FINAL PSYCH 345A Flashcards

Question

highest rates of heavy drinking age group?

Answer 1

young men 20-24

Answer 2

* Cardiovascular Problems – Inflammation of Heart Muscle – Irregular Heart Contractions – Fatty accumulation in heart and arteries – High Blood Pressure * Cancer – Esophagus, Pharynx, Larynx, Breast - breast cancer, 41% of women who had 2-5 drinks/day - cancer may be due to immunosuppression effects and carcinogenic effects

Answer 3

* Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome – Permanent diffuse damage to hippocampus and cerebral cortex – Memory problems – Primarily due to malnutrition, but other factors may play a role wernickies encephalopathy - due to efficiency in vitamin B (thiamin) - can be reveresed w vit therapy - neuronal death due to vit B deficiency, inability to synthesize glucose. interferes with absorption of vitamin alcohol will kill off brain cells - can cause irreversible brain damage

Answer 4

* Can develop with heavy use re: effects of mood and behavior * Minimal tolerance re: depressant actions of respiration * Mechanisms responsible: – Increased # of Cytochrome P450 enzymes – Increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver and stomach – Increased activity of MEOS – Down regulation of GABA receptors – Upregulation of NMDA receptors – Behavioral compensation * move more slowly to compensate for loss of coordination acute tolerance can develop - more pronounced effects when blood alcohol levels are rising

Answer 5

* Psychological and physiological dependency can develop (need to consume lots for months to get physiological dependence) "hair of the dog" kind of like secondary psychological dependencey * Withdrawal can be life-threatening - can have heart failure occur low depressed mood with withdrawal can cause suicide - hallucinations can cause suicides * Withdrawal symptoms begin in 6-48 hours - after stopping consumption * Two clusters of symptoms person she worked with - head injury, withdrawal, hallucinations ... (due to opiates after injury?)

Answer 6

* More common cluster - significant rem sleep (rem-rebound, agressive sleep_ * Characterized by: – Insomnia, vivid dreaming – Tremors, sweating, agitation, n/v, increased hr and bp could have sroke due to increased BP * Peak in 24-36 hours, typically over in 48

Answer 7

Delirium Tremens * less common cluster * More dangerous * Characterized by: – Extreme disorientation – Fever, profuse sweating – Periods of hallucinations * see small animals, insects * antipsychotics might be given to deal with * Fever, sweating can lead to heart failure and dehydration * Suicide sometimes seen - agitation and tenseness remains. loss of pleasure - dsyphoria, low mood

Answer 8

FALSE - nerve cells die by vitamin deficienceies

Answer 9

FALSE - its easy ish to do this (17 shots in a row ...)

Answer 10

2 drinks per week

Answer 11

- some (less that 3) reduces risk of diabetes t2 - prevents blood clotting, prevents stroke

Answer 12

THE OPIATES Definitional Issues ▪ Naturally occurring, derived, and synthetic compunds with analagesic properites ▪ Often referred to as “narcotic analgesics”

Answer 13

▪ Morphine, codeine, and thebaine found in opium ▪ Opium is the sap from seedpods of opium poppy (white milky oooze) ▪ Morphine – 10% ▪ Codeine - .75 to 2.5 % ▪ Thebaine - <1%

Answer 14

Heroin - derived from ** ▪ Other examples ▪ Hydromorphone (derived from morphine), Oxycodone (derived from _thebane___, Oxymorphone (can be derived from codnine) Hydrocodone can be derived from thebaine adding acetyle groups makes heroin more lipid soluble and more potent than morphine

Answer 15

▪ Meperdine - very common, less potent painkiller than morphine ▪ Methadone - to treat chronic pain & for opioid dependencey (less potent) - as potent as morphine for pain, less potent euphoric effects ▪ Other examples ▪ Fentanyl - first used for chronic pain (needed to put ppl under for surgeries, marketed in tablets for chronic pain w cancer, also marketed as a slow release patch) later used on streets. in 2005, many deaths associated w fentanyl use... 30-50 times more potent than heroin (ppl think theyre buying heroin, but laced w fentanyl LAMM - for chronic pain , buprenorphine, tramadol - synthetic opitate. laurie mentioned that this dosent work for her - she thinks it might have to do with her alcohol use (cross tolerance w opiates and alcohol)

Answer 16

▪ Useful in treating overdoses ▪ Naloxone (brand name/trade name, Narcan) ▪ Nalorphine - reverse depressed breathing within minutes - effects dont last long - will need another dose

Answer 17

synthetic opioid - sometimes used recreationally - new brunswick - call it "hillbilly heroin"

Answer 18

Uses ▪ Medical uses include ▪ Treatment of pain ▪ Treatment of diarrhea ▪ Treatment of cough

Answer 19

▪ Medical use dates back hundreds of years ▪ Documented in Egyptian medical scrolls dating back to 1550 BC ▪ In second century AD, Galen recommended it for practically everything children crying ▪ Medical use dates back hundreds of years ▪ Documented in Egyptian medical scrolls dating back to 1550 BC ▪ In second century AD, Galen recommended it for practically everything women for menstrual pain, melancholy ▪ In 1520, medicinal drink called laudanum introduced - w alcohol, up to 46-45% alcohol ... plus opium - marketed as "mrs. winslow soothing syrup_ - given names that are misleading, for kids... a fix all (opioids abused and over prescribed) ▪ Recreational use dates back hundreds of years (at least!) ▪ 2nd Century AD: Galen noted that opium cakes and candy sold everywhere on the street - popular, socially acceptable ▪ 18th Century: Opium Dens Appear in China, and elsewhere (e.g, North America, Asia, France) With Chinese “Invention” of Opium Smoking - heating and inhaling the opium - ppl are given the drug and the paraphernalia needed in these dens - very long pipes, reclined while smoking ▪ Up until early to mid 1800s, opium use was widely socially accepted and not perceived as a social or medical problem – despite large number of individuals being addicted ▪ Mid to late 1800s saw some governmental efforts in US and Britain to regulate use and selling of drug - Due to concern about negative consequences of chronic opium use or anti-Chinese prejudice? - ** problem w drug, or racism? ▪ San Franciso Newspaper Quote “…many women and young girls, as wellas young men of respectable family, were being induced to visit the dens, where they were ruined morally and otherwise” - newspaper expresses concerns about opioid use - no mention of alcohol ▪ Canada: Opium Act, 1908: prohibited the - “importation, manufacture, and sale of opium for other than medicinal purposes” ▪ Canada: Opium and Narcotic Act, 1911: prohibited the - “improper use of Opium and other drugs

Answer 20

- depresses, ate opium in a cake - felt a resurrection, pains vanished - finds happiness, its portable ecstacy, peace of mind ...

Answer 21

MOA Opiates will be administered ▪ Orally (cake, tablets) ▪ Parenterally ▪ Via inhalation ▪ Transdermally (slow release for chronic pain)

Answer 22

Distribution ▪ High concentrations in lungs, liver, spleen ▪ Readily passes thru placental barrier - baby can experience withdrawal ▪ In brain, concentrated in limbic system, basal ganglia, nucleus acumbens, ventral tegmental areas, periaqueductal gray area (pain area), brain stem

Answer 23

Metabolization ▪ Codeine and much of heroin inactive until metabolized ▪ Metabolization is rapid ▪ Exception is some of the synthetic compounds (e.g., methadone (8-10 hrs 1/2 life), LAAM (48hrs)) these synthetic have longer half life - this makes them helpful for dependencey heroin becomes morphine, coedine becomes morphine and other stuff

Answer 24

Pharmacological Actions ▪ Mimic endorphins ▪ Agonist action at six types of receptors: mu, kappa, delta most understood - also sigma, epsalon, landa receptors ... ▪ Decrease rate of neuronal firing via two mechanisms: ▪ Inhibiting Ca influx ▪ Enhance flow of K hyperpolarizes the neuron - decreases NTs released and decreased release of NE and dopamine and ACh ▪ Increase firing in some neurons by preventing inhibition of those neurons (inhibition prevented by depressing/inhibiting “inhibitory “synapses) - decreased firing causes release of dopamine

Answer 25

analgesic effects activated thru Mu (respiratory in brain step) , delta (cough) , and chemoreceptor (vomiting centre) increased activity in periaqueductal grey area, released serotonin in raphe nuclei - synapse with interneurons at spinal cord - when synpaseing here, serotonin binds to ...release of encephalons , bind to opioid receptors on interneurons axons carrying pain signals .. reduce release of substance P 1 neuron activates another ▪ Depress respiratory center ▪ Suppress cough center ▪ Depress vomitting center ▪ Drowsiness ▪ Decrease levels of sex hormones - reduces sex drive, stops menses (18th century, prostitutes would use as birth control) - muscle mass inhibited

Answer 26

▪ Constriction of pupil ▪ Mechanism unknown

Answer 27

Gastrointestinal Effects ▪ Diminish Peristalsis in Intestine ▪ Increase muscle tone in Intestine ▪ Above two effects lead to constipation leads to fecal dehydration

Answer 28

(1) Euphoria (2) Dysphoria - can have delusions, anger, (3) Decreased Concentration - secondary to drowsiness (4) Dulling of Emotional Pain - mediated thru limbic system and frontal lobe receptors -

Answer 29

tolerance in 8-10 days of daily use - consumption will increase 10X for same effects ▪ Develops to: ▪ Respiratory depression ▪ Analgesic ▪ Sedation ▪ Euphoria ▪ May develop to: ▪ Pupil constriction ▪ Does NOT develop to: ▪ Constipation ▪ Develops rapidly ▪ Three types: pharmakokinetic - increase enymes pharmacodynamic - decreaae in sensitivieity of receptors, changes in concentration cross tolerance - w alcohol little tolerance to intermittent use takes about a year for development if not regular

Answer 30

- craving 4-6 hrs after last use - 8-12 hrs after drug used youll see withdrawal effects ▪ Characteristic withdrawal - like a wicked case of the flu ▪ Restlessness and agitation ▪ Yawning appears ▪ Fever and chills ▪ Deep sleep - yen sleep - during sleep, theres often profuse sweating ▪ Cramps, v/d ▪ Twitching of limbs - kicking habit ▪ Profuse sweating ▪ Symptoms intensify to a peak (36 to 72 hours); over in 5 to10 days ▪ Withdrawal not typically life-threatening sometimes mild symptoms for up to a year - HR changes ... craving, wanting drug to avoid withdrawal

Answer 31

Psychological Dependence ▪ More difficult to treat than physical dependence ▪ Some success seen with Methadone and other synthetic opiates (e.g.,LAAM, buprenorphine) -there is no euphiora with these

Answer 32

Methadone Treatment ▪ Factors contributing to potential effectiveness include ▪ Oral admin - in a juice - this takes away the potentially reinforcing effects ... they are changing the environment of that drug -n encourages compliance .. going in every 2-3 days ▪ Long acting effect ▪ Antagonistic action - removes pleasurable effects of heroine (takes away the euphoria of the other drugs) ▪ Are advantages to terminate use - gives person freedom (no need to plan life around going to clinic to get methadone) - recude likelihood of being discriminated for this use (trouble getting life insurance) - effects on sex drive and relationships

Answer 33

Definitional Issues * Heterogenous group of compounds which: – Can induce hallucinations – Separate individuals from reality – Can induce psychotic-like behavior * No one single term comprehensively classifies these drugs

Answer 34

* Naturally occurring agents used for thousands of years – as most derived from plants – Ascribed magical/spirtual properties (e.g., Aztecs and psilocybin (for ritual practices), Native Americans and mescaline in peyote(sacred, spiritual practices) most from plants Harmine (tropical plant in south america, in a beverage, drink and go into a trance), DMT - compound in >50 plants, as well as insects and amphibians, can be made synthetically - this is whats in ayahuasca N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) found in ayahuasca Myristine/Elmycin Salvinorum A - salvia - from a mint plant, in a native plant in mexico Ibotinic Acid - the red with white dots mushroom (looks like the mushroom in disney)

Answer 35

LSD, ketamine, PCP marketed as a halucinacetic and analgesic ketamine is used by vets

Answer 36

Late 60s and 70s “discovered” as agents to: – Enhance and expand reality, promote personal awareness, stimulate understanding of spirtual world quote: During the next five hours, I was whirled through an experience which could be described in many elegant metaphors but which was above all and without question the deepest religious experience of my life * Present times: – Primarily used recreationally – Used in lower doses ** now being explored as drugs to be used in therapy and to treat pain ... widely explored therapeutic use much lower doses now compared to 60s

Answer 37

* Hallucinations will occur in stages: – Stage 1: visual images (e.g., spirals, grids, geometric patterns) recognized as not being real ; first seen with eyes closed than projected on surfaces when eyes opened - dots, squiggles, phospense (little balls of light) - seen on wall - eyes staring back – Stage 2: meaningful images of people, animals, places * Images can change rapidly; and changes will typically have a pattern weight images, turn into other ones * Colours shift from blues to reds as drugs effects intensify * At high doses, people will get swept up into hallucination - ppl start to interact with what they are seeing

Answer 38

* Visual * Colour, Contrast, Size Changes - more sharply defined, the objects are popping out at you - ppl see hands as gigantic! - object move around - larger objects do not move as much * Auditory * Sounds amplified, but not always clearer * Smell * More acute, but recognition can be impaired * Taste * Tastes linger, but recognition can be impaired * Touch * Tactile sensations more intense * Synesthesia - fusing of senses - sounds might have specific colours

Answer 39

- about creation and use of LSD - steve jobs use - oliver sacks - neuroscientists - LSD changed their lives (altering what they think the mind is capable of) * credit LSD for profound insights, life changing insights michael polland how to change your mind - 900 year old mushroom use - early research changed use... LSD had high potential for treating psychological disorders media in early 70s?? Nixon (drug bill..) stopped research 9war on drugs) - controlled substances act in 1970 - however, LSD does not have high change or abuse ALbert Hoffman - drug company in switzerland - injests LSD - realized this is the first acid trip (bikes home, hes separating from his body, has this magical experiences) Send LSD 25 for free to scientists across the world - LSD supported research of neurotransmitters and psychoactive drugs for theraputic purposese 50% success rate for using LSD to stop alcohol use Military - thought they could weponize LSD, put in water supply ... use as a truth serum or mind control agent Timothy Learey - promoted LSD as a free for all ...

Answer 40

* Brain areas believed to be involved in hallucinations are – Thalamus * Traffic officer for incoming sensory information * Activity modulated by glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and serotonin - does some filtering of what needs to be processed or not - most are excititory - EPSE – Cerebral Cortex * Primary and secondary cortex - - sensory - for recognition and perception of sensory information - prefrontal cortex, decreases in EPSP s – Default Mode Network * Connected brain areas in the frontal and parietal lobes that are active when someone is not focused on outside world Psychedelics alter neurotransmitter activity in thalamus – Changes in the overall balance between excitatory and inhibitory – Disrupted activity in thalamus leads to poor filtering of sensory information - more sensory info going up than is typical * Disrupted activity in thalamus leads to disruption in the connections to the cortical areas – Release of control on the Default Mode Network such that it becomes more active and more topdown processing of incoming sensory information - default mode network becomes much more active - theres more top-down processing - top down is emotions influencing what you are seeing expectations / knowledge effects what we are seeing - Over and above effects on neurotransmitter activity in the thalamus, psychedelics alter neurotransmitter activity in prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and temporal parietal cortex. * effecting the locus coeruleus - effects how novel experiences impact - increased activity - fear response, emotions -

Answer 41

Imaging studies have shown that – There is increased/overactivity from normal states in primary and secondary cortex – Auditory hallucinations associated with disrupted activity in middle and superior temporal lobes – Visual hallucinations associated with disrupted activity in occipital lobe – Tactile hallucinations – disrupted activity in primary somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex most psychedelics effect serotonin and type 2 a receptors

Answer 42

– First use in therapy – In 60s, recreational use began – Very potent drug * Effective dose can be only 10 micrograms, with only one hundreth of a percent being absorbed into brain * Rapidly absorbed into bloodstream, an distributed (most ends up in liver) * Extensively metabolized (excreted in feces) * Effects can last up to 12 hours – peak effects: 90 min to 5 hours

Answer 43

LSD * Odorless, tasteless, no colour * Usually consumed orally as “hits” * Forms include: - powder pellets - Gelatin chips - liquid - blotters (papers)

Answer 44

Mechanism of Action (1) Agonist of serotonin: activates 5-HT2A receptors - (1) Suppresses activity/output of locus coeruleus (LC) - (2) Enhances response of the LC to novelty (2) Affects activity in the medial prefrontal cortex via glutaminergic neurons (3) Inhibits firing and release of serotonin by raphe nuclei, which may be responsbile for LC suppression

Answer 45

* First Phase – Begins within 30 min – Minor physiological effects – Sensation of release of inner tension

Answer 46

* Second Phase – Occurs within 30 min and 2 hours – Characterized by 4 different effects 1. Images seen with the eyes closed 2. Synthesia 3. Perception of a multilevel reality 4. Strange and exaggerated appearances of objects or experiences

Answer 47

* Third Phase –Begins within approx 3 – 5 hours –Characterized by: 1. Great swings in emotions or panic 2. Feeling of timelessness 3. Feeling of ego disintegration, or separation of one’s mind from one’s body

Answer 48

(1) Euphoria (2) Development of Insight (3) Impaired Cognition (e.g., confusion) (4) Bizarre thoughts or feelings (e.g., can fly)

Answer 49

* Low level of “physiological toxicity” * Harmful consequences of sensory/psychological alterations * Other consequences include: (1) Flashbacks aka Hallucination Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)

Answer 50

* Reexperiencing of LSD trip or spontaneous memories of a trip complete with images, sensations, and emotions * Typically only last a few seconds * Tend to occur within first few days after a trip, then decrease in frequency, eventually disappear (caveat: some reports of years after drug taken) * Triggered by darkness, stress, fatigue, acute alcohol or cannabis intoxication, idiosyncratic factors * Unknown mechanism

Answer 51

Hallucination Persisting Perception Disorder Re-experiencing of the perceptual disturbances causing significant distress in social, occupational and other areas of functioning * Occurs primarily after LSD use, but not exclusively * Can last for weeks, months, or years * No strong correlation between occurrence and frequency of hallucinogen use * Prevalence is approx. 4.2% * Possible genetic factors re: risk of developing

Answer 52

Tolerance to both psychological and physical effects develops * Tolerance due to down regulation of 5-HT2A receptors * Disappears within approx. a week * Cross tolerance with other psychedelics - mushrooms and mescaline

Answer 53

* No physiological dependence * Some psychological dependence in some people

Answer 54

* Active ingredient in peyote cactus, San Pedro cactus, and Peruvian Torch cactus * Isolated and named in 1897 by Heffler * Synthesized in 1919 by Spath * Used to treat illness and in religious and cultural ceremonies dating back to the Aztecs * Only psychedelic sanctioned for open use by US government (Native American Church) * Entered Mainstream culture in the 1950s with publication of Huxley’s “The Doors of Perception” * Widespread use in universities until LSD and laws introduced to control all psychedelics

Answer 55

* Consumed orally * Mescal buttons have nauseous odor and bitter taste * Typical dose 200-500 mg/5-15 buttons * Rapidly and completely absorbed * Relatively long acting (4-12 hours) * Structurally similar to norepinephrine but it acts on serotonin, type 2A receptors (agonist) locus coeruleus (LC) causes that feeling of "seeing things for the first time" Cross-tolerance has been observed between LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline but not between LSD and damphetamine or THC

Answer 56

Mescaline Effects * Similar effects as LSD but 1/2000th as potent * 1st symptoms are: – Nausea, vomitting, tremors, incoordination * After approx 1 hour: – Vivid hallucinations

Answer 57

Mescaline Tolerance and Dependence * Tolerance develops rapidly * Tolerance dissipates within approx. 7 days * No physical dependence * Minimal to no psychological dependence

Answer 58

Phencyclidine (PCP) General Info * Synthetic * Developed and marketed in 1963 as an analgesic and anesthetic * Use discontinued in humans due to adverse reactions in recovery * When medical use halted, it appeared on street under a variety of names e.g., crystal, angel dust, hob

Answer 59

* Comes in various forms * Administered orally, intra-nasally, intravenously, and via inhalation * Long half life * Many psychoactive metabolites * Effects typically last 4-6 hours * Effects followed by partial or total amnesia

Answer 60

* Antagonist of glutamate and aspartate at NMDA receptors * Inhibit serotonin re-uptake * Agonistic action at opiate and adenosine receptors

Answer 61

* Dose of 5 mg – Euphoria – Slurred speech – Motor incoordination – Drowsiness – Numbness of extremities * Dose of 10 mg or more – Increased hr and bp – Sweating, nausea – Pupil dilation – Analgesia – Changes in Body Image – Prolonged visual stare – Nystagmus – Blurred or double vision – Feeling detached from others/surroundings or their own body – Amnesia – Frenzied motor activity or Catatonic Stupor – Sudden mood changes – Disorientation, confusion – Delusional thought – Repetitive stereotyped movements * Psychotic behavior disappears as drug levels decline but sometimes requires hospitalization

Answer 62

* With high doses (20 mg) – Respiratory Depression – Generalized Seizures – Pulmonary Edema * Fetal Effects – Use in pregnancy slows growth, precipates labor and causes fetal distress – Infants show muscle stiffness, tremor, irritability, and attention problems (latter can last several years) – Animal studies: widespread brain cell death

Answer 63

* With daily use, develops within 2-3 weeks * Psychological dependence develops * No clear evidence of withdrawal syndrome in humans

Answer 64

Salvinorin A General Info * Psychoactive compound found in the mint plant “Salvia divinorum” (leaves contain about .18% Salvinorin A) * Plant is indigenous in a region in Oaxaca, Mexico * Traditionally used by Mazatec shamans for health purposes and spiritual healing purposes * First reported in 1930s and psychoactive compounded identified in 1990 * Recreational use saw a rise in popularity in the 21st century * It is a Schedule IV drug in Canada * Usage is relatively low, with highest rates in teens and young adults – 2009: 1.6 % aged 15 or older (7.3% in ages 15 to 24) – 2019: 2.2 % aged 15 or older (4.8% ages 20 to 24 vs 2.1 % ages 25+)

Answer 65

* Administration – Oral * Leaves chewed; held in mouth for 20 to 30 min * Tinctures: drops into cheek * Typical dose: 30 grams of fresh leaves – Smoked/Inhalation * Dried leaves burned * Dried leaves vaporized and aerosol mixture inhaled * Typical dose: 250 to 750 milligrams * Rapidly distributed throughout body and quickly eliminated * With oral admin – Effects felt within 5 – 10 minutes, build and plateau over another hour, and then begin to slowly decline after 60 minutes * With smoking – Effects experienced within 30 seconds, peak in 5 to 10 minutes (2 minutes with vaporization) then gradually decline over 20 to 30 minutes * Cleared from the brain with an active transport mechanism * Metabolized by the liver and gallbladder * Principle metabolite is inactive

Answer 66

Salvinorin A Pharmacology * Opioid Agonist at kappa receptors * Animal studies suggest that it indirectly affects other neurotransmitter systems – Inhibiting release of dopamine in striatum, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus acumbens – Inhibiting release of serotonin in hippocampus – Stimulates release of NE in hippocampus

Answer 67

* Physiological effects – Increased sweating – Body feeling warm/hot or “chills” – Dizziness – Nausea – Intense drooling – Decreased heart rate – Experiences of rotation * Behavioral – Impaired coordination – Uncontrollable laughter * Psychological – Feeling calm, dreamy like state – Improved mood and self-confidence – Increased insight and creativity – Mind racing – Time distortions – Spirtual experiences * Psychedelic – Colourful visions of objects and designs – Perception of becoming an object – Changes in bodily form – Revisiting places from the past – Overlapping realities – “Salvia Winds”: feeling of intense sideways or downwards pressure * Effects not always pleasant * Some adverse effects are – Headaches – Drowsiness – Dysphoria – Feeling of terror and panic attacks

Answer 68

* Physiological effects – Increased sweating – Body feeling warm/hot or “chills” – Dizziness – Nausea – Intense drooling – Decreased heart rate – Experiences of rotation

Answer 69

* Behavioral – Impaired coordination – Uncontrollable laughter * Psychological – Feeling calm, dreamy like state – Improved mood and self-confidence – Increased insight and creativity – Mind racing – Time distortions – Spirtual experiences

Answer 70

* Psychedelic – Colourful visions of objects and designs – Perception of becoming an object – Changes in bodily form – Revisiting places from the past – Overlapping realities – “Salvia Winds”: feeling of intense sideways or downwards pressure

Answer 71

Study to look at crime and alcohol in inmates Computerized assessment of substance abuse Asked individuals if drug they were on when being arrested was a contributing factor and if they committed the crime in order to get a drug Found alcohol and other substances involved in 42% of attributable offenses Alcohol associated w more violent (20%) than non-violent crime (7%)

Answer 72

Nationally alcohol intoxication at time of crime in 24% of offenders Assault offenders: 39% Homicides: 34% Attempted murder: 30% Thefts: 16% Breaking and entering: 22% Number one crime under influence of alcohol is intoxicated driving