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final psych Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. Your behaviors, thoughts, feelings, memories, and identity contribute to personality.

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2
Q

Psychodynamic Perspectives

A

View personality as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and as occurring stages. Most psychodynamic perspectives emphasize that early experiences with parents play a role in sculpting personality. Sigmund Freud - sex man

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3
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Sex drive was main determinant in personality. All issues have an unconscious cause.

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4
Q

Ego

A

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. Can’t snatch a kids candy. Both unconscious and conscious

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5
Q

ID

A

The Freudian Structure of personality that consists of instincts and unconscious drives. The Individuals reservoir of sexual energy.

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6
Q

Superego

A

The Freudian Structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior and morality. Often our conscience

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7
Q

Oedipus complex

A

x According to Freud, a boy’s intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother

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8
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

The Freudian term for tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Unconscious

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9
Q

Erogenous Zone

A

1) Oral stage: ( 1-18 months) put everything in mouth
2) Anal Stage ( 18-36 months) toilet training of going and holding in
3) Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years) genital’s and children discovering self stimulation is enjoyable

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10
Q

Latency period

A

Ages 6 to puberty. A psychic time out. Setting aside all interest in sexuality.

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11
Q

Genital Stage

A

Adolescence and Adulthood. Sexual Reawakening. Involves reliving the unconscious conflicts of childhood.

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12
Q

Displacement

A

A form of defense mechanism. Directing unacceptable impulses at a less threating target.

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13
Q

Archtypes

A

The name Carl Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images in the
collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning. Art, literature, religion, and dreams

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14
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the
unconscious mind, shared by all beings because of their common ancestral past.

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15
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

States that behavior, environment and person/cognitive
factors are important in understanding personality.

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16
Q

Trait

A

An enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses

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17
Q

Trait theories

A

We describe ourselves in terms of traits. traits are building blocks of personality. Leads to certain behaviors

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18
Q

Five traits of personality

A

Openness:
Conscientiousness:
Extraversion:
Agreeableness:
Neuroticism: A measure of emotional stability,

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19
Q

Behavioral perspectives

A

Personality is learned and observable. Importance of environmental experiences. Focus on rewards and punishments. Behavior can change if new experiences are encountered.

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20
Q

Locus of control

A

Individual’s belief about whether the outcomes of their actions
depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside of their personal control
(external control)

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21
Q

Self Efficacy

A

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive
outcomes

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22
Q

Self esteem

A

The person’s overall evaluation of self-worth or self-image.

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23
Q

Humanistic Perspectives

A

Stress the person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom
and to choose a destiny, and positive qualities

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24
Q

Unconditional positive regard (end of chapter 12)

A

Rogers’ Term for accepting, valuing, and being
positive toward another person regardless of the person’s behavior

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25
Abnormal Behavior
Behavior that is deviant (atypical), maladaptive (dysfunctional), and personally distressing (despair)
26
DSM-V
Classification System. Provides a common basis for communication. Helps clinicians make predictions. Naming disorder can give comfort. Stigma though, internal causes (-), focuses on weakness not strength.
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Medical Model
A biological approach that describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin
28
Anxiety and Anxiety related disorders
Psychological disorders that include uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive. Psychological disorders that include these features: motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder that consists of persistent anxiety over at least 1 month; the individual with this disorder cannot specify reasons for the anxiety
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Panic Disorder
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Specific Phobia
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Social Anxiety Disorder
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Obsessive compulsion disorder
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PTSD
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Mood Related Disorders
Psychological Disorders in which there is a primary disturbance in mood (prolonged emotion that colors the individuals entire emotional state)
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Depressive disorders
Mood disorders in which the individual suffers depression without ever experiencing mania.
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Major depressive disorder
Indicated by a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, lasting at least 2 weeks
38
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania
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Schizophrenia (end of chapter 15)
A severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes
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Biological therapies
– Treatment to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering the way an individual’s body functions
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Anti Anxiety Drugs
Commonly know as tranquilizers, they reduce anxiety by making people calmer and less excitable
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Anti Depressant drugs
Drugs that regulate mood
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
Commonly called shock therapy, this treatment is used for severely depressed individuals; it causes a seizure to occur in the brain
44
Psychosurgery
A biological therapy that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual’s adjustment.
45
Psychotherapy
he process used by mental health professional to help individuals recognize, define, and overcome their psychological and interpersonal difficulties
46
Insight therapy
Encourages insight and self-awareness; includes the psychodynamic and humanistic therapies
47
Psychodynamic therapies
Stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of experiences in the early childhood years. The goal of the psychodynamic therapies is to help individuals recognize their maladaptive ways of coping and the sources of their unconscious conflicts.
48
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s psychotherapeutic technique for analyzing an individual’s unconscious thoughts. Freud believed that clients’ current problems could be traced to childhood experiences, involving conflicts about sexuality
49
Free association
The psychoanalytic technique of having individuals say what ever comes into their minds
50
Catharsis
The release of anger or aggressive energy by directly or vicariously engaging in anger or aggression; the catharsis hypothesis states that behaving angrily or watching other behave angrily reduces subsequent anger
51
Dream analysis
The psychotherapeutic technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret a person’s dream. Psychoanalysts believe dreams contain information about the individual’s unconscious thought and conflicts
52
Transference
The psychoanalytic term for the person’s relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual’s life
53
Interpretation
The therapist searches for symbolic, hidden meanings in what the individual says and does, and suggest possible meanings of the person’s statements and behavior
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Resistance
The psychoanalytic terms for the person’s unconscious defense strategies that prevent the analyst from understanding the person’s problems
55
Humanistic Therapies
Encourages people to understand themselves and to grow personally. The humanistic therapies are unique in their emphasis on self-healing capacities
56
Client centered therapy
Roger’s humanistic therapy in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self-concept and encourage the client to gain insight about problems
57
Gestalt therapy
Perls’ humanistic therapy in which the therapist challenges clients to help them become more aware of their feelings and face their problem
58
Behavior therapy
Uses principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior emphasis on self-healing capacities
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Systematic desensitization
– A method of behavior therapy based on classical conditioning that treats anxiety by getting the person to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing situations
60
Aversive conditioning
A classical conditioning treatment which consists of repeated pairings of the undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior’s reward
61
Behavior conditioning
The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior; especially to replace unacceptable, maladaptive behaviors with acceptable, adaptive behaviors
62
cognitive therapies
Emphasize that individuals’ cognitions or thought are the main source of abnormal behavior and psychological problems
63
Rational Emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Based on Albert Ellis’ assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of their beliefs, especially those that are irrational and self-defeating.
64
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (end of chapter 16)
Based on Albert Ellis’ assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of their beliefs, especially those that are irrational and self-defeating.
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Behavioral Medicine
An interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness.
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Health Psychology
Emphasizes psychology’s role in promoting and maintaining health and in preventing and treating illness.
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Stress
– The response of individuals to stressors, the circumstances and events that threaten and tax their coping abilities
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Type A behavior pattern
A cluster of characteristics—being excessively competitive, hard driven, and hostile—thought to be related to incidence of heart diseas
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Type B behavior pattern
A relaxed and easygoing personality
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Type C behavior Pattern
Pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult
71
Hardiness
A personality style characterized by a sense of commitment (rather than alienation), control (rather than powerlessness), and a perception of problems as challenges (rather than threats).
72
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
The common effect on the body when demands are placed on it. The GAS consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
73
Coping
Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life’s problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
74
Stages of change model
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/determination, action/willpower, maintenance
75
Precontemplation
Individuals are not yet ready to think about changing and may not be aware that they have a problem that needs to be changed
76
Contemplation
Individuals acknowledge that they have a problem but may not be ready to change
77
Preparation/determination
Individuals are preparing to take action
78
Action/Willpower
Individuals commit to making a behavioral change and enact a plan
79
Maintenance
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