Final Quiz Flashcards
zoonoses
diseases that can transfer to humans
ex: rabies, tuberculosis, brucellosis
sick animals create….
economic and biological inefficiency
early signs of sickness (morbidity):
- loss of appetite
- listless and depressed
- droopy ears (or otherwise abnormal)
- head down, arched back
- stays separate from herd
- coughing, wheezing, labored breathing
- stiff/labored movement
disease
disturbance in structure or function of any organ/body part
types of diseases:
- non-infectious
- infectious
- parasites
Non-infectious
mechanical digestive toxins nutritional abnormal growths
mechanical
wounds; route for pathogen invasion
digestive
bloat, acidosis, etc.
toxins
chemicals (lead, nitrates)
plants (hemlock, nightshade)
nutritional
vitamin or mineral issues
infectious disease
virus
bacteria
protozoa
fungi
Raising healthy stock is primary to
animal welfare
profitability
virus
reproduces inside living cells of host;
lacks cytoplasm and thus uses metabolic action of host to replicate;
typically host & tissue specific;
may pass directly or via vector
bacteria
microscopic, single-celled, causes damage via production of toxins
protozoa
single-celled, microscopic cells, but larger than bacteria
fungi
single- or multi-celled low order plants
infectious diseases can be spread by
- contact w/ other animals
- contaminated water sources
- ingesting infected fecal matter
- vectors (mosquitos, birds)
- airborne (anthrax, respiratory)
- contaminated facilities or equipment
Edward Jenner
discovers vaccines & immune systems
immunity
system that allows for the identification of a foreign particles & the subsequent destruction or metabolism of that particle;
ability to resist infections or toxins;
is not abosolute, immunity exists in varying degrees
two forms of immunity:
natural or native
acquired resistance
natural or native immunity
genetically determined, present at birth
-ex: skin, secretions that coat respiratory and intestinal tracts, chemical make-up of body components such as stomach acid
acquired resistance immunity
- provided by action of white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages)
- occurs after encountering foreign substances (antigens)
- vaccines work within this form of immunity
antibodies
work against antigens
activation of acquired antigens
look for acquired antigens, large in size, stimulate production of antibodies
2 phases of immune system development
passive & active
passive development
newborns depend on antibodies in colostrum until their own immune system is functional;
antibody absorption in the large intestine is possible 12-36 hours after birth
active development
individual develops its own specific antibodies against invasive antigens
forms of active immunity
humoral & cell-mediated
humoral immunity
antibodies produced in response to antigens
antigen specific response
cell-mediated immunity
effective against viruses or bacteria that replicate within cells after crossing cell membranes;
circulating antibodies are too large to cross cell barriers and thus specialized lymphocytes are produced to attack intracellular pathogens
factors that inhibit immune function:
- extremes in temperature or large fluctuations in temperature
- behavioral or social stresses such as weening or transportation
- poor nutrition: low protein, low energy, or imbalanced minerals
vaccine types
modified live,
killed
modified live vaccines
- used against viral diseases;
- antigen replication occurs;
- stimulates cell mediated & humoral forms
killed vaccines
- uses dead organisms or parts of dead organisms
- no replication
- stimulates only humoral immunity
routes of administration:
- oral (by mouth)
- injection
- inhalation
- topical
oral administration
(by mouth)
- slower absorption than injection
- absorption may be incomplete, but typically longer lasting than injection (bigger dose)
types of injections:
- Intravenous (IV)
- high initial blood level; fastest effect, shortest impact - Intramuscular (IM)
- rapid absorption from aqueous solution; longer action than IV - Subcutaneous (SC)
- under skin; slightly slower absorption than IM
Herd Health Management
1) Planning in conjunction with vet
2) sanitation
3) good nutrition
4) analysis of records
5) careful sourcing of livestock
6) proper product use
7) control stress
8) effective facilities
9) staff training
* animal identification is important to HHM
