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Psych 2074 > Final Psych Exam > Flashcards

Final Psych Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What can sex and gender shape

A
  • Identities
  • Interpersonal interactions
  • Opportunities
  • Societal Institutions
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2
Q

Androgyny

A

High levels of both stereotypically male-types and female-typed traits

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3
Q

Agender

A

People who feel ungendered

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4
Q

% of people born intersex

A

1.7% of people are born intersex

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5
Q

Patriarchal

A

men/fathers occupy leadership positions in society

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6
Q

Matriarchal

A

women/mothers are in leadership positions - there are no known matriarchies

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7
Q

Equality

A

treating everyone the same regardless of backgrounds or differences

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8
Q

Equity

A

treating everyone fairly by considering backgrounds and differences

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9
Q

3 Central ideas about gender

A
  • it is the most fundamental aspect of a persons identity
  • Cultural ideas about gender influence every aspect of a persons life
  • We never see gender - it emerges when we experience differences
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10
Q

Sex

A
  • Biological and physiological characteristics (genitalia, sex chromosomes, reproductive hormones)
  • Labels are male, female, and intersex
  • Assigned at birth, typically used to assign a gender label
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11
Q

Gender

A
  • Attributes, traits, interests, attitudes, stereotypes, appearance, and socialization practices that correspond with ones sex category
  • Label and categorize as masculine, feminine, androgynous, agender
  • Socially and culturally prescribed meanings and associations with sex categories
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12
Q

Gender identity

A

How they see themselves and name their gender

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13
Q

Cisgender

A

experience match between assigned sex and gender they feel they belong to

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14
Q

Transgender

A

experience mismatch between assigned sex and the gender they feel they belong to

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15
Q

Agender

A

does not feel sense of belonging to any sex and/or gender category

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16
Q

Gender expression

A

How people demonstrate and communicate their gender through the ways they act, dress, behave, interact (clothing, hairstyles, mannerisms)

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17
Q

Gender Privilege

A

Refers to an automatic, unearned advantage that accompanies membership in certain social groups

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18
Q

Women are just as interested in casual sex as men but might decline because of:

A
  1. unfamiliar men might pose a danger
  2. women become stigmatized for having casual sex
  3. women don’t expect sex with a stranger to be pleasurable
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19
Q

Variance

A

measure of how far the scores in a distribution vary, on average, from the mean of the distribution

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20
Q

Maximalist approach

A

a tendency to emphasize differences between members of different sex groups and view them as qualitatively different

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21
Q

Minimalist approach

A

emphasize similarities between members of different sex groups

22
Q

Gender diagnosticity (GD) Score

A

estimated probability that an individual is male or female given the individuals gender related interests. At GD score of .85 means the individual han an 85% chance of being male and a 15% chance of being female

23
Q

Experiment

A

research design the researcher systematically manipulates one or more independent variable to observe whether it causes changes in dependent variables

24
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

mimics the appearance of a true experiment, but researcher lacks control over one or more manipulations

25
Q

Person-by-treatment design

A
  • a quasi-experimental design
  • researcher selects people who differ on some participant variable then randomly assigns them to different conditions of an independent variable.
26
Q

Ex post facto designs

A

researchers compare groups of people to see if they differ on some dependent variable of interest.

27
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a qualitative technique for analyzing the results across a set of individual studies

28
Q

Androcentrism

A

defines men and their experiences as universal and treats women and their experiences as deviations from the male norm

29
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

defines white as universal and treats other ethnic groups as deviations from the norm

30
Q

Heterocentrism

A

defines heterosexuality as universal and treats other sexuality groups as deviations from the norm

31
Q

Paternalism

A

relating to others in the manner of a “father dealing with his children”, including domination, protection, and affection

32
Q

Neurosexism

A

interpreting findings from neuroscience research in ways that reinforce gender stereotypes without evidence

33
Q

Intersex

A
  • individuals where the biological comptonets of sex so not consistently fit either the typical male pattern of the typical female pattern
  • 1-2% cases, babies are born intersex
  • Also known as differences of sex development (DSDs)
34
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of the biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed

35
Q

Optimal sex

A

the binary sex perceived to be the most advantageous to assign a newborn whose genitals appear atypical at birth

36
Q

Gender confirmation procedures

A

procedures that transgender individuals sometimes seek to align physical bodies with psychological identities

37
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

explains human thought and behaviour in terms of genetically heritable adaptations that evolved because they helped ancestral humans survive and reproduce

38
Q

Biosocial constructionist theory

A

explaining how biological differences between women and men lead to sex-based labour divisions in society

39
Q

Natural selection

A

evolutionary process by which heritable features that increase the likelihood of an organisms survival get passed down through genes

40
Q

Sexual selection

A

evolutionary process by which heritable features that increase the likelihood of mating get passed down through genes

41
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

process by which heritable features get passed down because they give an animal a competitive advantage against same sex animals for access to mates

42
Q

Intersexual selection

A

process by which heritable features get passed down because they give an animal an advantage by increasing its attractiveness to other-sex mates

43
Q

Double standard of aging

A

the idea that women’s social value declines with age as their beauty and sex appeal fade, while men’s value increases with age as their life experience and social status increase

44
Q

Physiological sex differences

A
  • Immune response: female-bodied mount stronger responses to infections
  • Muscle mass and body fat: Male-bodied have more muscle mass and less body fat post-puberty
45
Q

Communion

A

dimension reflecting traits such as warmth, connectedness, and kindness
- women are stereotyped as high on communion

46
Q

Agency

A

dimension reflecting traits such as competence, assertiveness, and competitiveness
- men are usually stereotyped as higher on agency

47
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Anxiety individuals feel when concerned that their behaviour or performance might confirm a negative group stereotype

48
Q

Gender prescriptions

A

traits people believe women and men should have

49
Q

Gender proscriptions

A

traits people believe women and men should not have

50
Q

Power

A

capacity to determine one’s own and others outcomes

51
Q

Hostile sexism

A

antipathy toward women that is characterized by the belief that they pose a threat to men’s position – status and dominance is threatened

52
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

overtly positive view of women in which they are seen as necessary for men’s happiness, and superior in a number of ways – for example, more moral and kind

Psych 2074 (1 decks)

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