
Surgical puncture of the abdomen
Therapeutic or diagnostic

58
Q

Therapeutic Indications for Intraperitoneal Injection

A

Fluid therapy
Peritoneal lavage
Peritoneal dialysis
Euthanasia

Vet Sci II - Bel Rea (1 decks)

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