Final - Recitations and Tutoring etc

Question 1

significance of Golgi stain

Answer 1

you could see morphology of whole neurons; only stains select neurons; stains whole cell instead of just soma

Question 2

1. Oligodendrocyte
2. Schwann Cell
3. Astrocyte
4. Ependymal Cell
5. Microglia

Answer 2

1. myelination, CNS
2. myelination, PNS
3. maintain extracellular space, forms BBB, provides nutrients for neurons, CNS
4. making & circulating CSF, CNS
5. clearing debris, CNS

Question 3

Formulate at least 3 different hypotheses about how axonal transport could be disrupted to cause the accumulation of
mitochondria at the axon terminal

Answer 3

• -Anything speeding up anterograde transport selectively
• -Anything slowing down retrograde transport selectively
• -Anything selectively disrupting the interaction with mitochondria and dynein

Question 4

Electrical synaptic transmission

Answer 4

fastest, bidirectional, presynaptic hyperpolarization results in an postsynaptic signal

Question 5

Ionotropic synaptic transmission

Answer 5

depends on extracellular Ca2+, NTs directly open ion channels

Question 6

Metabotropic synaptic transmission

Answer 6

slowest, depends on extracellular Ca2+, synaptic transmission requires GTP

Question 7

Temporal summation

Answer 7

either 2 EPSP’s or 2 IPSP’s on same synapse

Question 8

Spatial summation

Answer 8

combination of either EPSPs or IPSPs from different synapses

Question 9

conduction of PSPs down dendrites

Answer 9

degrade as they travel:

• farther = more degradation
• higher dendritic membrane resistance = less degradation
• larger dendritic diameter = less degradation

Question 10

G-protein signaling

Answer 10

1. at rest, G protein bound to GDP
2. transmitter binds, activates G protein, GDP exchanged for GTP
3. G protein splits into Galpha & Gbetagamma
4. Galpha hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and reunites with Gbetagamma

Question 11

LTP

Answer 11

NMDA-Dependent long term potentiation

• long lasting enhancement in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission
• neurons that fire together wire together
• when pre & post synaptic cells fire together, we’re more likely to get long-term potentiation

Question 12

LTD

Answer 12

NMDA-dependent long term depression

• a long lasting decrease in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission
• neurons out of sync lose their link
• reducing amplitude of synaptic transmission

Question 13

AMPA receptors

Answer 13

• permeable to Na and K

- opens in response to glutamate binding

Question 14

NMDA receptors

Answer 14

• permeable to Na, K, and Ca
• glutamate is required; opens n response to glutamate + depolarization
• Ca and Na IN, K OUT

Question 15

Ectoderm

Answer 15

skin, nervous system

Question 16

Mesoderm

Answer 16

muscle

Question 17

Endoderm

Answer 17

gut

Question 18

Prosencephalon

Answer 18

telencephalon = cortex & subcortical structures
diencephalon = thalamus & hypothalamus
optic disks = retina

Question 19

Mesencephalon

Answer 19

midbrain

Question 20

Rhombencephalon

Answer 20

metencephalon (pons & cerebellum)

myelincephalon (medulla)

Question 21

Rods

Answer 21

long/cylindrical
mostly in the periphery of retina
detects most wavelengths
perform best in low light, very sensitive

Question 22

Cones

Answer 22

short/tapered
mostly in fovea
each photopigment is sensitive to different wavelengths

Question 23

Rhodopsin

Answer 23

photopigments

Question 24

Dark current

Answer 24

in Dark: cGMP opens Na+ (Na comes into cell)

in Light: cGMP converted to GMP, so Na channels remain closed

Question 25

in dim light, cones are more depolarized | activated by light = hyperpolarized

Answer 25

important

Question 26

Receptive Field

Answer 26

region of a sensory surface that, when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of a neuron

Question 27

OFF bipolar

Answer 27

depolarized in dark, AMPA receptor

Question 28

ON Bipolar

Answer 28

depolarized in light, mGluReceptor closes a cation channel

Question 29

Bipolar cells have center-surround receptive fields

Answer 29

center = direct input from photoreceptors surround = indirect PR input via horizontal cells center & surround have opposite responses, but center is stronger than the surround

Question 30

M type retinal ganglion cells

Answer 30

in periphery large receptive field very sensitive to light important for movement

Question 31

P type retinal ganglion cells

Answer 31

in fovea small receptive fields respond to color detect shape

Question 32

Non M non P type retinal ganglion cells

Answer 32

color detection

Question 33

Dorsal streams

Answer 33

where pathway | to parietal cortex

Question 34

Ventral stream

Answer 34

what pathway

Question 35

Mechanoreceptor pathway

Answer 35

mechanoreceptor to spinal cord crossover at medulla medulla to primary somatosensory cortex

Question 36

Nociceptor pathway

Answer 36

nociceptor to spinal cord decussation in spinal cord info goes to thalamus thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex