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Pharm 100 > Final Prep > Flashcards

Final Prep Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of an antibiotic

A

to stop a bacterial infection (bacteriostatic or bactericidal action)

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2
Q

what is the name of the layer specific to bacteria cell walls

A

peptidoglycan, made of cross linked polysaccharides and polypeptides

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3
Q

difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A
  • Positive
    ○ Thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane
    • Negative
      ○ Thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane
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4
Q

what antibiotics are cell wall inhibitors

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

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5
Q

mechanism of action of penicillins

A
  • Related to D-alanyl-D-alanine, a chemical necessary for formation of cell walls in bacteria, therefore it interferes with the building of cell walls
    • Humans don’t have cell walls so only toxic to bacteria
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6
Q

what antibiotic is a DNA synthesis inhibitor

A

fluoroquinolones

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7
Q

how do the protein synthesis inhibitors work

A

tetracyline: bind to 30S subunit of mRNA to prevent addition of amino acids - prevent charged tRNA from binding

Macrolides: bind to 50S subunit and prevent peptide bond formation

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8
Q

what to metabolic inhibitors do

A

antifolates inhibit folate metabolism in bacteria - terahydrofolic acid is necessary for bacterial growth and these stop that from forming

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9
Q

causes of antibiotic resistance

A

over-prescription
inappropriate use
use in agriculture

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10
Q

how do organisms become resistant

A
  • Uptake
    ○ Mutation or lack of pores in membrane to allow things to pass through can make the organism resistant
    • Target
      ○ A mutation to this can affect binding, making the antibiotic ineffective
    • Inactivation
      ○ Some microorganisms develop and enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic
    • Efflux Pumps
      ○ Over express transporters that pump the drug out of the cell before it can cause harm
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11
Q

what are the a antifungal drugs

A

Echinocandins
○ Cell wall inhibitors
○ Micafungin and capsofungin
○ Tolerated very well in patients

Imidazole’s (Azoles)
○ Inhibit fungal cytochrome P450, inhibiting ergosterol synthesis (critical for cell wall function and survival)

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12
Q

types of antivirals

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
○ Treats influenza
○ Neuraminidase enzyme prevents neighbouring cells from being infected

Acyclovir
○ Inhibits viral DNA replication
○ Selective for cells with the virus
○ Herpes

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13
Q

mechanisms of action of hormonal contraceptives

A

inhibit hormone release

inhibit sperm migration

inhibit ovum plantation

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14
Q

types of oral contraceptives

A

fixed combination

multiphasic: better for adverse effects

progestin only

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15
Q

mild and moderate effects of oral contraceptives

A

mild: nausea, headaches, edema

moderate: breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, increased skin pigmentation (due to estrogen), acne and hirsutism (the progestin is believed to cause these two responses, as some of them have androgenic properties), and increased vaginal and uterine infections.

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16
Q

Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Oral Contraceptives

A

Reduced risk of ovarian cysts.
* Reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
* Reduced incidence of ectopic pregnancy.
* Less iron deficiency anemia, as menstrual flow is reduced.
* Less acne and hirsutism (for those containing newer progestins with less androgenic effects).

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17
Q

what do IUDs commonly release

A

levonorgestrel

18
Q

guidelines for the selection of appropriate OTC drugs include

A

proven efficacy and known toxicity
simple formulations and ingredients
comes in the appropriate dosage form

19
Q

what are the benefits of aspirin

A

relieves pain, is an antipyretic, and inflammation (tylenol is not antiinflammatory)

low doses prevent stroke and heart attack

inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins

20
Q

what are prostaglandins

A

substances that enhance the mediation of pain, fever, and play a role in inflammation

21
Q

what is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen (tylenol)

A

Inhibits prostaglandin synthetases which are enzymes that form prostaglandins

22
Q

describe antihistamines

A
  • Block histamine receptors to decrease allergy symptoms
    • First generation
      ○ Cause sedation and drowsiness
    • Second generation
      ○ Less sedating and are the preferred agents
23
Q

what are the 3 kinds of meds that help with excess stomach acid

A

antacids: Chemically neutralize acid in the stomach

H2 receptor antagonists: reduces amount of acids excreted

proton pump inhibitors: ○ Bind to proton pump and inhibit acid secretion by 90% or more

24
Q

the different types of cough suppressants

A
  • Centrally Acting Cough Suppressants
    ○ Block processing of information in the brain, reducing the frequency of the cough
    ○ Some contain codeine
    ○ Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Hbr)
    • Peripheral Cough Suppressants
      ○ Block the nerve endings in the throat and bronchioles, inhibiting the stimulus to cough
      ○ Camphor and menthol are added to vaporizers
25
Q

what is the preferred laxative, stimulants or bulk-forming/osmotics

A

bulk-forming/osmotics

26
Q

what are the antidiarrheal agents

A

absorbents: absorb toxins and add bulk to GI

loperamide: opioid to reduce peristaltic activity

27
Q

what is an allopathic phytopharmaceutical

A

○ Obtained/purified from plants that meet all requirements of a drug
○ DIN, safety, efficacy
Full status as a drug

28
Q

Classifications of Medicinal/Herbal Products

A

allopathic medicine

herbal medicine

phytopharmaceuticals

allopathic phytopharmaceutical

29
Q

Problems Associated with Herbals

A
  • Lack of efficacy and safety data
    • Interpreting the literature
    • Lack of standardization
    • Intentional adulteration
    • Differing global standards
    • Drug interactions with allopathic medicines
30
Q

quick overview of herbal drugs

A

st. johns wort - mild depression

aloe vera - cold sores and mild skin irritation

devils claw - osteoporosis and back pain

panax ginseng - thinking and memory, erectile dysfunction, multiple sclerosis related fatigue, sexual arousal and reducing the risk of developing influenza
-bad for diabetics

Echinacea - common cold

valerian - mild insomnia

31
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble and which are water soluble

A

Water soluble
○ Vitamin C
○ 11 from the B group

Fat soluble
○ Vitamins A, D, E and K

32
Q

vitamins as supplements

A

need for increased nutrition

absorption differences

inadequate nutritional intake

can use the nutritional or megavitamin approach

33
Q

function of vitamin D (meat, fish mushrooms)

A

○ Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine - needed for bone formation
○ Regulation of blood calcium level and the removal of calcium from older bone

34
Q

function of vitamin E (comes from oils)

A

○ Antioxidant and protecting cells in the cardiovascular system and other tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals

35
Q

organochlorine vs organophosphorous insecticides

A

chlorine: □ Increase the sensitivity of neurons increasing CNS stimulation causing tremors, convulsions and death
□ Have largely been phased out due to negative effects on health

phosphorous: □ Require metabolic action to work, happens quickly in insects
□ Developed in WWII
□ Relatively unstable and break down in the environment, so small impact
irrevisribly inhibit acetylcholinesterase

36
Q

main toxic compounds of lead

A

lead oxide and tetraethyl lead

37
Q

which form of mercury is more toxic

A

methyl mercury

38
Q

concentration of a pharmaceutical in the environment is determined by

A

○ Extent of use
○ Dose administered
○ Persistence in the environment (what the half life is)
○ Ability of sewage treatment to remove the agent

39
Q

key features of cancer cells

A
  • Cell growth and division
    ○ The ability to proliferate indefinitely
    • Invasion
      ○ The ability to invade surrounding normal tissue
    • Metastasis
      ○ The ability to spread throughout the body
40
Q

describe the steps in carcinogenosis

A

initiation (precarcinogen-ultimate carcinogen)

promotion

progression

41
Q

describe the chemotherapeutic drugs

A
  • Alkylating Agents
    ○ Bind to and interfere with DNA replication
    • Mitotic Inhibitors
      ○ Affect microtubule function and the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby preventing cell division
    • Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
      ○ Treat hormone sensitive tumours by suppressing cell division
    • Biologicals
      ○ Inhibit cell replication by blocking cytokines, which normally control cell growth. Some drugs are antibodies to these cytokines

Pharm 100 (2 decks)

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