Final Quiz

Question 1

zoonoses

Answer 1

diseases that can transfer to humans

ex: rabies, tuberculosis, brucellosis

Question 2

sick animals create….

Answer 2

economic and biological inefficiency

Question 3

early signs of sickness (morbidity):

Answer 3

• loss of appetite
• listless and depressed
• droopy ears (or otherwise abnormal)
• head down, arched back
• stays separate from herd
• coughing, wheezing, labored breathing
• stiff/labored movement

Question 4

disease

Answer 4

disturbance in structure or function of any organ/body part

Question 5

types of diseases:

Answer 5

• non-infectious
• infectious
• parasites

Question 6

Non-infectious

Answer 6

mechanical
digestive
toxins
nutritional
abnormal growths

Question 7

mechanical

Answer 7

wounds; route for pathogen invasion

Question 8

digestive

Answer 8

bloat, acidosis, etc.

Question 9

toxins

Answer 9

chemicals (lead, nitrates)

plants (hemlock, nightshade)

Question 10

nutritional

Answer 10

vitamin or mineral issues

Question 11

infectious disease

Answer 11

virus
bacteria
protozoa
fungi

Question 12

Raising healthy stock is primary to

Answer 12

animal welfare

profitability

Question 13

virus

Answer 13

reproduces inside living cells of host;
lacks cytoplasm and thus uses metabolic action of host to replicate;
typically host & tissue specific;
may pass directly or via vector

Question 14

bacteria

Answer 14

microscopic, single-celled, causes damage via production of toxins

Question 15

protozoa

Answer 15

single-celled, microscopic cells, but larger than bacteria

Question 16

fungi

Answer 16

single- or multi-celled low order plants

Question 17

infectious diseases can be spread by

Answer 17

• contact w/ other animals
• contaminated water sources
• ingesting infected fecal matter
• vectors (mosquitos, birds)
• airborne (anthrax, respiratory)
• contaminated facilities or equipment

Question 18

Edward Jenner

Answer 18

discovers vaccines & immune systems

Question 19

immunity

Answer 19

system that allows for the identification of a foreign particles & the subsequent destruction or metabolism of that particle;
ability to resist infections or toxins;
is not abosolute, immunity exists in varying degrees

Question 20

two forms of immunity:

Answer 20

natural or native

acquired resistance

Question 21

natural or native immunity

Answer 21

genetically determined, present at birth
-ex: skin, secretions that coat respiratory and intestinal tracts, chemical make-up of body components such as stomach acid

Question 22

acquired resistance immunity

Answer 22

• provided by action of white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages)
• occurs after encountering foreign substances (antigens)
• vaccines work within this form of immunity

Question 23

antibodies

Answer 23

work against antigens

Question 24

activation of acquired antigens

Answer 24

look for acquired antigens, large in size, stimulate production of antibodies

Question 25

2 phases of immune system development

Answer 25

passive & active

Question 26

passive development

Answer 26

newborns depend on antibodies in colostrum until their own immune system is functional;
antibody absorption in the large intestine is possible 12-36 hours after birth

Question 27

active development

Answer 27

individual develops its own specific antibodies against invasive antigens

Question 28

forms of active immunity

Answer 28

humoral & cell-mediated

Question 29

humoral immunity

Answer 29

antibodies produced in response to antigens

antigen specific response

Question 30

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 30

effective against viruses or bacteria that replicate within cells after crossing cell membranes;
circulating antibodies are too large to cross cell barriers and thus specialized lymphocytes are produced to attack intracellular pathogens

Question 31

factors that inhibit immune function:

Answer 31

• extremes in temperature or large fluctuations in temperature
• behavioral or social stresses such as weening or transportation
• poor nutrition: low protein, low energy, or imbalanced minerals

Question 32

vaccine types

Answer 32

modified live,

killed

Question 33

modified live vaccines

Answer 33

• used against viral diseases;
• antigen replication occurs;
• stimulates cell mediated & humoral forms

Question 34

killed vaccines

Answer 34

• uses dead organisms or parts of dead organisms
• no replication
• stimulates only humoral immunity

Question 35

routes of administration:

Answer 35

• oral (by mouth)
• injection
• inhalation
• topical

Question 36

oral administration

Answer 36

(by mouth)

• slower absorption than injection
• absorption may be incomplete, but typically longer lasting than injection (bigger dose)

Question 37

types of injections:

Answer 37

• Intravenous (IV)
  - high initial blood level; fastest effect, shortest impact
• Intramuscular (IM)
  - rapid absorption from aqueous solution; longer action than IV
• Subcutaneous (SC)
  - under skin; slightly slower absorption than IM

Question 38

Herd Health Management

Answer 38

1) Planning in conjunction with vet
2) sanitation
3) good nutrition
4) analysis of records
5) careful sourcing of livestock
6) proper product use
7) control stress
8) effective facilities
9) staff training
* animal identification is important to HHM