Final Questions Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
The leading cause of poor health globally is
A
Poverty
2
Q
What percentage of water is avaliable for drinking?
A
only a fraction of 1% for drinking, irigation and idustrial use.
3
Q
What amout of water is used for agriculture?
A
Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water use
4
Q
Average american drink uses how much water at home everyday?
A
uses a hundred gallons of water at home every day.
5
Q
In developing countries, nearly how people worldwide have no access to clean water?
A
In developing countries, nearly one billion people worldwide have no access to clean water.
6
Q
What are reasons for lack of clean water?
A
CLimate, poverty, Rural dwellers adn pollution.
7
Q
Which are waterborne illnesses and parasites
A
Diarrheal diseases. 3rd leading cause of mortality adn morbidity.
8
Q
Hiv is
A
a retroviruse. RNA
9
Q
Adults and cildren estimated to be living with HIV in 2011 globally
A
is 34.3 million
10
Q
Estimated number of adults and children newly infected with HIV in 2011 globally
A
is 2.5 million
11
Q
HIV in the united states in 2009
A
higher in MSM(men who have sex with men)
Ethnicity African acmerican 15:1
Hispanic american 3:1
12
Q
Modes of trasmission for HIV?
A
Blood, semen/Genital secretions, and vertical.
13
Q
What is the higest risk of HIV transmission?
A
Transfusion of 1 unit of blood(90-95), from mother to fetus/infant)6-29, and highest during birth.
14
Q
what is the The major force maintaining the epidemic is persons of HIV?
A
The major force maintaining the epidemic is persons who do not know they are infected
15
Q
Impact of the HIV/Aids epidemic in developing ocutnries alteration of the produces:dependent ratio?
A
Decreased productivity due to illness Removal of producers by death Increased number of dependents: Sick babies Increased number of orphans
16
Q
impact of the HIV/Aids epidemic On the Economic and Political Well-Being of the Nation
A
Alteration of the producer:dependent ratio
Increased health care costs
Social impact
Political impact
17
Q
Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Developing Countries Political impact?
A
Political instability
Increased dependency on rich nations
18
Q
DEFINITIONS OF SURVEILLANCE KEY ELEMENTS (Detels, 1989)
A
Collection of health data expressly for use in health planning, disease control/ prevention, and/or health promotion Ongoing collection of data Timely analysis Easily understood Dissemination of results Action based on results Periodic evaluation of the system
19
Q
WHat are the uses of survellance systems?
A
Prevalence/incidence of disease and/or risk factors
Emerging diseases
Geographic distribution
Risk group distribution
20
Q
What is the difference between surveillance and screening?
A
surveillance Data collection to measure magnitude, changes, and trends in populations. Screeing testing to identify individuals with infection or disease.
21
Q
What to you want find for surveillance? What to you want to find for reservoir?
A
surveillance want to find a representative sample. for finding the reservoir want to find infected individuals.
22
Q
Analysis of surviellance includes?
A
changes in prevalence of infeciton, disease, and risk activites.
23
Q
surveillance systems for sentinel groups include?
A
high-risk individual, vulnerable individualsm exposed individual and population surrogates.
24
Q
What is the most prevalent STI in the US?
A
1) Herpes,
2) Genital HPV,
3) Chlamdia,
25
What are the non reportable STDs?
Herpes simplex virus, Human papillomavirus, Tichomonas vaginalis
26
The most common STD in Los Angels is?
Chlamydia
27
CHlamydia rates in los angeles county
are highest among black women and black males
28
Gonorrhea
second most common bacterial STD in US. High infection rate from MSM.
29
Gonorrhea rates in Los Angeles County
highest among black females and males in los angeles county.
30
Genital infection in Men
Urethritis, Epididymitis
31
Genital infection in women
Cervicitis, Urethritis
32
Syphilis
most syphilis is among MSM
33
HIV co-infection
syphilis/HIV is the higest
34
Estimated percentage of new infections by sex 2006
Men 73% and women 26%.
| Men who have sex with men is highest.
35
www.inSPOTLA.org
promotes STD and HIV testing and treatment
36
HPV associated
with HPV types 16,18, 6, 11. HPV vaccination will help lead to an eventural reduction in cervial cancer morbidity and mortality.
37
Herpes simplex virus type 1
Type 1: cold sores, fever blister-higest incidence in childhood.
38
Hepes simplex virus type 2
entirely genital;oral infection:
| predictors: lifetime number of sex partners, female gender, african american, older age.
39
Asymptomatic viral shedding
most people with genital HSV-2 shed virus asmptomatically. about 70 perecent of transmission.
40
Www. donthinkknow.org
postcards and on buses.
41
Methyl iodide
Proposed use primarily for strawberries-methyl iodide to replace methyl bromide
42
Benzene
caused leukemia
43
environmental health
Problems require fundamental shift in culture, politics and attitudes; we must change the SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
44
What were the key environmental successes during the past century?
```
Decline in infectious disease
Smoking and cancer
Elimination of lead from gasoline and paint
Seat belts
Fluoride in water
```
The social environment
45
Chromium VI and cancer
Chromium VI is a potent human carcinogen, but still widely used-are there alternatives-high priority, why is the State not proactive.significant increases in tumors at sites rarely seen in lab animals, oral cavity and mice small intense.
46
Percentage of population covered under public programs is lowest
in the United States.
47
Percentage of population uninsured in 2007
is higest in the united states.
48
Infant mortality rate is higest in 2007
is higest in the Unites States.
49
Readmitted to Hospital or wen tot ER from complications during recovery is highest
in the United states
50
Features of U.S Healht care system
insurance coverage not universal, emloyers do not have to offer coverafe, individuals do not have to purchase coverage, change on january 1, 2014. no overall budget, rationing is largely carried ou on demand rather than supply.
51
Patient protection and affordable care act of 2010 (ACA)
most provisions fo to effect on january 1, 2014
52
KWASHIORKOR
(protein deficiency: mainly seen in young children) • Low-serum albumin
53
MARASMUS
(total energy depletion)
54
more main deficiencies of nutrition
Stunting Stunting
Mental deficiency as in iodine deficiency Mental deficiency as in iodine deficiency
Iron deficiency (Anemia and Cognitive Iron deficiency (Anemia and Cognitive
problems)
Folate deficiency (Anemia and Risk of Neural Folate deficiency (Anemia and Risk of Neural
Tube defects)
Tube defects)
B12 (Severe Anemia and Impaired Cognition)
55
Ecclusice breast feeding(EBF)
for first 4-6 months. Those not EBF have double the infant mortality rate as bret fed infants in developing countries.
56
Iron deficiency
Anemia
| •Impaired cognitive function. source animal food
57
Vitamin A Deficiency
Irreversible blindness
58
Zinc deficiency
Stunting. source animal food
59
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
Seen in vegetarians, or those on low animal source foods.• Seen in vegetarians, or those on low animal source foods
• Brain and CNS development
60
Folic acid
Neural tube defects from poor folate intake in first trimester of pregnancy
61
Calcium
Needed early and throughout life to prevent osteoporosis,Prevents rickets post-weaning, even in tropics, Prevents hypertension
62
Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency, now known to be widespread, both in developing and developed countries
63
Iodine Deficiency
Severely affected infant at birth with cretinism • Severe growth and mental retardation- irreversible
64
Public health approaches to modifying intake in the prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies
Dietary diversification,Micronutrient Fortification,Supplementation
65
Nutrition transition in developing countries
Double burden of malnutrition and over-nutrition and obesity in urban areas of developing countries
66
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Benefits now being significantly reduced by current congress***
67
Life expectancy at age 65
50% increase in last century, racial disadvantage continues into old age
68
Leading causes of death falling persona ge 75-84
Heart disese, CBV, cancer
69
disease patterns of the elderly
diabetes 1998=13%Daibetes=2009=20.5%
70
Age-adjusted disability
rate falling
71
What populations have poor survival?
What are the causes of disparities in survival?
How can we eliminate disparities?
Racism,Sexism, Ageism,Classism
72
Causes of cancer adn other chronic diseases
5% due to genetics, 95% due to lifestyle, environment adn diet, culture form forms lifestule
73
Age-adjusted deaht rates for disease for the heart among women 1996-1998
Is highest among african american women adn lowest in asain/pacific islander
74
Major causes od death in the U.S
Women have higer rates than men for CVD adn daibetes
75
Uderlying causes of most chroic diseases
tobacco use, poor diet/lack of excercise, adn alcohol use
76
smoke rates among thnic populationa dn gener
```
native americna highest)40.8_
females higher (20.7)
```
77
behavior is influenced by
cultural beliefs, minority status
78
LEading causes of death for asian males adn females, california, 1997-2001
Male-cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease.
| Female-Cancer, Hear disease, cerbrovascular
79
most common cancer in 1997-2001 among asian/pacific islanders. males and female
male-prostate
| femlae-breast
80
Non-communicable Diseases
NCD is a medical condition or disease, which is not communicable or infectious (but they may be related to infections such as infection-related cancers)
81
Porportion of global NCD death uner the age of 0 years by cause, 2008
1)Cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic repirtaroy
82
noncommunicable disease are higest where
in low middle icnome. Higest in males compared to females.
83
Tumor
is a disorder of cells, neoplasm is the autonomous growth of tissue that have escaped the normal restraints on cell proliferation and exhibit varying degrees of fidelity to their precursors.
are irreversivlesm and their growth is for the msot part, autonomous
84
Benign tumors
do not penetrate (invade) adjacent tissue borders, nor do they spread (metastasize) to distant sites. are more differentitated
85
Malignant tumors
are capable of invasion (spread of the neoplasms into adjacent structures) and metastasis (implantation of the neoplasms into noncontiguous sites).
86
Incidence and mortality, world 2008
male-lung
| female-breast
87
Change in US death rates from 1991 to 2001
Heart diseases, cancer and cerevrovascular disease decreased.
88
Ten Leading cancers in the U.s 2013
Highest prostate, second, breast, Lung&Bronchus
89
Cancer incidence rates by sex us, 1975-2009
Men have more compared to women
90
Cancer incidence rates and ethnicity 2005-2009
highes in african american males.
91
Leading causes of DEATH from cancer 2013 entimate
lung&Bronchus, Colorectum, breast, pancreas
92
Trends in the NUmber of cancer deaths among men and women
Decreasing rate by increasing number because fo the aging and growth of the US popualtion
93
Diabetes
is predicted to become the seventh leading cause of death in the world by the year 2030.
94
Trends in tobacco
1964 release of the firs tsurgeon generals report on tobacco and health it went down.
95
Top leading causes of death in the world 2011
ishaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infection
96
Antigenic drift
results of errors in replication and lack of repair mechanism to correct errors. reassortment of gentic materials when concurrent infection of different strains occurs in the smae host.
97
HIN1
deaths by age in 2009 hishest among 25-49 years. reservoir in wild birds and ducks
98
• Biomedical␣interventions
– Vaccines,␣pharmaceutical␣treatments,␣&␣medical␣ devices␣to␣prevent␣&␣treat␣disease
99
• Behavioral␣interventions
– Programs␣that␣help␣people␣change␣their␣behaviors␣
| to␣prevent␣&␣manage␣disease
100
Structural interventions
change in access, availbility, or acceptability
101
Knowledge, attitudes, adn beliefs
knowlesge may be necessary but is often not sufficient for ebhavior changes
102
Evidence based interventions(EBI)
systematic programs to support behavior change. Typically a manual guides training and implementation. more structured than an evidence-based practice
103
Rogers behavior change theories
diffusion of innovation(rogers)
| community-level, innovators, early, middle, late adopters
104
Technology-mobile phones
5 standardized functions for behavioral intv. Inform, train, monitor, shape, support
105
The fucntion of public health
assesment, policy change, assurance
106
Correlation coefficient or r
to study the degree of the relationship between two variables, we estimate a quantity called the correlation coefficient r.
107
CHic square
to thorrougly test whether helmet use does reduce the risk of head injury, we need to observe a larger sample. This type of data presentation is called 2X2 table. The test we used is called the chi-square test.
108
Multiple Regression analysis
Outcome y, is continuous.
109
Logistic regression analysis
Outcome, Y, is binary
110
mentl illness that is perceived dangerousness
schizophrenia-55%
| Depression-33%
111
Major depressice disorder
2+ weeks depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. at least four additional symptoms.
112
Schizophrenia
at least 2 symptoms present during 1 month period
113
pravelence of mahor depression
gender ratio femal;male 2;1
114
who it at most risk?
native american,
115
Social causation adn social selction
Adverse circumstances of life coupled with lack of resources lead ot mentla disorders, people with mentla disorder sare selcted into lower education adn occupational postions because of their conditions. Boeht of these process contribute to the association between SES adn some mental disorders to some defree.
116
Median age of onset of any disorder is
median=14
117
Median age world
28.4 todal
male 27.7
female 29
118
Life expectany world
65 for males
| 69 for females
119
THe global fertility rate
has dropped from 5 to 2.5 in roughly 50 years, and the average woman in developin countires now has three children down from six.
120
Poor versus rich countries: Deaths of children under 5 years of age:
20:1
121
Malnutrition
10:!
