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BIBB 109 > Final - Recitations and Tutoring etc > Flashcards

Final - Recitations and Tutoring etc Flashcards

1
Q

significance of Golgi stain

A

you could see morphology of whole neurons; only stains select neurons; stains whole cell instead of just soma

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2
Q
  1. Oligodendrocyte
  2. Schwann Cell
  3. Astrocyte
  4. Ependymal Cell
  5. Microglia
A
  1. myelination, CNS
  2. myelination, PNS
  3. maintain extracellular space, forms BBB, provides nutrients for neurons, CNS
  4. making & circulating CSF, CNS
  5. clearing debris, CNS
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3
Q

Formulate at least 3 different hypotheses about how axonal transport could be disrupted to cause the accumulation of
mitochondria at the axon terminal

A
  • -Anything speeding up anterograde transport selectively
  • -Anything slowing down retrograde transport selectively
  • -Anything selectively disrupting the interaction with mitochondria and dynein
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4
Q

Electrical synaptic transmission

A

fastest, bidirectional, presynaptic hyperpolarization results in an postsynaptic signal

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5
Q

Ionotropic synaptic transmission

A

depends on extracellular Ca2+, NTs directly open ion channels

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6
Q

Metabotropic synaptic transmission

A

slowest, depends on extracellular Ca2+, synaptic transmission requires GTP

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7
Q

Temporal summation

A

either 2 EPSP’s or 2 IPSP’s on same synapse

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8
Q

Spatial summation

A

combination of either EPSPs or IPSPs from different synapses

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9
Q

conduction of PSPs down dendrites

A

degrade as they travel:

  • farther = more degradation
  • higher dendritic membrane resistance = less degradation
  • larger dendritic diameter = less degradation
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10
Q

G-protein signaling

A
  1. at rest, G protein bound to GDP
  2. transmitter binds, activates G protein, GDP exchanged for GTP
  3. G protein splits into Galpha & Gbetagamma
  4. Galpha hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and reunites with Gbetagamma
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11
Q

LTP

A

NMDA-Dependent long term potentiation

  • long lasting enhancement in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission
  • neurons that fire together wire together
  • when pre & post synaptic cells fire together, we’re more likely to get long-term potentiation
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12
Q

LTD

A

NMDA-dependent long term depression

  • a long lasting decrease in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission
  • neurons out of sync lose their link
  • reducing amplitude of synaptic transmission
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13
Q

AMPA receptors

A
  • permeable to Na and K

- opens in response to glutamate binding

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14
Q

NMDA receptors

A
  • permeable to Na, K, and Ca
  • glutamate is required; opens n response to glutamate + depolarization
  • Ca and Na IN, K OUT
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15
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin, nervous system

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

muscle

17
Q

Endoderm

A

gut

18
Q

Prosencephalon

A

telencephalon = cortex & subcortical structures
diencephalon = thalamus & hypothalamus
optic disks = retina

19
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

20
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon (pons & cerebellum)

myelincephalon (medulla)

21
Q

Rods

A

long/cylindrical
mostly in the periphery of retina
detects most wavelengths
perform best in low light, very sensitive

22
Q

Cones

A

short/tapered
mostly in fovea
each photopigment is sensitive to different wavelengths

23
Q

Rhodopsin

A

photopigments

24
Q

Dark current

A

in Dark: cGMP opens Na+ (Na comes into cell)

in Light: cGMP converted to GMP, so Na channels remain closed

25
Q

in dim light, cones are more depolarized

activated by light = hyperpolarized

A

important

26
Q

Receptive Field

A

region of a sensory surface that, when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of a neuron

27
Q

OFF bipolar

A

depolarized in dark, AMPA receptor

28
Q

ON Bipolar

A

depolarized in light, mGluReceptor closes a cation channel

29
Q

Bipolar cells have center-surround receptive fields

A

center = direct input from photoreceptors
surround = indirect PR input via horizontal cells
center & surround have opposite responses, but center is stronger than the surround

30
Q

M type retinal ganglion cells

A

in periphery
large receptive field
very sensitive to light
important for movement

31
Q

P type retinal ganglion cells

A

in fovea
small receptive fields
respond to color
detect shape

32
Q

Non M non P type retinal ganglion cells

A

color detection

33
Q

Dorsal streams

A

where pathway

to parietal cortex

34
Q

Ventral stream

A

what pathway

35
Q

Mechanoreceptor pathway

A

mechanoreceptor to spinal cord
crossover at medulla
medulla to primary somatosensory cortex

36
Q

Nociceptor pathway

A

nociceptor to spinal cord
decussation in spinal cord
info goes to thalamus
thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

BIBB 109 (31 decks)

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