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Exercise/Cardiorespiratory Physiology > Final Quiz-Microgravity, Body Composition and Human Performance > Flashcards

Final Quiz-Microgravity, Body Composition and Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between zero-g and weightlessness?

A

Zero-g: When the force of gravity reaches an absolute value of zero
Weightessness: The effect of gravity is canceled by the intertial force resulting from orbital flight.

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2
Q

What are five basic strategies to simulate a microgravity environment?

A

-Head-down bed rest
-Wheelchair confinement
-Water immersion
-Immobilization and confinement
-Parabolic flights

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3
Q

Define orthostatic intolerance.

A

Compromised venous return to the heart during upright position in a gravity environment.

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4
Q

What does the decrease in total fluid volume do to the heart during the first few days microgravity?

A

Reduces total effort

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5
Q

What is NASA’s greatest biomedical concern?

A

The 1% per month loss in weight-bearing bone mass during space missions

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6
Q

Has permanent neuromuscular dysfunction been demonstrated during prolonged space missions?

A

No

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7
Q

What six systems are impacted during a microgravity environment?

A

-Cardiovascular
-Hematologic
-Fluis, electrolyte, hormonal
-Muscle
-Bone
-Neurosensory

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8
Q

How does microgravity effect the neurosensory system?

A

-Altered vestibular function
-Space motion sickness
-Altered sensory and balance information

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9
Q

What are four predominant exercise modes that have played an important role during in-flight workouts aboard space missions?

A

-Treadmill walking and running
-Cycle ergometry
-Leg rowing
-Upper and lower multijoint dynamic resistance exercise

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10
Q

Besides resistance and endurance training, what are other countermeasure strategies to to help minimize micro-gravity induced orthostatic intolerance?

A

-Fluid loading
-G-suit inflation
-Artificial gravity
-Pharmacologic agents

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11
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

Body mass (kg)/Stature (m2)

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12
Q

What is storage fat called?

A

Adipose tissue

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13
Q

The rationale for using skinfolds to estimate body fat comes from the interrelationships among what three factors?

A

-Adipose tissue directly beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat)
-Internal fat
-Whole-body density

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14
Q

What are the common anatomical sites for skinfold measurements?

A

-Suprailiac
-Triceps
-Subscapular
-Abdominal
-Upper thigh

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15
Q

What is fat patterning?

A

Refers to the distribution of body fat on the trunk and extremities.

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16
Q

What affects bioelectrical impedance analysis?

A

Hydration and skin temperature

17
Q

How does hypo and hyperhydration affect bioelectrical impedance analysis?

A

Hyophydration: Could lower % of body fat estimate
Hyperhydration: Estimates higher body fat %

18
Q

Describe the reliability of BIA?

A

Safe, relatively easy, reliable, noninvasive

19
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

Assesses changes in a muscle’s lean and fat components for multiple purposes.

20
Q

What can MRIs quantify?

A

Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

21
Q

What is dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)?

A

Reliably and accurately quantifies fat and nonbone regional lean body mass, including the mineral content of the body’s deeper bony structures.

22
Q

What are the average body fat percentages for men and women?

A

Men: 12-15%
Women: 25-28%

23
Q

What is the calculation for goal body weight?

A

Fat-free body mass/(1.00-desired %fat)

24
Q

What is the difference between lean body mass and fat-free mass?

A

Fat-free mass is devoid of all fat
Lean body mass encompasses non-sex specific essential fat

25
Q

T or F: Male swimmers tend to have a higher body fat % than marathon runners?

A

True

26
Q

What is speculated to prevent the depressed appetite of swimmers that is often accompanies by runners?

A

The lower core temperature in swim training

27
Q

What is the estimated BF%s of male and female bodybuilders?

A

Males: Between 9-9.5%
Females: Around 13%

28
Q

T of F: Female body builders tend to have less fat mass than other top female athletes

A

True, except when it comes to gymnasts

29
Q

T or F: Relative to body size, females exceed the male bodybuilders in 7 of 12 body areas.

A

True

Exercise/Cardiorespiratory Physiology (7 decks)

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