Final- Regional Neuroanatomy Part 1 Flashcards by Kimberly Diane Hill

A positional word that means near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth
A. caudal
B. rostral
C. caudad
D. cephalad

B. Rostral

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A positional word that means at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body
A. cephalad
B. rostral
C. caudad
D. distal

C. Caudal/Caudad

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A word used to refer to something superior and anterior of the body:
A. caudad
B. proximal
C. caudal
D. cephalad

D. cephalad

similar to rostral

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Describe the anatomical position: select 3.
A. palms out to the posterior plane
B. standing straight up
C. palms out to the anterior plane
D. supine
E. thumbs extend laterally
F. thumbs folded distally

B. Standing up straight and face forward!
C. Palms out on the anterior plane
E. Thumbs extend laterally

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A word that describes something sensory in the periphery; something that might feel pain.
A. efferent
B. rami
C. cutaneous
D. distal

C. Cutaneous

The other conduction in the peripheral system will be motor.

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What describes bundles of neurons and axons outside the CNS vs inside the CNS?
A. rami; roots
B. nerves; tracts
C. tracts; nerves
D. rootlets; roots

B. outside CNS = Nerves
inside CNS = tracts

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T/F: Ganglia is a collection of cell bodies within CNS.

False - gangia are Bundles of cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system

nuclei are the bundles of cell bodies within the CNS

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___ come out of cord and come together to make a root.
A. ganglia
B. nerves
C. rootlets
D. rami

C. Rootlets

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Where is the spinal ganglion located?
A. within the posterior root
B. within the anterior root
C. within the grey matter
D. within the trunks

A. Within the posterior root

spinal ganglia are technically considered part of CNS even tho “ganglia” is in the name

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The junction of the posterior root and anterior root is called the ____.
A. spinal ganglion
B. spinal ramus
C. spinal roots
D. spinal nerve

D. spinal nerve
* This point will be the start of the Peripheral Nervous System

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The anterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ____ system.
A. afferent
B. sensory
C. motor

C. Motor (Efferent)

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The posterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ____ system.
A. efferent
B. sensory
C. motor

B. Sensory (Afferent)

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The first projection off of the spinal nerve is called:
A. anterior ramus
B. posterior ramus
C. posterior root
D. anterior root

B. Posterior Ramus - primarily serves as a sensory component

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The part of the spinal nerve that projects anterior and lateral (and is larger than the other) is called:
A. anterior ramus
B. posterior ramus
C. anterior root
D. posterior root

A. Anterior Ramus - serves as a motor output, sensory input, and branch of the autonomic nervous system.

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How does the Anterior Ramus connect to the sympathetic chain ganglion? select 2.
A. white ramus communicans
B. white matter
C. gray ramus communicans
D. gray matter

A. White Ramus Communicans (distal)
C. Gray Ramus Communicans (proximal)

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What is important to note about the sacral spinal nerve projections?
A. anterior rami go out the anterior sacral foramen while posterior rami protrude out the posterior sacral foramen
B. anterior rami go out the posterior sacral foramen while posterior rami protrude out the anterior sacral foramen
C. anterior rami are smaller than posterior rami in this area
D. posterior rami are larger

A. anterior rami go out the anterior sacral foramen while posterior rami protrude out the posterior sacral foramen

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Explain why the left sympathetic chain is more posterior and lateral on the spinal column than the right.

Aorta sits on the left side of vertebral body which pushes left sympathetic chain ganglia more posteriorly and laterally during development.

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What are the 2 branches of the posterior ramus?

Medial branch of the Posterior Rami
Lateral branch of the Posterior Rami

don’t extend as far out as the anterior ramus

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The anterior ramus wraps all the way around body to the sternum. What are the 2 branches of the anterior ramus?

Anterior Cutaneous Branch - at the front midline of chest
Lateral Cutaneous Branch - at the sides and extends anteriorly & posteriorly to parts that the posterior ramus doesn’t reach

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What is another name for the anterior ramus?

Intercostal nerve

The intercostal nerve usually sits inferior its corresponding rib cage.

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The nerves that come out below the last ribs/lower than the ribcage are called:
A. posterior rami
B. subcostal nerves
C. intercostal nerves
D. anterior cutaneous branches

B. subcostal nerves

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Spinal nerve C8 exits from ___ (above/below) vertebrae C7.

Below

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Spinal nerve C1 through C7 exit from _______ (above/below) its corresponding cervical vertebrae.

Above

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The thoracic spinal nerves T1 to T12 exit from ______- (above/below) the corresponding thoracic vertebrae.

Below

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The spinal nerves L1 to L5 exit from ______- (above/below) the corresponding lumbar vertebrae.

* Below

Spinal Nerve Pairs: - Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral - Coccygeal

* 8 pairs of Cervical Spinal Nerves * 12 pairs of Thoracic Spinal Nerves * 5 pairs of Lumbar Spinal Nerves * 5 pairs of Sacral Spinal Nerves * 1 pair of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves * 31 pairs total

Where do the cervical spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?

* Most of the head and upper extremities

Where do the thoracic spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?

* Portion of the upper extremity * Large portion of the torso

Where do the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?

* Lower extremity

Label 1

* Posterior Rootlets

Label 2

* Posterior Root (with spinal ganglion)

Label 3

* Spinal Nerve

Label 4

* Posterior Ramus

Label 5

* Anterior Ramus

Label 6

* Gray Ramus Communicans

Label 7

* White Ramus Communicans

Label 8

* Sympathetic ganglion

Label 9

* Meningeal branch

Label 10

* Anterior Root

Label 11

* Anterior Rootlets

Label 2

* Lateral Cutaneous Branch

Label 3

Anterior Ramus

Label 4

* Meningeal Branch

Label 5

* Medial Branch

Label 6

* Lateral Branch

Label 7

* Posterior Ramus

Label 1

* Posterior Ramus

Label 2

* Anterior Ramus (Intercostal Nerve)

Label 3

* Lateral Cutaneous Branch

Label 4

* Anterior Cutaneous Branch

Label 1

* Medial branch

Label 2

* Lateral cutaneous branch

Label 3

* Superior clunial nerve

Label 4

* Middle clunial nerve

Label 5

* Supraclavicular nerve

Label 6

* Axillary nerve

Label 7

* Intercostal nerve (lateral cutaneous branch)

Label 8

* Iliohypogastric nerve

What dermatome landmark will be T4?

* Nipple Line

What dermatome landmark will be T6?

* Xiphoid Process

What dermatome landmark will be T10?

* Umbilicus

The anterior roots of C3, C4, and C5 combine and form the ______ nerve.

* Phrenic Nerve

Spinal Nerves C3, C4, C5 will run under what cervical vertebrae?

* Vertebrae C2, C3, and C4

The occipital nerves are named based on what factors?

* Size and Position *For example, the Greater Occipital Nerve is very large, and it covers a large portion of the back of the head.*

The Greater Occipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C2

The 3rd Occipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C3

What nerve will provide sensory innervation to the top of the shoulder?

* Supraclavicular Nerve

The Suboccipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C1

Where does the suboccipital nerve provide sensory innervation to?

* It doesn't. It is PURELY MOTOR. * This nerve (C1) is not part of the cutaneous innervation. * No dermatome for C1

Label 1

* Lesser occipital nerve

Label 2

* Suboccipital nerve (C1)

Label 3

* Great auricular nerve

Label 4

* Greater occipital nerve (C2)

Label 5

* 3rd Occipital Nerve

Label 6

* Supraclavicular Nerve

Label 7

* C5 Spinal Nerve of the Posterior Ramus

Label 1

* 3rd occipital nerve

Label 2

* Greater occipital nerve

Label 3

* Lesser occipital nerve

Label 4

* Great auricular nerve

The trapezius muscle is used as an accessory for ventilation. It receives input from what nerve?

* Accessory Nerve

What are the accessory muscles of exhalation?

* Abdominal Muscles * External Oblique * Internal Oblique

Label 1

* Supraclavicular Nerve

Label 2

* Anterior cutaneous branch

Label 3

* Lateral cutaneous branch

Label 4

* Intercostal nerve / anterior ramus

Label 5

* Iliohypogastric Nerve

The dorsal part of the spinal cord is routed through the __________.

* Posterior Ramus

Posterior Ramus C1 Nerve: Sensory Function: Motor Function:

Posterior Ramus C1 Nerve: Suboccipital Nerve Sensory Function: No C1 dermatome Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles

Posterior Ramus C2 Nerve: Sensory Function: Motor Function:

Posterior Ramus C2 Nerve: Greater occipital nerve Sensory Function: Innervate C2 dermatome Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles

Posterior Ramus C3 Nerve: Sensory Function: Motor Function:

Posterior Ramus C3 Nerve: 3rd occipital nerve Sensory Function: Innervate C3 dermatome Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles

What are the four nerves of the cervical plexus?

* Lesser occipital nerve (C2) * Great auricular nerve (C2,C3) * Transverse cervical nerve (C2,C3) * Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4) | A cervical plexus is a collection of nerves. ## Footnote These four nerves can arise from the anterior ramus of spinal nerve C2, C3, or C4.

Where is the origin of the supraclavicular nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C3 and C4

Where does the transverse cervical nerve provide sensory information?

* Anterior and medial part of the neck

Where is the origin of the transverse cervical nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C2 and C3

Where is the origin of the great auricular nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C2 and C3

Where is the origin of the lesser occipital nerve?

* Spinal Nerve C2

Where does the lesser occipital nerve provide sensory information?

* lateral neck to right above the earlobe

Label the nerves of the cervical plexus 1-4.

* 1: Lesser occipital nerve * 2: Great auricular nerve * 3: Transverse cervical nerve * 4: Supraclavicular nerve

Label the nerve that best corresponds with 1-4.

* 1: Transverse cervical nerve * 2: Lesser occipital nerve * 3: Great auricular nerve * 4 : Supraclavicular nerve

What neck muscle does the phrenic nerve sit on?

* Anterior Scalene Muscle

Where are the two proximal connection points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

* Connection point on at the sternum * Connection point on the clavicle

What are the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus?

* Spinal Nerve C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 * Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves

What is the potential space between the anterior and middle scalene muscle called? Why is this potential space important?

* Interscalene space * This space can be utilized to perform a scalene brachial plexus block

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

* Upper: Rami C5 and C6 * Middle: Rami C7 * Lower: Rami C8 and T1

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

* 6 Divisions, each trunk forms one anterior and one posterior division. * 3 Posterior Division form the **Posterior Cord** * 2 Anterior Division from C5 to C7 form the **Lateral Cord** * 1 Anterior Division from C8 and T1 form **Medial Cord**

What components are in the supraclavicular regions of the brachial plexus?

* Anterior Rami (C5-T1) * The Trunks (Upper, Middle, Lower) * The Divisions (6 divisions)

What components are in the infraclavicular regions of the brachial plexus?

* Lateral Cord * Posterior Cord * Medial Cord

The posterior cord splits to give us what two nerves?

* Axillary nerve * Radial nerve

The lateral cord splits to give us what two nerves?

* Musculocutaneous nerve * Lateral Root (a portion of the median nerve)

The lateral root will combine with the median root to form what nerve?

* Median Nerve

The medial cord splits to give us what two nerves?

* Ulnar Nerve * Median Root (a portion of the median nerve)

What two nerves does the median nerve sit between?

* Ulnar Nerve * Radial Nerve

The axillary nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?

* C5 * C6

The radial nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?

* C5 * C6 * C7 * C8 * T1

The ulnar nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?

* C7 * C8 * T1

The median nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?

* C6 * C7 * C8 * T1

The musculocutaneous nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?

* C5 * C6 * C7

What sensory branch is innervated by the axillary nerve?

* Superior lateral brachial cutaneous (lateral deltoid)

What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the radial nerve innervates?

* Lateral Superior Thumb * Lateral Anterior Biceps/Triceps

What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the radial nerve innervates?

* Lateral Posterior Triceps * Middle Posterior Forearm * Posterior Thumb and First 2 Fingers

What sensory branch is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?

* Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (anterior lateral forearm) * Very small posterior of the posterior forearm

What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the ulnar nerve innervates?

* Medial palmer surface of last two fingers * Anterior medial wrist

What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the ulnar nerve innervates?

* Medial Posterior Wrist * Most of the last 2 Fingers

What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the median nerve innervates?

* Posterior fingertips of first two digits * Proper palmar digital nerves

What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the median nerve innervates?

* Most of the palm * Anterior thumb * Anterior surface of first two fingers * Small section of the anterior wrist * Palmar branch of the median nerve * Common and proper palmar digital nerve

Label 1

* Anterior Cutaneous Branch