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Final Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is HTML?

A

HTML is short for HyperText Markup Language, and is the language of the World Wide Web. It is the standard text formatting language used for creating and displaying pages on the Web.
HTML documents are made up of two things: the content and the tags that formats it for proper
display on pages.

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2
Q

What are tags?

A

Content is placed in between HTML tags in order to properly format it. It makes use of the less than symbol (). A slash symbol is also used as a closing tag.

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3
Q

Do all HTML tags come in pair?

A

No, there are single HTML tags that does not need a closing tag. Examples are the < img> tag
and < br> tags.

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4
Q

What are some of the common lists that can be used when designing a page?

A

You can insert any or a combination of the following list types:
– ordered list
– unordered list
– definition list
Each of this list types makes use of a different tag set to compose

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5
Q

How do you insert a comment in html?

A

Comments in html begins with “. For example:

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6
Q

Do all character entities display properly on all systems?

A

No, there are some character entities that cannot be displayed when the operating system that the
browser is running on does not support the characters. When that happens, these characters are
displayed as boxes.

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7
Q

What is image map?

A

Image map lets you link to many different web pages using a single image. You can define
shapes in images that you want to make part of an image mapping.

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8
Q

What is the advantage of collapsing white space?

A

White spaces are blank sequence of space characters, which is actually treated as a single space character in html. Because the browser collapses multiple space into a single space, you can indent lines of text without worrying about multiple spaces. This enables you to organize the html code into a much more readable format

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9
Q

Can attribute values be set to anything or are there specific values that they accept?

A

Some attribute values can be set to only predefined values. Other attributes can accept any numerical value that represents the number of pixels for a size.

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10
Q

How do you insert a copyright symbol on a browser page?

A

To insert the copyright symbol, you need to type © or & #169; in an HTML file.

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11
Q

How do you create links to sections within the same page?

A

Links can be created using the < a> tag, with referencing through the use of the number (#) symbol. For example, you can have one line as< a href=” “>BACK TO TOP< / a>, which would result in the words “BACK TO TOP” appearing on the webpage and links to a bookmark named topmost. You then create a separate tag command like < a> somewhere on the top of the same webpage so that the user will be linked to that spot when he clicked on “BACK TO TOP”.

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12
Q

Is there any way to keep list elements straight in an html file?

A

By using indents, you can keep the list elements straight. If you indent each nested list in further than the parent list that contains it, you can at a glance determine the various lists and the elements that it contains.

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13
Q

If you see a web address on a magazine, to which web page does it point?

A

Every web page on the web can have a separate web address. Most of these addresses are relative to the top-most web page. The published web address that appears within magazines typically points this top-most page. From this top level page, you can access all other pages within the web site.

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14
Q

What is the use of using alternative text in image mapping?

A

When you use image maps, it can easily become confusing and difficult to determine which hotspots corresponds with which links. Using alternative text lets you put a descriptive text on each hotspot link.

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15
Q

Do older html files work on newer browsers?

A

Yes, older html files are compliant to the HTML standard. Most older files work on the newer browsers, though some features may not work.

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16
Q

Does a hyperlink apply to text only?

A

No, hyperlinks can be used on text as well as images. That means you can convert an image into a link that will allow user to link to another page when clicked. Just surround the image within the < a href=”%E2%80%9D”>…< / a> tag combinations.

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17
Q

If the user’s operating system does not support the needed character, how can the symbol be represented?

A

In cases wherein their operating system does not support a particular character, it is still possible to display that character by showing it as an image instead.

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18
Q

How do you change the number type in the middle of a list?

A

The < li> tag includes two attributes – type and value. The type attribute can be used to change the numbering type for any list item. The value attribute can change the number index.

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19
Q

What are style sheets?

A

Style sheets enable you to build consistent, transportable, and well-defined style templates. These templates can be linked to several different web pages, making it easy to maintain and change the look and feel of all the web pages within a site.

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20
Q

What bullet types are available?

A

With ordered lists, you can select to use a number of different list types including alphabetical and Roman numerals. The type attribute for unordered lists can be set to disc, square, or circle.

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21
Q

What bullet types are available?

A

With ordered lists, you can select to use a number of different list types including alphabetical and Roman numerals. The type attribute for unordered lists can be set to disc, square, or circle.

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22
Q

How do you create multicolored text in a webpage?

A

To create text with different colors, use the < span> tag for every character that you want to apply a color. You can use this tag combination as many times as needed, surrounding a single character or an entire word.< / span>

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23
Q

Why are there both numerical and named character entity values?

A

The numerical values are taken from the ASCII values for the various characters, but these can be difficult to remember. Because of this, named character entity values were created to make it easier for web page designers to use.

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24
Q

Write a HTML table tag sequence that outputs the following:

50 pcs 100 500
10 pcs 5 50

A 
Answer:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

50 pcs
100
500

10 pcs
5
50

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25
Q

What is the advantage of grouping several checkboxes together?

A

Although checkboxes don’t affect one another, grouping checkboxes together helps to organize them. Checkbox buttons can have their own name and do not need to belong to a group. A single web page can have many different groups of checkboxes.

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26
Q

What will happen if you overlap sets of tags?

A

If two sets of html tags are overlapped, only the first tag will be recognized. You will recognize this problem when the text does not display properly on the browser screen.

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27
Q

What are applets?

A

Applets are small programs that can be embedded within web pages to perform some specific functionality, such as computations, animations, and information processing. Applets are written using the Java language.

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28
Q

What if there is no text between the tags or if a text was omitted by mistake? Will it affect the display of the html file?

A

If there is no text between the tags, then there is nothing to format, so no formatting will appear. Some tags, especially tags without a closing tag like the <img></img> tag, do not require any text between them.

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29
Q

Is it possible to set specific colors for table borders?

A

You can specify a border color using style sheets, but the colors for a table that does not use style sheets will be the same as the text color.

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30
Q

How do you create a link that will connect to another web page when clicked?

A

To create hyperlinks, or links that connect to another web page, use the href tag. The general format for this is: < a href=”%E2%80%9Dsite%E2%80%9D”>text< / a>
Replace “site” with the actual page url that is supposed to be linked to when the text is clicked.

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31
Q

What other ways can be used to align images and wrap text?

A

Tables can be used to position text and images. Another useful way to wrap text around an image is to use style sheets.

32
Q

Can a single text link point to two different web pages?

A

No. The < a> tag can accept only a single href attribute, and it can point to only a single web page.

33
Q

What are the limits of the text field size?

A

The default size for a text field is around 13 characters, but if you include the size attribute, you can set the size value to be as low as 1. The maximum size value will be determined by the browser width. If the size attribute is set to 0, the size will be set to the default size of 13 characters.

34
Q

Do < th> tags always need to come at the start of a row or column?

A

Any < tr> tag can be changed to a < th> tag. This causes the text contained within the < th> tag to be displayed as bold in the browser. Although < th> tags are mainly used for headings, they do not need to be used exclusively for headings.

35
Q

What is the relationship between the border and rule attributes?

A

Default cell borders, with a thickness of 1 pixel, are automatically added between cells if the border attribute is set to a nonzero value. Likewise, If the border attribute is not included, a default 1-pixel border appears if the rules attribute is added to the tag.

36
Q

What is a marquee?

A

A marquee allows you to put a scrolling text in a web page. To do this, place whatever text you want to appear scrolling within the < marquee> and < / marquee> tags.

37
Q

Are < br> tags the only way to separate sections of text?

A

No. The < br> tag is only one way to separate lines of text. Other tags, like the < p> tag and < /p> tag, also separate sections of text.

38
Q

Are there instances where text will appear outside of the browser?

A

By default, the text is wrapped to appear within the browser window. However, if the text is part of a table cell with a defined width, the text could extend beyond the browser window.

39
Q

How are active links different from normal links?

A

The default color for normal and active links is blue. Some browsers recognize an active link when the mouse cursor is placed over that link; others recognize active links when the link has the focus. Those that don’t have a mouse cursor over that link is considered a normal link.

40
Q

Do style sheets limit the number of new style definitions that can be included within the brackets?

A

Style sheets do not limit the number of style definitions that can be included within the brackets for a given selector. Every new style definition, however, must be separated from the others by a semicolon symbol.

41
Q

Can I specify fractional weight values such as 670 or 973 for font weight?

A

Implementation largely depends on the browser, but the standard does not support fractional weight values. Acceptable values must end with two zeroes.

42
Q

What is the hierarchy that is being followed when it comes to style sheets?

A

If a single selector includes three different style definitions, the definition that is closest to the actual tag takes precedence. Inline style takes priority over embedded style sheets, which takes priority over external style sheets.

43
Q

Can several selectors with class names be grouped together?

A

You can define several selectors with the same style definition by separating them with commas. This same technique also works for selectors with class names.

44
Q

What happens if you open the external CSS file in a browser?

A

If you try to open the external CSS file in a browser, the browser cannot open the file, because the file has a different extension. The only way to use an external CSS file is to reference it using tag within another html document.

45
Q

How do you make a picture into a background image of a web page?

A

To do this, place a tag code after the tag as follows:
< body style = “background-image: url (‘image.gif’)” >
Replace image.gif with the name of your image file. This will take the picture and make it the background image of your web page.

46
Q

What happens if the list-style-type property is used on a non-list element like a paragraph?

A

If the list-style-type property is used on a non-list element like a paragraph, the property will be ignored and have no effect on the paragraph.

47
Q

Explain what a class selector is and how it’s used:

A 
A class can be thought of as a grouped collection of CSS attributes applied to HTML elements. This allows you to apply the same styling to multiple HTML elements by placing them in the same CSS class.
Class methods can be called by inserting a ‘class’ property and name within an HTML element, then calling the class name with a ‘.’  in the CSS doc.
Class syntax:
HTML
< p class = "intro"> < / p>
CSS 
p . intro {
 background - color: # 013370 ;
}
48
Q

Explain what a class selector is and how it’s used within an HTML doc:

A

<p> Lorem ipsum </p>

<p> Lorem ipsum </p>

<p> Lorem ipsum </p>

The code listed here identifies the class ‘intro’ in the HTML doc, then applies the same background-color styling to all paragraphs within that class.

49
Q

Explain what a class selector is and how it’s used within a CSS doc:

A

p.intro {
background-color: #013370;
}

50
Q

Explain the three main ways to apply CSS styles to a Web page:

A

Inline: Though this method often goes against best practices, it’s easily done by inserting a ‘style’ attribute inside an HTML element:
e.g.) < p style=”“>Lorem Ipsum< / p>
Embedded/Internal: Done by defining the head of an HTML document by wrapping characteristics in a tag.

hr {color:red;}
p {margin-left: 20px;}
body {background-image: url(“images/background.gif”)

Linked/External: CSS is placed in an external .css file, and linked to the HTML document with a tag. This can also be accomplished using the ‘@import’, however, this can slow page load time and is generally not advised.

51
Q

What is grouping and what is it used for?

A

Grouping allows you to apply the same style to multiple elements with a single declaration. This is done by grouping the selectors into a list, separated by commas.
e.g.) h1, h2 { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 20; }
Grouping helps memory usage and enhances readability.

52
Q

What is an ID selector and how is it used?

A

IDs are used to identify and apply styling to a single specific HTML element. IDs are defined within the HTML page by inserting an ID selector in the HTML element:
eg)
Lorem ipsum
ID selectors are defined within the CSS page by calling a ‘#’ followed by the name of the ID:
eg)
#id_selector {
font_family: Helvetica;
font_size: 20
}
ID selectors are unique and can only be applied to a single element.

53
Q

What is a Class selector and how does it differ from an ID selector?

A

Class selectors are used to apply style to multiple HTML identified with the same class.
Within the HTML doc:
e.g.)
< h1 class=”class_selector”> Lorem ipsum < / h1>< h2 class=”class_selector”> Lorem ipsum < / h2>
Class selectors are called within the CSS document by a ‘.’, followed by the class name:
Within the CSS doc:
e.g.)
.class_selector {
font-family: Helvetica;
font-size: 20
}
The main difference is that the same class selector can be applied to multiple HTML elements, whereas ID selectors are unique.

54
Q

What is the CSS Box Model used for? What are the elements that it includes?

A

CSS box model is made up of margins, borders, padding, and content.
Box model provides a structured way to space elements in relationship to each other.

55
Q

How are inline and block elements different from each other?

A

A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break before and after it. < h1> , < / h1>< p>, < / p>< li>, and < div> are all examples of block elements.
An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary, cannot accept width and height values, and does not force line breaks. < a> and < span> are examples of inline elements.

56
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of External Style Sheets?

A

The biggest advantages of external style sheets are that they can be applied to multiple documents while being managed from a single style sheet. This keeps code DRY and improves efficiency and convenience.
The disadvantages are that it may decrease loading time in some situations. It may also not be practical if there are not enough styling conditions to justify an external sheet.

57
Q

List the main CSS style sheet properties:

A 
Background
Text
Font
Border
Outline
Margin
Padding
List
Table
58
Q

________ is the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks.

A

Cryptography

59
Q

The ________is the original message before transformation.

A

plaintext

60
Q

The ________ is the message after transformation.

A

ciphertext

61
Q

A(n) _______ algorithm transforms plaintext to ciphertext

A

encryption

62
Q

A(n) ______ algorithm transforms ciphertext to plaintext.

A

decryption

63
Q

A combination of an encryption algorithm and a decryption algorithm is called a ________.

A

cipher

64
Q

The _______ is a number or a set of numbers on which the cipher operates.

A

key

65
Q

In a(n) ________ cipher, the same key is used by both the sender and receiver.

A

symmetric-key

66
Q

In a(n) ________, the key is called the secret key.

A

symmetric-key

67
Q

In a(n) ________ cipher, a pair of keys is used.

A

asymmetric-key

68
Q

In an asymmetric-key cipher, the sender uses the__________ key.

A

public

69
Q

In an asymmetric-key cipher, the receiver uses the ______ key.

A

private

70
Q

A ________ cipher replaces one character with another character.

A

substitution

71
Q

_________ ciphers can be categorized into two broad categories: monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic.

A

Substitution

72
Q

The _______ cipher is the simplest monoalphabetic cipher. It uses modular arithmetic with a modulus of 26.

A

shift

73
Q

The Caesar cipher is a _______cipher that has a key of 3.

A

shift

74
Q

___________ensures that the message was originated from the originator claimed in the message.

A

Authentication

75
Q

___________ means that Cryptography should ensure that the messages that are received by the receiver are not altered anywhere on the communication path.

A

Integrity

76
Q

This type of cryptography technique uses just a single key. The sender applies a key to encrypt a message while the receiver applies the same key to decrypt the message. Since only single key is used so we say that this is a symmetric encryption.

A

Secret Key Cryptography

77
Q

One method of encoding is called the Hill cipher. The method used ________ to encode the message.

A

Matrices

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