FINAL QUIZ Flashcards
what are the elements of design?
point, line, shape, form, texture, space, value, and color.
what is a point?
a two dimensional mark
what is a line?
a point (dot) in motion
what is a outline?
An outline is an actual line, a concrete mark that defines the boundary or outer edge of an object or figure
what is a contour line?
A contour line is not an actual line but an edge that is perceived where a three-dimensional form curves away from the viewer
what types of line patterns are there?
hatching, crosshatching, stippling, and scumbling
what is hatching?
closely spaced parallel lines
what is crosshatching?
dense patterns of crisscrossed lines
what is stippling?
a more or less dense pattern of dots
what is scumbling?
dense patterns of scribbled, multidirectional lines
what is shape?
defined by boundaries of line or color and used to emphasize a portion of the composition
what is form?
The three-dimensionality of objects, shapes, etc.
what is texture?
The tactility of the medium, visually or physically
what is positive space?
used as a space delineated by line, color, shape, etc.
what is negative space?
use of unadorned space in a composition
what is figure-ground reversal?
when the foreground, positive space (figure) and the background, negative space (ground) have interchangeable and equally weighted roles in a composition
what is a rubin vase?
A Rubin vase is a classic example of a figure-ground reversal in which figure can become ground and vice versa
what is value?
The lightness or darkness of an object or hue
what is chiaroscuro?
creates the illusion of three-dimensionality through gradations of light and shade
Grays that result from mixing various amounts of black and white are
achromatic
Grays that are closer to black are in the _____ range
low-key
Grays that are closer to white are in the_____ range
high-key
what is color?
The light reflected off a surface perceived by the eye, translated through the optic nerve, and received by the brain; color is a function of light
what is hue?
purest form of pigment. Most highly saturated and most vibrant
what is tint?
hue + white (pigment becomes LIGHTER in value)
what is tone?
hue + grey (pigment can become LIGHTER or DARKER in value, but always more NEUTRAL)
what is shade?
hue + black (pigment becomes DARKER in value)
what is traditional primary?
red, yellow, blue
what is traditional secondary?
violet, orange, green
what is traditional tertiary/intermediate?
yellow-green, blue-green, red-violet, blue-violet, yellow-orange, red-orange
what should traditional tertiary/intermediate always be named?
Primary + Secondary
what are complementary colors?
colors opposite each other on the color wheel. When combined, they turn neutral
what are the principles of design?
pattern, contrast, emphasis, balance, proportion/scale, harmony, rhythm/movement
what is pattern?
A regular arrangement of alternated or repeated elements or motifs
what is contrast?
The juxtaposition of different elements of design
what is emphasis?
Special attention given to one part of a work of art through placement, contrast, color, size, or repetition
what is focal point?
the primary point of visual interest in a work of art
what are the methods for creating emphasis?
directional lines, contrast, placement
what is balance?
When elements are arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically to create the impression of equality in weight or importance
what is proportion/scale?
The relationship between objects with respect to size, number, etc., including the relationship between parts of a whole
what is harmony?
The arrangement of elements to give the viewer a feeling that all parts of a piece form a coherent whole
what is rhythm/movement?
Use of recurring elements to direct the movement of the eye throughout the work
what is a medium?
materials and tools that artists use to create a work of art
One way in which artists suggest space is varying the size of objects and figures
scale and perspective
how does relative size affect objects and figures?
Objects and figures that are supposed to appear closer to the viewer will be sized larger than objects and figures of the same type that are perceived as farther away
how does overlapping affect relative size?
Overlapping creates the illusion of space through imitating the real-world effect of closer objects obscuring objects that are farther away. Overlapping often works hand-in-hand with relative size
what is linear perspective?
the formal systems developed by artists to portray three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional space
how doe viewers observe linear perspective?
Viewers observe objects from a vantage point
what is a vanishing point?
The point at which objects “vanish”
what is a horizon line?
the line where the earth and sky meet
in one-point perspective…
the artist places a single point on the horizon line—typically in the exact center
what are orthogonals?
diagonal lines that extend from the four corners
what are transversals?
Lines that are parallel to the horizon line
what is two-point perspective?
represents the recession of objects seen from an angle, or obliquely.
In two-point perspective, the imaginary sight lines that extend from the edges of cubes converge at two points on the horizon
what is optical representation?
the representation of figures and objects from a single vantage point
what is conceptual representation?
assembles the distinctive characteristics of figures and objects as they are viewed from different perspectives rather than a single, fixed vantage point
The combination of different perspectives is also called a composite view or twisted perspective
what is proportion?
the comparative size relationship, or ratio, of things to one another
A canon of proportions establishes rules about the dimensions of body parts in relation to one another
Polykleitos…
developed a canon of proportions that became the standard for creating the ideal figure
Drawing is
the most basic, perhaps the most instinctive, two-dimensional art form
Drawings may
serve as preliminary sketches for articulating ideas. be complete works of art themselves
Conventional drawing materials can be divided into two groups
- Dry mediums include metalpoint, pencil, charcoal, chalk, pastel, and wax crayon
- The primary fluid medium used in drawing is ink, and the typical instruments used to carry this medium are pen and brush
Pencils
A pencil consists of a mixture of graphite powder (a form of carbon) and clay that is baked and hardened and encased in wood or paper
The relative hardness or softness of a pencil’s lead depends on the quantity of clay in the mixture
what is the history of charcoal?
Charcoal has a long history as a drawing implement, going back to Stone Age artists who created images on the walls of caves with crumbly pieces of burnt wood or bone
Charcoal sticks are now available in textures that range from …
hard to soft
the charcoal sticks may be …
sharpened with sandpaper to form fine and clear lines or may be dragged flat across the surface to create diffuse areas of varied tone
while pens and brushes are the most conventional tools for applying ink to paper, there are …
limitless ways to do it, from sponges to sticks to fingertips.
The earliest pens were fashioned from hollow reeds…
Beginning in the nineteenth century, mass-produced metal nibs became preferred writing instruments
Pen and ink drawings are essentially linear
The quality of line in brush-and-ink drawing will depend on whether the brush is …
bristle or nylon, thin or thick, pointed or flat tipped
The brush-and-ink medium may also …
employ wash—diluted, watery ink
