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final psych Flashcards

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1
Q

circadian rhythms

A

refers to the body’s natural 24- hour cycle matched to the day / night cycle of light and dark

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2
Q

what changes during those 24 hours?

A

body temperature, arousal/energy, and mental sharpness

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3
Q

“larks” and “owls”?

A

daily rhythms vary from person to person - OWLS evening peak -> 20 year olds
- LARKS morning peak -> 50 year olds

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4
Q

what to SCN neuron’s link to?

A

pinsal gland which secretes melatonin

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5
Q

BRAC: Basic Rest Activity Cycle

A

Beta waves occur when awake and alert (15-30 cps)
Alpha waves occur when relaxed and drowsy (8-12 cps)

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6
Q

Stages of Sleep - Stage 1 is:

A

light sleep
theta waves (3.5-7.5 cps)
lasts few minutes
may experience body jerks

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7
Q

Stage 2 of Sleeping

A

sleep deepens - muscles more relaxed
harder to awaken

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8
Q

Stage 3 of Sleeping

A

sleep deepens
regular appearance of delta waves (0.5-2 cps)

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9
Q

Stage 4 of Sleeping

A

sleep deepens
delta waves dominate pattern
stage 3 + 4 = “slow wave sleep”
after stage 4, go back through earlier stages stage 3 then 2 but not another stage 1 instead a new one appears = REM

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10
Q

R.E.M (Rapid Eye Movement)

A

high arousal, frequent dreaming
EUGENE ASERINSKY’S discovery - 1953, dreams occurred during periods of wild brain activity of wild brain activity and REM sleep

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11
Q

what happens during R.E.M?

A

heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid, sleep paralysis occurs sometimes known as “paradoxical sleep” and genitals are aroused (may not be caused by dream and stay this way after REM is over)

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12
Q

falling asleep

A

regulated by basal forebrain + regions of brainstem

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13
Q

r.e.m sleep continued…

A

regulated by brainstem (reticular formation)
- limbic system activity increases
-motor cortex active but signals are blocked
-decreased activity in prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

why do we sleep?

A

its evolutionary, and an evolved sleep wake pattern increases the chance of survival
it also reduces PREDATION
& optimizes food acquisition
- mechanism for conserving energy

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15
Q

restoration + evolutionary theories

A
  • contribute to 2 factor model of sleep
    INSOMNIA - most common sleep disorder (10-40%) of the population
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16
Q

Pseudoinsomniacs

A

complain of insomnia but sleep normally
they truly believe they have insomnia

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17
Q

Insomnia treatments =

A

stimulus control
- based on learning principles
- associate stimuli in sleep environment only with sleep

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18
Q

Cataplexy (Narcolepsy)

A

sudden loss of muscle tone, cause is unknown and it might be genetic it has EXTREME daytime sleepiness and sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks

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19
Q

sleep apnea

A

repeated cycle in which breathing stops and restarts during sleep about 1-5% of population
- lasts 20-40 seconds up to 1 min
severe cases = 400-500 times a night COMMON CAUSE - obstruction of upper airway

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20
Q

sleepwalking

A

occurs in stage 3 + 4
common in children 10-30%
causes - hereditary, stress, alcohol
treatment –> psychotherapy, hypnosis

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21
Q

hallucinogens

A

modifys brain chemistry
crosses blood - brain barrier
facilitates synaptic transmission

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22
Q

agonists

A

increase neurotransmitter activity

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23
Q

antagonists

A

inhibit to decrease neurotransmitter activity

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24
Q

tolerence/ withdrawal

A

decrease in responsively to drug (need larger dose)
neural - up regulation / homeostasis
metabolic: down regulation
induction of enzymes in the liver
behavioural = learning to recognize and compensate for effects of intoxication

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25
Q

environment is a powerful influence

A

classical conditioning - environment becomes associated with drug
- physical setting triggers compensatory responses

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26
Q

depressants

A

decrease nervous system activity

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27
Q

nervous system depressant

A

initial upper phase then brain centres become depressed
- increases activity of GABA (main inhibitory neurotransmitter)
decreases activity if glutamate (major excitatory neurotransmitter)
combination creates “high” & then down phase

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28
Q

alcohol myopia

A

shortsightedness in thinking

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29
Q

tranquilizers

A

depress nervous system
ex. sleeping pills
highly addictive

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30
Q

amphetamines

A

increase dopamine + nonepinephrine
- heavy use can produce amphetamine psychosis

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31
Q

ecstacy

A
  • MDMA
  • feelings of pleasure and empathy
  • interferes with serotonin reuptake warmth
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32
Q

cocaine

A
  • blocks reuptake of norepinephrine
  • fever, convulsions, hallucinations, delusions
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33
Q

crack

A

chemically converted form
effects are faster and more intense then coke

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34
Q

opium

A

product of poppy plant
- morphine, codeine, heroin derived from opium = “opiates”
2% of Americans have used heroin
25% of them have become addicted

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35
Q

behaviourism

A

treated organism as tabula rasa
john watson + little albert

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36
Q

ethology

A

focused on animal behaviour in natural environments

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37
Q

personal adaptation

A

involved learning
interactions with immediate + past environments

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38
Q

species adaptation

A

involves natural selection
adaptations passed on thru genes
become part of species “nature”

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39
Q

influences of culture

A

skills, patterns of social behaviour, beliefs and preferences, sense of identity, how brain organizes perception

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40
Q

habituation

A

decreases in response strength to a repeated stimulus
- not the same as sensory habituation
habituation = simple form of learning
sensory habituation

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41
Q

classical conditioning

A

when a NEUTRAL STIMULUS produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, first studied by IVAN PAVLOV

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42
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

studied salivary responses in dogs which is a natural response and no learning is involved
noted - dogs salivate at sounds ex. footsteps, tone

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43
Q

acquisition

A

period during which association is being learned have stimulus + a response to it which requires no learning and pair this response with another stimulus

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44
Q

UCS - UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

A

draws out a reflexive or innate, unconditioned response without prior learning

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45
Q

UCR - UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

A

response drawn out by UCS without prior learning

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46
Q

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

A

through association with UCS, comes to draw out a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

47
Q

CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

A

response is drawn out by a conditioned stimulus

48
Q

are CR and CS the same thing?

A

yes they are, what draws them out/ elicits them is different

49
Q

therapies

A
  • exposure therapy
    extinction of CR through exposure to CS without presence of UCS
50
Q

systematic desensitization

A

muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear inducing stimulus

51
Q

flooding

A

exposure to fearful stimulus

52
Q

UR exposure therapy

A

effective for phobias

53
Q

influences of classical conditioning

A

attraction of other people
positive, negative attitudes

54
Q

conditioned aversions

A

dislike a certain food / drink bc u got sick previously by it before

55
Q

real life examples of classical conditioning

A

coyotes killing sheep - problem to sheep farmers
study unconditioned coyotes not to eat the sheep
sheep meat (CS) sprinkled with a chemical (UCS) that would produce a stomachache (UCR) –> AFTER COYOTES ATE THE TREATED MEAT, THEY AVOIDED THE LIVE SHEEP (CR)
in the Rescorla- Wagner model of classical conditioning a CS serves to set up an expectation. The expectation in turn leads to an array of behaviour associated with the presence of the CS.

56
Q

ESCAPE conditioning

A

learn responses to terminate aversive stimuli

57
Q

AVOIDANCE conditioning

A

learn responses to avoid aversive stimuli

58
Q

what is the TWO factor theory of avoidance

A

both classical conditioning and operant conditioning and association between 2 stimuli develops classical conditioning

59
Q

negative reinforcement maintains avoidance response

A

operant conditioning

60
Q

what are the neural elements of operant conditioning

A

reward centers of the brain are located in the limbic system

61
Q

what are the structures and pathways in the brain that deliver rewards through stimulation:

A

medial forebrain bundle, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbent

62
Q

what are the 4 steps of modelling

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

63
Q

3 processes of memory

A

encoding –> translating into neural code
- storage: retained overtime
- retrieval: pulled back out

64
Q

know how an experiment is run

A

explain a memory test

65
Q

sensory memory

A

briefly holds sensory info
-iconic stores and visual information
lasts fraction of a second

66
Q

echoic stores

A

auditory info
lasts about 2 seconds
partial trace can last longer
SENSORY REGISTERS ARE INITIAC INFO

67
Q

iconic memory test

A

when a grid of letters is flashed on a screen for only 1/20th of a second, it is difficult to recall individual letters. But if prompted to remember a particular now right after the grid is shown, research participants will do so with high accuracy

68
Q

short term / working memory

A

temporary holds limited amount of information, stores and processes info of which we are conscious

69
Q

how to increase short term memory

A

chunking, combining individual items into larger units of meaning
“shelf life” of 20 secs for info
rapidly lost unless we actively do something abt it
a 1959 experiment showed how quickly short term memory fades without rehearsal

70
Q

3 components of short term memory at work

A

phonological loop (auditory storage)
visual spatial sketchpad
central executive
(directs attention, integration of input and involvement of pre frontal cortex)

71
Q

long term memory

A

recency effect
info still in short term memory known as “double dissociation”
encoding
- effortful processing
auto processing
- recalling what you did yesterday

72
Q

prior knowledge shapes encoding

A

development of expert knowledge
process of developing schemas
ex. chess players

73
Q

types of long term memory

A

declarative - can be verbalized
2 categories - episodic –> personal experiences
- semantic –> general factual knowledge
procedural
= non declarative memory
= reflected in skills and actions

74
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious intentional memory retrieval

75
Q

implicit memory

A

memory influences behaviour
- no conscious awareness

76
Q

what is the case of henry molaison

A

the removal of his hippocampus at 27 ended his seizures but also ended his ability to form new explicit memories and Henry could learn new skills, procedures, locations of objects but had no memory of the instructors

77
Q

genotype

A

the set of genes that an individual inherits

78
Q

phenotype

A

observable properties of the body and behavioural traits

79
Q

how are genes passed along thru reproduction?

A

dan exists in chromosomes
the normal human cell has 23 chromosome pairs
- all humans have 22 of these pairs, the last pair is XX chromosomes for females and XY for males

80
Q

mitosis

A

when cells (other then reproductive cells) divide to create identical cells

81
Q

meiosis

A

reproductive cells replicate and divide many times to create non-identical cells

82
Q

external validity

A

can the results be applied to other people, setting and conditions
- property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical or realistic way

83
Q

ACh

A

control of behaviour
learning and memory
= memory loss
= convulsions

84
Q

dopamine

A

voluntary movement
experiencing pleasure
- linked to Parkinson’s
and schizophrenia

85
Q

divisions of nervous system

A

CNS (central nervous system)
- brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
- connects CNS w/ muscles, glands and sensory receptors
Somatic Nervous System
- sensory + motor neurons bind to create nerves and transmits messages to sensory receptors

86
Q

automatic nervous system

A

controls glands and smooth muscles in body organs - sympathetic nervous system: arouses body “fight or flight”

87
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slows down body processes

88
Q

spinal cord

A

most nerves enter / leave thru spinal cord
spinal reflexes do not involve the brain

89
Q

brain

A

1.4kg –> 2% of body weight but 20% of oxygen
metabolic rate = constant
increases slightly when dreaming

90
Q

dr. Wilder Penfield

A
  • founded montreal neurological institute 1934
    he stimulated parts of the cortex with mild electrical current
  • mapped multiple areas=
    motor + sensory areas; areas for smell, touch etc.
91
Q

electrical recording (eeg)

A

records electrical activity of thousands of neutrons
some EEG patterns correspond to wakefulness and sleep

92
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

measures response to magnetic pulse
more sensitive then CT or PET scan

93
Q

medulla

A

heart rate + respiration
neurone cross over

94
Q

pons

A

regulate sleep, dreaming and respiration

95
Q

cerebellum

A

muscular movement
learning + memory

96
Q

frontal lobes

A

self awareness, planning, initiative, responsibility and emotional experience

97
Q

pre frontal cortex

A

goal setting, judgement and planning

98
Q

left hemisphere of brain

A

verbal, logical abilities, positive emotions

99
Q

right hemisphere

A

spatial relations, melodies, negative emotions

100
Q

neural plasticity

A

change in structure and function

101
Q

transduction

A

what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the CNS

102
Q

What does lowering the absolute threshold do?

A

highers the intensity

103
Q

what can signal detection theory show us?

A

perception is a decision
how bold or cautious are we?

104
Q

what is the signal detection theory?

A

ask participants to indicate if they percieved a stimulus
2 conditions - stimulus present; absent
4 possible outcomes=
hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

105
Q

vision

A

light waves measured in nanometers

106
Q

cornea

A

transparent protective structure

107
Q

pupil

A

adjustable opening that controls amount of light

108
Q

lens

A

elastic structure for focusing
thinner to focus on nearby objects

109
Q

retina

A

photoreceptors transduce light energy into electrical impulses

110
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness
eyeball is longer - back to front

111
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness
eyeball is too short
lens focuses light behind retina

112
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

cones = for colour and detail
function = best in high illumination
rods = function best in low illumination - 500 times more sensitive to light than cones

113
Q

what do rods and cells have in common?

A

they have synaptic connections with bipolar cells and bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells

114
Q

visual transduction

A

actiion of photopigments
-absorption of light changes
rate of neurotransmitter releases
and the greater rate of release = stronger the signal is passed on

psych 1100 (1 decks)

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