Final Prep Flashcards
According to the electrocardiogram (EKG), electrical systole is:
-Onset of the QRS to the onset of the T wave
-Onset of the T wave to the onset of the P wave
-Onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave
-End of the T wave to the onset of the QRS complex
Onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave
All of the following are components of a pulsed-wave Doppler of a pulmonary vein EXCEPT:
-AR
-S2
-E
-S1
E
All of the following are considered a part of normal ventricular diastole EXCEPT:
-Isovolumic relaxation
-Ventricular depolarization
-Early passive filling
-Atrial systole
Ventricular depolarization
All of the following are true statements concerning the left ventricle EXCEPT:
-Heavily trabeculated
-Top normal thickness is approximately 1.0 cm
-Bullet shaped (truncated ellipsoid)
-Contains two papillary muscle groups
Heavily trabeculated
All of the following are true statements concerning the right ventricle EXCEPT:
-Most anterior positioned cardiac chamber
-Normal wall thickness is 0.3 to 0.5 cm
-Normally forms the cardiac apex
-Heavily trabeculated
Normally forms the cardiac apex
All of the following left ventricular wall segments may be evaluated in the parasternal long-axis view EXCEPT:
-Mid-anterior interventricular septum
-Basal anterior interventricular septum
-Cardiac apex
Cardiac apex
All of the following left ventricular wall segments may be evaluated in the parasternal short-axis of the left ventricle at the level of the papillary muscles EXCEPT:
-Anterior wall
-Anterolateral
-Anterior interventricular septum
-Cardiac apex
Cardiac apex
All of the following structures are located in the right atrium EXCEPT:
-Moderator band
-Eustachian valve
-Thebesian valve
-Crista terminalis
Moderator band
All of the following ventricular wall segments may be supplied by the right coronary artery EXCEPT:
-Lateral wall of the right ventricle
-Basal and mid-inferior walls of the left ventricle
-Basal and mid-anterior interventricular septum
-Basal and mid-inferolateral walls of the left ventricle
Basal and mid-anterior interventricular septum
All of the following wall segments may be visualized in the apical four-chamber view EXCEPT:
-Cardiac apex
-Lateral wall of the right ventricle
-Anterior interventricular septum
-Anterolateral wall
Anterior interventricular septum
All of the following wall segments may be visualized in the apical two-chamber view EXCEPT:
-Anterior wall
-Cardiac apex
-Inferior wall
-Right ventricular outflow tract
Right ventricular outflow tract
Normal pressure values in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) for the listed cardiac chambers or great vessels include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Right atrial pressure: 2 to 8 mean
-Pulmonary artery: 15 to 30 systolic; 2 to 12 mean diastolic
-Right ventricle: 15 to 30 systolic; 2 to 8 diastolic
-Aorta: 100 to 140 systolic; 3 to 12 end-diastolic
Aorta: 100 to 140 systolic; 3 to 12 end-diastolic
Structures of the mitral valve apparatus include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Chordae tendineae
-Papillary muscles
-Sinuses of Valsalva
-Mitral valve annulus
Sinuses of Valsalva
The Chiari network is found in the:
-Right atrium
-Right ventricle
-Left ventricle
-Left atrium
Right atrium
The boundaries of the functional left ventricular outflow tract are best described as extending from the:
-Anteromedial position of the tricuspid valve annulus to the pulmonic valve annulus
-Free edge of the anterior mitral valve leaflet to the aortic valve annulus
-Anterior aortic valve annulus to the posterior aortic valve annulus
-Tips of the left ventricular papillary muscles to the edge of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
Free edge of the anterior mitral valve leaflet to the aortic valve annulus
The coronary sinus can be differentiated from the descending thoracic aorta with pulsed-wave Doppler because coronary sinus flow is predominantly diastolic while aortic flow is:
-Predominantly diastolic
-Predominantly systolic
-Phasic
-Equiphasic
Predominantly systolic
The correct order for the branches of the transverse aorta (aortic arch) is:
-Left subclavian, right subclavian, left common carotid
-Right brachiocephalic; left brachiocephalic, left common carotid
-Right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
-Sinus of Valsalva, right innominate, left innominate
Right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
The crista terminalis is found in the:
-Right atrium
-Left ventricle
-Left atrium
-Right ventricle
Right atrium
The eustachian valve is found in the:
-Left atrium
-Left ventricle
-Right ventricle
-Right atrium
Right atrium
The imaginary boundaries that define the mid-left ventricle are the:
-Tip of the papillary muscles to the base of the papillary muscles
-Base of the papillary muscles to the cardiac apex
-Mitral annulus to the tip of the papillary muscles
-Aortic annulus to the edge of the mitral valve
Tip of the papillary muscles to the base of the papillary muscles
The left anterior descending coronary artery supplies blood to all of the following EXCEPT:
-Anterior wall of the left ventricle
-Apical cap
-Anterior interventricular septum
-Inferior wall of the left ventricle
Inferior wall of the left ventricle
The moderator band is always located in the:
-Left ventricle
-Right ventricle
-Left atrium
-Right atrium
Right ventricle
The most likely explanation of main pulmonary artery dilatation is:
-Pulmonary hypertension
-Bicuspid aortic valve
-Truncus arteriosus
-Carcinoid heart disease
Pulmonary hypertension
The name of the aortic segment located between the left subclavian artery and the insertion of the ligamentum arteriosum is the:
-Sino-tubular junction
-Aortic isthmus
-Transverse aorta
-Aortic root
Aortic isthmus
The names of the two left ventricular papillary muscle groups are:
-Anterolateral; posteromedial
-Anterior; posterior
-Medial; lateral
-Superior; inferior
Anterolateral; posteromedial
The most common cause of chronic tricuspid regurgitation is:
-Pulmonary hypertension
-Tricuspid valve prolapse
-Rheumatic heart disease
-Ebstein’s anomaly
Pulmonary hypertension
The most common etiology of pulmonary regurgitation is:
-Rheumatic heart disease
-Infective endocarditis
-Pulmonary hypertension
-Carcinoid heart disease
Pulmonary hypertension
The most common etiology of tricuspid stenosis is:
-Right atrial myxoma
-Carcinoid heart disease
-Infective endocarditis
-Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever
The murmur of tricuspid regurgitation is best described as a:
-Pansystolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal border
-Systolic ejection murmur heard best at the upper right sternal border
-Holodiastolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal border
-Pansystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex with radiation to the axilla
Pansystolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal border
The pulmonary vein atrial reversal wave may be _______ in peak velocity and duration in a patient with severe acute aortic regurgitation.
Reversed
Increased
Decreased
Unchanged
Increased
The severity of aortic regurgitation may best be determined with color flow Doppler by all of the following methods EXCEPT:
-Comparing the aortic regurgitation jet width with the left ventricular outflow tract width in the parasternal long-axis view
-Measuring the aortic regurgitation jet aliasing area in the parasternal long-axis view
-Measuring the vena contracta in the parasternal long-axis view
-Determining the presence of holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending thoracic aorta and/or abdominal aorta
Measuring the aortic regurgitation jet aliasing area in the parasternal long-axis view
The typical two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in rheumatic tricuspid stenosis include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Leaflet thickening especially at the leaflet tips and chordae tendineae
-Diastolic doming of the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet
-Right atrial dilatation
-Systolic bowing of the posterior tricuspid valve leaflet
Systolic bowing of the posterior tricuspid valve leaflet
When two-dimensional evaluation of a systolic ejection murmur reveals a thickened aortic valve with normal systolic excursion and a peak velocity across the aortic valve of 1.5 m/s. The diagnosis is most likely aortic valve:
-Prolapse
-Sclerosis
-Stenosis
-Regurgitation
Sclerosis
A tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity of 3.0 m/s is obtained. This indicates:
-Pulmonary hypertension
-Mild tricuspid regurgitation
-Moderate tricuspid regurgitation
-Severe tricuspid regurgitation
Pulmonary hypertension
All of the following are cardiac Doppler findings for tricuspid valve stenosis EXCEPT:
-Decreased tricuspid valve area
-Decreased pressure half-time
-Increased tricuspid valve E wave velocity
-Increased mean pressure gradient
Decreased pressure half-time
All of the following are considered useful quantitative measurements to determine the severity of aortic regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Regurgitant fraction
-Peak velocity of aortic regurgitation
-Regurgitant volume
-Effective regurgitant orifice
Peak velocity of aortic regurgitation
All of the following are dilated in significant chronic tricuspid regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Inferior vena cava
-Pulmonary veins
-Hepatic veins
-Right atrium
Pulmonary veins
All of the following color flow Doppler findings indicate significant pulmonary regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Holodiastolic flow reversal in the main pulmonary artery
-Jet width/Right ventricular outflow tract width > 70%
-Wide jet width at origin
-Peak velocity of < 1.0 m/s
Peak velocity of < 1.0 m/s
An intracardiac pressure that may be determined from the continuous-wave Doppler tricuspid regurgitation signal is:
-Mean pulmonary artery pressure
-Systolic pulmonary artery pressure
-Pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure
-Systemic vascular resistance
Systolic pulmonary artery pressure
Cardiac Doppler findings associated with significant chronic tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Concave late systolic configuration of the regurgitation signal
-Systolic flow reversal in the hepatic vein
-Increased E velocity of the tricuspid valve
-Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary vein
Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary vein
Causes of anatomic tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Ebstein’s anomaly
-Pulmonary hypertension
-Carcinoid heart disease
-Infective endocarditis
Pulmonary hypertension
Echocardiographic evidence of severe acute aortic regurgitation includes all of the following EXCEPT:
-Premature closure of the mitral valve
-Premature opening of the mitral valve
-Premature opening of the aortic valve
-Reverse doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
Premature opening of the mitral valve
Holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending thoracic aorta and/or the abdominal aorta may be present in each of the following EXCEPT:
-Severe mitral regurgitation
-Severe aortic regurgitation
-Aortopulmonary window
-Patent ductus arteriosus
Severe mitral regurgitation
In a patient with severe acute aortic regurgitation the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increases rapidly. This pathophysiology will affect which of the following?
-Closure of the pulmonary valve
-Systolic ejection period
-Left ventricular dimension
-Closure of the mitral valve
Closure of the mitral valve
In significant chronic aortic regurgitation, M-mode and two-dimensional evidence includes all of the following EXCEPT:
-Hyperkinesis of the interventricular septum
-Left ventricular dilatation
-Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
-Hyperkinesis of the posterior (inferolateral) wall of the left ventricle
Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic findings for chronic tricuspid regurgitation include:
-Right ventricular hypertrophy
-Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
-Left ventricular volume overload
-Protected right ventricle
Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
Methods for determining the severity of tricuspid regurgitation with pulsed-wave Doppler include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Peak velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet
-Increased E wave velocity of the tricuspid valve
-Holosystolic flow reversal of the hepatic vein
-Laminar flow of the tricuspid regurgitant jet
Peak velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet
Possible echocardiographic and cardiac Doppler findings in a patient with carcinoid heart disease include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Tricuspid valve prolapse
-Tricuspid stenosis
-Tricuspid regurgitation
-Pulmonary regurgitation
Tricuspid valve prolapse
Posterior displacement of the aortic valve leaflet(s) into the left ventricle outflow tract during ventricular diastole is called aortic valve:
-Stenosis
-Prolapse
-Sclerosis
-Perforation
Prolapse
Premature closure of the mitral valve is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
-Loss of sinus rhythm
-Acute severe aortic regurgitation
-Acute severe mitral regurgitation
-First-degree atrioventricular block
Acute severe mitral regurgitation
Severe aortic regurgitation is diagnosed with continuous-wave Doppler by all of the following criteria EXCEPT:
-Increased jet density
-Steep deceleration slope
-A pressure half-time of < 200 msec
-A maximum velocity of 4 m/s
A maximum velocity of 4 m/s
Significant chronic pulmonary regurgitation is associated with:
-Left ventricular volume overload
-Right atrial hypertrophy
-Right ventricular volume overload
-Right ventricular hypertrophy
Right ventricular volume overload
Signs of significant tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Jugular venous distention
-Right ventricular heart failure
-Pulsus paradoxus
-Hepatomegaly
Pulsus paradoxus
The M-mode finding that indicates severe acute aortic regurgitation is premature aortic valve:
-Mid-systolic closure
-Closure
-Opening
-Systolic flutter
Opening
The M-mode/two-dimensional echocardiography parameters that have been proposed as an indicator for aortic valve replacement in severe chronic aortic regurgitation are left ventricular:
-End-diastolic dimension ≥ 70 mm and left atrial dimension ≥ 55 mm
-End-systolic dimension ≥ 55 mm and fractional shortening of ≤ 25%
-End-diastolic dimension ≥ 55 mm and fractional shortening ≤ 25%
-End-diastolic dimension ≤ 55 mm and fractional shortening of ≥ 25%
End-systolic dimension ≥ 55 mm and fractional shortening of ≤ 25%
The continuous-wave Doppler signal of aortic regurgitation may be differentiated from the continuous-wave Doppler signal of mitral stenosis by the following guideline:
-If the diastolic flow pattern commences before mitral valve opening then the signal is due to aortic regurgitation
-The Doppler flow velocity pattern of mitral valve stenosis is laminar while the Doppler flow pattern of aortic regurgitation is turbulent.
-Cannot be differentiated by continuous-wave Doppler.
-If the diastolic flow pattern commences after mitral valve opening then the signal is due to aortic regurgitation
If the diastolic flow pattern commences before mitral valve opening then the signal is due to aortic regurgitation
The mitral valve pulsed-wave Doppler flow pattern often associated with severe acute aortic regurgitation is grade:
-Normal for age
-II (pseudonormal)
-I (impaired relaxation)
-III or IV (restrictive)
III or IV (restrictive)
All of the following represents possible etiologies for acute aortic regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Trauma
-Infective endocarditis
-Aortic dissection
-Aortic valve sclerosis
Aortic valve sclerosis
An effect of significant aortic valve stenosis on the left ventricle is:
-Protected in significant aortic valve stenosis
-Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
-Eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy
-Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
Aortic valve with reduced systolic excursion. On physical examination there was a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur and a diastolic decrescendo murmur heard. The most likely diagnosis is aortic valve:
-Regurgitation
-Stenosis and regurgitation
-Stenosis and mitral valve prolapse
-Flail
Stenosis and regurgitation
Cardiac Doppler parameters used to assess the severity of valvular aortic stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-Aortic velocity ratio
-Aortic pressure half-time
-Peak aortic valve velocity
-Mean pressure gradient
Aortic pressure half-time
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides all of the following information in a patient with aortic regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Detailed resolution of the aortic valve
-Regurgitant volume
-Left ventricular volumes
-Effective regurgitant orifice
Detailed resolution of the aortic valve
In the parasternal long-axis view, severe aortic valve stenosis is defined as an aortic valve leaflet separation that measures:
≤ 8 mm
≥ 14 mm
≤ 12 mm
≤ 10 mm
≤ 8 mm
Of the transvalvular pressure gradients that can be measured in the echocardiography laboratory, the most useful in examining aortic valve stenosis is probably:
-Peak-to-peak gradient
-Mean systolic gradient
-Mean diastolic gradient
-Peak instantaneous pressure gradient
Mean systolic gradient
Pathologies that may result in a left ventricular pressure overload include all the following EXCEPT:
-Systemic hypertension
-Discrete subaortic stenosis
-Mitral valve stenosis
-Valvular aortic stenosis
Mitral valve stenosis
Possible two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in significant aortic valve stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-Left ventricular hypertrophy
-Post-stenotic dilatation of the descending aorta
-Aortic valve calcification
-Post-stenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta
Post-stenotic dilatation of the descending aorta
Reverse diastolic doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet is associated with:
-Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis
-Severe aortic regurgitation
-Flail mitral valve
-Papillary muscle dysfunction
Severe aortic regurgitation
Secondary echocardiographic findings associated with severe valvular aortic stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-Left ventricular hypertrophy
-Decreased left ventricular systolic function (late in course)
-Post-stenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta
-Right ventricular hypertrophy
Right ventricular hypertrophy
The Doppler maximum peak instantaneous pressure gradient in a patient with aortic stenosis is 100 mm Hg. The cardiac catheterization peak-to-peak pressure gradient will most likely be:
-Dependent upon respiration
-Lower than 100 mm Hg
-Higher than 100 mm Hg
-Equal to 100 mm Hg
Lower than 100 mm Hg
The LEAST common valve regurgitation found in normal patients is:
-Tricuspid regurgitation
-Aortic regurgitation
-Mitral regurgitation
-Pulmonary regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
The aortic valve area considered severe aortic valve stenosis is:
< 2 cm^2
< 3 cm^2
≤ 1.0 cm^2
< 1.5 cm^2
≤ 1.0 cm^2
The characteristic M-mode findings for aortic valve stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-A lack of systolic flutter of the aortic valve leaflets
-Reduced leaflet separation in systole
-Diastolic flutter of the aortic valve leaflets
-Thickening of the aortic valve leaflets
Diastolic flutter of the aortic valve leaflets
The characteristic feature of the murmur of chronic aortic regurgitation is a:
-Diastolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard best along the left upper sternal border
-Harsh systolic ejection murmur heard best at the right upper sternal border
-Diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left sternal border
-Diastolic rumble following an opening snap
Diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left sternal border
The echocardiographer may differentiate between the similar systolic flow patterns seen in coexisting severe aortic valve stenosis and mitral regurgitation by all the following EXCEPT:
-Since both are systolic flow patterns, it is not possible to separate mitral regurgitation from aortic valve stenosis.
-Mitral regurgitation flow always lasts until mitral valve opening, whereas aortic valve stenosis flow does not.
-Aortic ejection time is shorter that the mitral regurgitation time
-Mitral diastolic filling profile should be present during recording of the mitral regurgitation, whereas no diastolic flow is observed in aortic valve stenosis.
Since both are systolic flow patterns, it is not possible to separate mitral regurgitation from aortic valve stenosis.
The hallmark M-mode finding for aortic regurgitation is:
-Fine diastolic flutter of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
-Systolic flutter of the aortic valve
-Coarse diastolic flutter of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
-Chaotic diastolic flutter of the mitral valve
Fine diastolic flutter of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
The most common etiology of chronic aortic regurgitation is:
-Dilatation of the aortic root and aortic annulus
-Infective endocarditis
-Trauma
-Marfan’s syndrome
Dilatation of the aortic root and aortic annulus
The murmur associated with severe aortic regurgitation is:
-Graham-Steell
-Still’s
-Carvallo’s
-Austin-Flint
Austin-Flint
The murmur of aortic stenosis is described as:
-Systolic ejection murmur heard best at the right upper sternal border
-Holosystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex
-Holodiastolic decrescendo murmur heard best at the right sternal border
-Diastolic rumble
Systolic ejection murmur heard best at the right upper sternal border
The onset of flow to peak aortic velocity continuous-wave Doppler tracing in severe valvular aortic stenosis is:
-Increased with inspiration
-Increased
-Decreased with expiration
-Decreased
Increased
The pulse that is characteristic of significant valvular aortic stenosis is:
-Pulsus bisferiens
-Pulsus parvus et tardus
-Pulsus alternans
-Pulsus paradoxus
Pulsus parvus et tardus
The severity of aortic valve stenosis may be underestimated if only the maximum velocity measurement is used in the following condition:
-Anemia
-Significant aortic regurgitation
-Doppler intercept angle of 0°
-Low cardiac output
Low cardiac output
The two-dimensional view which best visualizes systolic doming of the aortic valve leaflets is the:
-Apical five-chamber view
-Subcostal short-axis view of the aortic valve
-Parasternal long-axis view
-Parasternal short-axis view of the aortic valve
Parasternal long-axis view
Flail mitral valve can be differentiated from severe mitral valve prolapse on two-dimensional echocardiography because flail mitral valve leaflet demonstrates:
-A thicker mitral valve
-Leaflet tip that points toward the left ventricle
-Leaflet tip that points toward the left atrium
-Chronic mitral regurgitation
Leaflet tip that points toward the left atrium
In patients with severe acute mitral regurgitation, the continuous-wave Doppler peak velocity of the regurgitant jet is:
-Increased
-Decreased
-Dependent largely upon left ventricular global systolic function
-Unaffected
Decreased
In patients with significant mitral regurgitation, the continuous-wave Doppler tracing of the regurgitant lesion may demonstrate a(n):
-Asymmetrical shape of the mitral regurgitation flow velocity spectral display
-Jet area of < 20%
-Jet duration of < 85 msec
-Symmetrical shape of the mitral regurgitation flow velocity spectral display
Asymmetrical shape of the mitral regurgitation flow velocity spectral display
In patients with significant mitral regurgitation, the isovolumic relaxation time may be:
-Unaffected
-Decreased
-Increased
-Affected by respiration
Decreased
In patients with significant pure mitral regurgitation, the E velocity of the mitral valve pulsed-wave Doppler tracing is:
-Increased
-Decreased
-Increased with inspiration
-Unaffected
Increased
Mitral valve chordal rupture usually results in:
-Pulmonary regurgitation
-Tricuspid regurgitation
-Mitral regurgitation
-Aortic regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
On M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography dense echoes are noted posterior to normal mitral valve leaflets. The probable diagnosis is mitral valve:
-Vegetation
-Annular calcification
-Papilloma
-Aneurysm
Annular calcification
Quantitative approaches to determine the severity of mitral regurgitation include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Effective regurgitant orifice
-Regurgitant fraction
-Regurgitant jet area
-Regurgitant volume
Regurgitant jet area
Secondary causes of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Cardiac tamponade
-Primary pulmonary hypertension
-Bicuspid aortic valve
-Atrial septal defect
Bicuspid aortic valve
The associated auscultatory findings for mitral valve prolapse include:
-Ejection click
-Pericardial knock
-Mid-systolic click
-Friction rub
Mid-systolic click
The cardinal symptoms of valvular aortic stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-Anasarca
-Angina pectoris
-Syncope
-Congestive heart failure
Anasarca
The complications of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Significant mitral regurgitation
-Increased risk of infective endocarditis
-Valvular stenosis
-Mitral valve repair and replacement
Valvular stenosis
The effect significant mitral regurgitation has on the pulsed-wave Doppler tracing of the pulmonary veins may be described as:
-S wave increases, D wave decreases
-Unaffected
-S wave increases, D wave decreases
-S wave reverses, D wave increases
S wave reverses, D wave increases
The etiology of aortic valve stenosis includes all the following EXCEPT:
-Rheumatic
-Degenerative
-Congenital
-Bacterial
Bacterial
The gold standard two-dimensional echocardiographic view recommended to diagnose the presence of mitral valve prolapse is:
-Apical four-chamber
-Subcostal five-chamber
-Parasternal long-axis
-Parasternal short-axis of the mitral valve
Parasternal long-axis
The most common symptoms of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Ascites
-Palpitations
-Syncope
-Atypical chest pain
Ascites
The most likely etiology of aortic valve stenosis in a 47-year-old patient is:
-Degenerative
-Annular
-Congenital
-Endocarditis
Congenital
The peak mitral regurgitation velocity as determined with continuous-wave Doppler reflects the:
-Severity of the mitral regurgitation
-Maximum pressure difference between the left atrium and left ventricle
-Direction of the regurgitant jet
-Etiology of the mitral regurgitation
Maximum pressure difference between the left atrium and left ventricle
The term myxomatous degeneration is associated with mitral valve:
-Prolapse
-Flail
-Stenosis
-Vegetation
Prolapse
There is posterior mitral valve prolapse present. With color flow Doppler on, which direction will the mitral regurgitation jet be baffled?
-Posterior
-Inferior
-Anterior
-Cephalad
Anterior
Which of the following is most commonly associated with mitral valve prolapse?
-Left heart volume overload
-Left heart pressure overload
-Right heart pressure overload
-Right heart volume overload
Left heart volume overload
A Doppler mean pressure gradient of 18 mm Hg is calculated in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis. The severity of the aortic stenosis is:
-Moderately severe
-Mild
-Moderate
-Severe
Mild
All of the following all associated with significant chronic aortic regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Holosystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex
-Wide pulse pressure
-Congestive heart failure
-Angina pectoris
Holosystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex
All of the following are two-dimensional echocardiography findings in a patient with significant chronic aortic regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Abnormal aortic valve or aortic root
-Left ventricular enlargement
-Hyperkinetic left ventricular wall motion
-left atrial enlargement
left atrial enlargement
All of the following may be measured in the cardiac catheterization laboratory when evaluating aortic stenosis EXCEPT:
-Peak-to-peak pressure gradient
-Maximum peak instantaneous pressure gradient
-Mean pressure gradient
-Peak velocity
Peak velocity
Secondary echocardiographic/Doppler findings in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-Abnormal interventricular septal wall motion
-Increase right heart dimensions
-Increased tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity
-Left ventricular dilatation
Left ventricular dilatation
Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic heart disease include:
-Angina pectoris
-Cyanosis
-Vertigo
-Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension
Systolic bowing of the inter-atrial septum toward the right atrium throughout the cardiac cycle may be an indication of:
-Tricuspid stenosis
-Tricuspid atresia
-Tricuspid regurgitation
-Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
The abnormal mitral valve pressure half-time for patients with mitral valve stenosis is:
30 to 60 msec
0 to 30 msec
90 to 400 msec
60 to 90 msec
90 to 400 msec
The cardiac valves listed in decreasing order as they are affected by rheumatic heart disease are:
-Pulmonic, aortic, tricuspid, mitral
-Mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonic
-Tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic, aortic
-Aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral
Mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonic
The classic cardiac Doppler features of mitral valve stenosis include all the following EXCEPT:
-Increased E velocity
-Increased mitral valve area
-Turbulent flow
-Increased pressure half-time
Increased mitral valve area
The classic description of the murmur of chronic mitral regurgitation is:
-Holosystolic murmur heard best at the apex radiating to the axilla
-Systolic ejection murmur heard best at the right upper sternal border
-Continuous machinery-like murmur
-Diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best at the left sternal border
Holosystolic murmur heard best at the apex radiating to the axilla
The equation used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory to determine mitral valve area and aortic valve area is the:
-Continuity
-Bernoulli
-Doppler
-Gorlin
Gorlin
The most accurate method for determining the severity of mitral valve stenosis is:
-Determining the maximum velocity across the mitral valve by pulsed-wave Doppler
-Measuring the thickness of the mitral valve leaflets
-Performing planimetry of the mitral valve orifice by two-dimensional echocardiography
-Measuring the E-F slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet by M-mode
Performing planimetry of the mitral valve orifice by two-dimensional echocardiography
The most common etiology of mitral stenosis in adults is:
-Congenital
-Left atrial myxoma
-Severe mitral annular calcification
-Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever
The most common presenting symptom of significant chronic mitral regurgitation is:
-Systemic embolization
-Dyspnea
-Ascites
-Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
The most likely heart sound to be heard in patients with significant chronic pure mitral regurgitation is:
-Loud S1
-Ejection click
-Fixed split S2
-S3
S3
Two-dimensional echocardiographic examination reveals thin mobile mitral valve leaflet tips and a Doppler E velocity of 1.8 m/s with a pressure half-time of 180 msec in an elderly patient. The most likely diagnosis is:
-Abnormal relaxation of the left ventricle
-Rheumatic mitral stenosis
-Aortic regurgitation
-Moderate to severe mitral annular calcification
Moderate to severe mitral annular calcification
Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings for rheumatic mitral stenosis include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Reverse doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
-Increased left atrial dimension
-Thickened mitral valve leaflets and subvalvular apparatus
-Hockey-stick appearance of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
Reverse doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
Typical echocardiographic findings in a patient with isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Dilated left ventricle
-D-shaped left ventricle
-Left atrial enlargement
-Left atrial thrombus
Dilated left ventricle
A color flow Doppler method for semi-quantitating mitral regurgitation is regurgitant jet:
-Length
-Area
-Turbulence
-Height
Area
A common finding associated with a regurgitant murmur in
the elderly is:
-Mitral annular calcification
-Aortic valve stenosis
-Mitral valve vegetation
-Mitral valve stenosis
Mitral annular calcification
A key word that is often used to describe the characteristics of the valve leaflets in mitral valve prolapse is:
-Doming
-Dense
-Sclerotic
-Redundant
Redundant
All of the following are associated with mitral valve prolapse EXCEPT:
-Mitral regurgitation
-Pulmonary atresia
-Tricuspid valve prolapse
-Aortic valve prolapse
Pulmonary atresia
All of the following are true statements concerning mitral regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Mitral regurgitation may result in an increase in preload
-Mitral regurgitation may be acute, chronic or intermittent
-Severity of mitral regurgitation is not affected by afterload
-Regurgitant jet area, vena contracta width and proximal isovelocity surface area are recommended when determining severity
Severity of mitral regurgitation is not affected by afterload
All of the following are useful color-flow Doppler techniques in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation EXCEPT:
-PISA diameter
-Vena contracta width
-Jet area
-Peak velocity
Peak velocity
An accepted method for determining the severity of mitral regurgitation by continuous-wave Doppler is spectral:
-Jet density
-Length
-Velocity
-Width
Jet density
Cardiac Doppler evidence of severe mitral regurgitation includes all of the following EXCEPT:
-Dense, triangular continuous-wave Doppler tracing
-Regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio > 40%
-Pulmonary vein systolic flow reversal
-Mitral valve E wave velocity < 1.0 m/sec
Mitral valve E wave velocity < 1.0 m/sec
Diastolic mitral regurgitation is associated with:
-Mitral valve prolapse
-Severe aortic regurgitation
-Severe tricuspid regurgitation
-Flail mitral valve
Severe aortic regurgitation
Echocardiographic characteristics of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Thickened, redundant, myxomatous leaflets
-Systolic bowing of the mitral valve leaflets towards the left atrium
-Increased mitral valve annulus diameter
-Diastolic doming of the mitral valve leaflets
Diastolic doming of the mitral valve leaflets
The pulsed-wave Doppler mitral valve peak E wave velocity is 100 cm/s. The lateral wall mitral annulus tissue Doppler imaging E’ wave is 5 cm/s. The diastolic filling pressure is assumed to be:
-Dependent upon respiration
-Normal
-Decreased
-Increased
Increased
The simplified Bernoulli equation disregards all of the following factors EXCEPT:
-Flow acceleration
-Viscous friction
-Proximal velocity
-Velocity at the site of obstruction
Velocity at the site of obstruction
The stroke volume is 63 mL. The heart rate is 100 beats per minutes. The cardiac output is:
63000 Lpm
6.3 Lpm
6.3 bpm
63 mL
6.3 Lpm
The top normal peak velocity for the aortic valve is:
2.0 m/s
1.7 m/s
0.9 m/s
0.7 m/s
1.7 m/s
The tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity is 2.0 m/s. The right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral is 20 cm. The pulmonary vascular resistance is:
-Decreased
-Increased
-Equal to the peak velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation
-Normal
Normal
The tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity is determined to be 3.2 m/s. The inferior vena cava is normal in dimension (< 1.7 cm) and collapsed with a sniff by more than 50%. The right ventricular systolic pressure and systolic pulmonary artery pressure is:
44 mm Hg
41 mm Hg
49 mm Hg
56 mm Hg
44 mm Hg
The use of the continuity equation in patients with aortic stenosis is based on the premise that:
-Left ventricular outflow tract flow is greater than flow across the aortic valve
-Flow volume in the left ventricular outflow tract equals the flow volume across the aortic valve
-As the aortic stenosis progresses, V1 increases
-As the aortic stenosis progresses, V2 decreases
Flow volume in the left ventricular outflow tract equals the flow volume across the aortic valve
When evaluating valvular stenosis all of the following are useful Doppler parameters EXCEPT:
-Peak velocity
-Peak instantaneous pressure gradient
-Chamber dimensions
-Mean pressure gradient
Chamber dimensions
Which of the following represent the lengthened Bernoulli equation?
EDV-ESV
4 x V2 2 – V1 2
CSA x VTI
4 x V22
4 x V2 2 – V1 2
With aortic valve stenosis and poor global left ventricular systolic function the severity of aortic stenosis by the Doppler pressure gradient may be:
-Unpredictable
-Overestimated
-Underestimated
-Unaffected
Underestimated
With aortic valve stenosis and significant aortic regurgitation the severity of the aortic stenosis by the Doppler pressure gradient may be:
-Overestimated
-Unpredictable
-Unaffected
-Underestimated
Overestimated
A Doppler mean pressure gradient across a stenotic mitral valve of 22 mm Hg is obtained. The severity of the mitral stenosis is:
-Moderately severe
-Moderate
-Severe
-Mild
Severe
A deceleration time of 800 msec was obtained by continuous-wave Doppler in a patient with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. The pressure half-time is:
800 msec
400 msec
232 msec
220 msec
232 msec
A strong indication for mitral stenosis on two-dimensional echocardiography is an anterior mitral valve leaflet that exhibits:
-Reverse doming
-Coarse, chaotic diastolic motion
-Systolic bowing
-Diastolic doming
Diastolic doming
All of the following are causes for chronic mitral regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Ruptured papillary muscle
-Cleft mitral valve
-Mitral annular calcification
-Rheumatic heart disease
Ruptured papillary muscle
All of the following are possible etiologies of anatomic mitral regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Mitral valve prolapse
-Mitral annular calcification
-Ruptured chordae tendineae
-Dilated cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides all of the following information in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation EXCEPT:
-Regurgitant volume
-Left ventricular mass
-Detailed visualization of the mitral valve apparatus
-Left ventricular volumes
Detailed visualization of the mitral valve apparatus
Chronic significant mitral regurgitation may result in all of the following EXCEPT:
-Left ventricular enlargement
-Left ventricular volume overload pattern
-Left atrial enlargement
-Mitral annular calcification
Mitral annular calcification
Conditions that may lead to clinical symptoms that mimic those associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis include:
-Left atrial myxoma
-Pericardial effusion
-Ventricular septal defect
-Aortic stenosis
Left atrial myxoma
Congestive heart failure in a patient with significant chronic mitral regurgitation occurs because of increased pressure in the:
-Left atrium
-Right ventricle
-Aorta
-Left ventricle
Left atrium
Critical mitral valve stenosis is said to be present if the mitral valve area is reduced to:
2.5 to 3.5 cm^2
1.0 to 1.5 cm^2
1.5 to 2.5 cm^2
< 1.0 cm^2
< 1.0 cm^2
M-mode and two-dimensional findings associated with significant chronic mitral regurgitation include all of the following EXCEPT:
-Fine diastolic flutter of the mitral valve
-Left ventricular volume overload pattern
-Left atrial enlargement
-Left ventricular enlargement
Fine diastolic flutter of the mitral valve
Mitral stenosis is considered to be severe by all the following criteria EXCEPT:
-Mitral valve area ≤ 1.0 cm^2
-Pressure half-time > 220 msec
-Mean pressure gradient ≥ 10 mm Hg
-Mitral valve Doppler A wave peak velocity > 1.3 m/s
Mitral valve Doppler A wave peak velocity > 1.3 m/s
Patients with mitral stenosis, left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation are at increased risk for the development of:
-Left atrial thrombus
-Left ventricular dilatation
-Left ventricular thrombus
-Left atrial myxoma
Left atrial thrombus
Possible signs and symptoms associated with acute severe mitral regurgitation include:
-Hemoptysis
-Pulmonary edema
-Systemic embolization
-Anasarca
Pulmonary edema
Predict the tissue Doppler imaging E/E’ ratio in a patient with known pseudonormalization of the mitral valve inflow pattern.
-Normal E’/A’ ratio
-Increased E’/A’ ratio
-Decreased E’A’ ratio
-Dependent upon respiration
Decreased E’A’ ratio
Pressure recovery may explain discrepancies between the pressure gradient measurements acquired in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and the pressure gradient measurements acquired in the echocardiography laboratory (e.g., aortic stenosis, prosthetic aortic valve). Pressure recovery occurs at the:
-Turbulent region
-distal to the vena contracta and turbulent region
-Vena contracta
-Flow convergence region (PISA)
distal to the vena contracta and turbulent region
Pulmonary regurgitation as detected by Doppler in structurally normal hearts is:
-Dependent upon respiration
-An abnormal finding
-A common finding
-A rare finding
A common finding
Right ventricular systolic pressure may be calculated when the following condition is present:
-Mitral regurgitation
-Pulmonary regurgitation
-Aortic regurgitation
-Tricuspid regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation
The S’ wave of the mitral valve annulus is determined to be 3 cm/s in peak velocity. This suggests:
-Dependent upon respiration
-Reduced global left ventricular systolic function
-Hyperdynamic global left ventricular systolic function
-Normal global left ventricular systolic function
Reduced global left ventricular systolic function
The blood pressure in a patient with a patent ductus arteriosus is 124/68 mm Hg. The peak velocity across the patent ductus arteriosus as determined by continuous-wave Doppler is 5 m/s. The systolic pulmonary artery pressure is:
124 mm Hg
24 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
34 mm Hg
24 mm Hg
The blood pressure in a patient with a ventricular septal defect is 114/77 mm Hg. The peak velocity across the ventricular septal defect as determined with continuous-wave Doppler is 4 m/s. The right ventricular systolic pressure and systolic pulmonary artery pressure is:
114 mm Hg
50 mm Hg
55 mm Hg
64 mm Hg
50 mm Hg
The blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. The peak velocity of mitral regurgitation is 5 m/s. The left atrial pressure is:
120 mm Hg
5 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
20 mm Hg
20 mm Hg
The continuous-wave Doppler maximum aortic regurgitation velocity reflects the:
-Maximum peak instantaneous diastolic pressure difference between the aorta and the left ventricle
-Mean systolic pressure gradient between the aorta and the left ventricle
-Maximum instantaneous systolic pressure gradient between the aorta and left ventricle
-Mean diastolic pressure gradient between the aorta and left ventricle
Maximum peak instantaneous diastolic pressure difference between the aorta and the left ventricle
The difference between the transmitted frequency and the reflected frequency is known as the:
-Bernoulli equation
-Doppler shift
-Doppler principle
-Gorlin equation
Doppler shift
The equation which relates the pressure drop across an area of narrowing is the:
-Continuity equation
-Velocity ratio equation
-Bernoulli equation
-Doppler equation
Bernoulli equation
The expected continuous-wave Doppler peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation assuming normal intracardiac pressures is:
3.3 m/s
0.5 m/s
1.0 m/s
2.2 m/s
2.2 m/s
The following data is obtained in a patient with a prosthetic mitral valve: left ventricular outflow tract diameter is 2.0 cm, the left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral is 15 cm and the prosthetic mitral valve velocity time integral is 47 cm. The mitral valve area by the continuity equation is:
1.0 cm2
2.0 cm2
30 cm2
3.14 cm2
1.0 cm2
The following data is obtained in a patient with aortic stenosis: left ventricular outflow tract diameter is 2.0 cm, peak left ventricular outflow tract velocity integral is 20 cm, the aortic valve time velocity integral is 40 cm. The aortic valve area is:
1.57 cm2
0.75 cm2
0.3 cm2
3.14 cm2
1.57 cm2
The following data is obtained in a patient with aortic stenosis: left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral is 20 cm and the aortic valve velocity time integral is 40 cm. The velocity ratio is:
40
800
0.5
20
0.5
The following data is obtained: left ventricular outflow tract diameter is 2.2 cm, left ventricular outflow tract peak systolic velocity is 1.1 m/s and the peak systolic aortic valve velocity is 5 m/s. The aortic valve area is:
100 cm2
.83 cm2
2.14 cm2
0.75 cm2
.83 cm2
The formula that is used to calculate the peak pressure gradient in coarctation of the aorta is:
220 ÷ PHT
4 (V2 ^2 – V1 ^2)
4 (V2 ^2)
CSA x VTI
4 (V2 ^2 – V1 ^2)
The formula used to estimate left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from continuous-wave Doppler recording of aortic regurgitation is LVEDP is equal to:
LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; BPs, systolic blood pressure; Vmax, maximum velocity of aortic regurgitation; AR, aortic regurgitation; BPd, diastolic blood pressure; EDV, end-diastolic velocity.
BPd – Vmax AR
BPd – 4 x EDV AR
BPs – Vmax AR
BPd – 4 x EDV AR2
BPd – 4 x EDV AR2
The laminar core of a turbulent jet is called the:
-Turbulent region
-Relaminarization
-Flow convergence region (PISA)
-Vena contracta
Vena contracta
The left ventricular outflow tract diameter in early ventricular systole as measured in the parasternal long-axis is 2.0 cm. The left ventricular outflow tract time velocity integral is 20 cm. The Doppler stroke volume is:
63 mL
20 mL
3.14 cm
2 mL
63 mL
The mitral valve area can be determined by Doppler with the following formula:
Deceleration time ÷ pressure half-time
220 ÷ deceleration time
220 ÷ pressure half-time
Pressure half-time ÷ 220
220 ÷ pressure half-time
The peak velocity across a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is determined to be 1.0 m/s. The right atrial pressure (RAP) is determined to be 5 mm Hg by examination of the characteristics of the inferior vena cava. The left atrial pressure (LAP) is equal to:
14 mm Hg
9 mm Hg
1 mm Hg
4 mm Hg
9 mm Hg
The peak velocity of pulmonary regurgitation is determined to be 3 m/s. The RAP is 3 mmHg. The mean pulmonary artery pressure is:
44 mm Hg
9 mm Hg
39 mm Hg
3 mm Hg
39 mm Hg
The pressure drop between two-chambers may be calculated by the formula:
4 x V2 ^2
CSA x VTI
Transmitted frequency – received frequency
220 ÷ pressure half-time
4 x V2 ^2
The pulmonary regurgitation end velocity is determined to be 2.0 m/s. The inferior vena cava is normal in dimension (< 1.7 cm) and collapses with a sniff by greater than 50%. The pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure is equal to:
7 mm Hg
19 mm Hg
16 mm Hg
21 mm Hg
19 mm Hg
The normal mitral valve area is:
4 to 6 cm2
3 to 5 cm2
3.5 to 4.5 cm2
5 to 8 cm2
4 to 6 cm2
The normal volume of clear serous fluid in the pericardial sac is:
200 to 500 L
20 to 50 mL
10 to 50 mL
200 to 500 mL
10 to 50 mL
The outpouching behind each aortic valve leaflet is called the:
-Aortic isthmus
-Ductus arteriosus
-Ligamentum arteriosum
-Sinuses of Valsalva
Sinuses of Valsalva
The potential space behind the left atrium where pericardial effusion could accumulate is the:
-Sinus of Valsalva
-Oblique sinus
-Pleural potential space
-Transverse sinus
Oblique sinus
The section of the aorta that is located between the diaphragm and the iliac arteries is called the:
-Abdominal aorta
-Transverse aorta
-Aortic isthmus
-Descending thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
When should the left atrium be measured?
-Diastasis
-Late diastole
-End systole
-Early diastole
End systole
Which left ventricular wall segment is LEAST likely to be supplied by the circumflex coronary artery?
-Inferolateral wall of the left ventricle
-Anterolateral wall of the left ventricle
-Lateral wall of the cardiac apex
-Basal inferior wall of the left ventricle
Basal inferior wall of the left ventricle
Which two-dimensional view is recommended when measuring the right atrium?
-Parasternal right ventricular inflow tract
-Apical four-chamber
-Subcostal four-chamber
-Parasternal short-axis of the aortic valve
Apical four-chamber
A patient with known aortic stenosis presents for evaluation. The ejection fraction is 22%. The peak velocity across the aortic valve as determined by continuous-wave Doppler is 2.3 m/s. The peak instantaneous pressure gradient is 21 mm Hg. The mean pressure gradient is 14 mm Hg. The severity of the aortic stenosis is:
-Mild
-Moderate
-Severe
-Requires more information
Requires more information
A peak velocity of 2 m/s is obtained in a patient with rheumatic mitral stenosis. The peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient is:
4 mm Hg
16 mm Hg
26 mm Hg
2 mm Hg
16 mm Hg
All of the following are simplified PISA methods for determining the severity of mitral regurgitation EXCEPT:
PISA, proximal isovelocity surface area; ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; r, radius of PISA; RV, regurgitant volume
RV (mL) = 2 x r2 x aliasing velocity (cm/s)
ERO (cm2) = r2 ÷ 2
≥ 0.9 cm PISA radius that is holosystolic indicates significant mitral regurgitation
220 ÷ pressure half-time
220 ÷ pressure half-time
As a valve orifice narrows because of stenosis pressure proximal to the stenosis will:
-Increase with inspiration, decrease with expiration
-Increase
-Decrease
-Equilibrate
Increase
Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, predict the peak systolic velocity for a patent ductus arteriosus.
0.5 m/s
3 m/s
5 m/s
1 m/s
0.5 m/s
Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, predict the peak velocity of atrial septal defect.
3 m/s
1 m/s
0.5 m/s
5 m/s
1 m/s
Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, the expected continuous-wave Doppler peak velocity of mitral regurgitation would be:
7 m/s
5 m/s
3 m/s
1 m/s
5 m/s
Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, the expected peak systolic velocity of a ventricular septal defect would be:
0.5 m/s
3 m/s
5 m/s
1 m/s
5 m/s
Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, the expected peak velocity of pulmonary regurgitation is:
4 m/s
1 m/s
2 m/s
3 m/s
1 m/s
Components of the Doppler equation include all the following EXCEPT:
-The cosine of 0° is 1 and it is assumed in echocardiography that the recorded velocity has been obtained at a near-parallel intercept angle.
-The transmitted ultrasound frequency is an important determinant of the Doppler shift detected.
-Propagation speed of sound changes relative to the velocity of the red blood cells.
-The angle between the ultrasound beam and the direction of blood flow must be known for accurate measurement of blood flow.
Propagation speed of sound changes relative to the velocity of the red blood cells.
Determine the Qp/Qs for an atrial septal defect with the following data: RVOTd = 3.0 cm; RVOTVTI = 20 cm; LVOTd = 2.0 cm; LVOTVTI = 10 cm
RVOTd, right ventricular outflow tract diameter; RVOTVTI, right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral; LVOTd, left ventricular outflow tract diameter; LVOTVTI, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral
2:1
3.3:1
4.5:1
10:1
4.5:1
Determine the mitral effective regurgitant orifice and regurgitant volume using the PISA method:
Radius: 1.0 cm
Aliasing velocity: 40 cm/s
Mitral regurgitation peak velocity: 500 cm/s
Mitral regurgitation velocity time integral: 110 cm
0.50 cm2; 55 mL
55 cm2; 50 mL
1 cm2; 50 mL
0.40 cm2; 110 mL
0.50 cm2; 55 mL
Determine the mitral regurgitant volume, regurgitant fraction and effective regurgitant orifice using the following information:
LVOT diameter: 2.0 cm, LVOTVTI: 10 cm,
Mitral valve annulus diameter: 3.0 cm,
Mitral valve annulus VTI: 15 cm, Mitral regurgitation VTI: 200 cm
LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; VTI, velocity time integral
74 mL; .70%; 37 cm2
2 mL; 100%; 2 cm2
200 mL; 50%; .75 cm2
34 mL; 17%; .17 cm2
74 mL; .70%; 37 cm2
Formulas that may be used to calculate the cross-sectional area of an orifice or vessel through which blood is flowing include all the following EXCEPT:
r, radius; D, diameter
p x (D ÷ 2)2
p x (D2 ÷ 4)
0.785 x D2
2 x p x r2
2 x p x r2
In a patient with aortic stenosis the continuous-wave Doppler recordings demonstrate a maximum peak systolic velocity across the aortic valve of 5 m/s. The peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient is:
25 mm Hg
110 mm Hg
5 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
In patients with aortic valve stenosis the pressure gradients measured by Doppler include:
-Peak-to-peak pressure gradient
-Peak-to-mean gradient
-Peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient and peak-to-peak gradient
-Peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient
Peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient
Minor degrees of tricuspid regurgitation and mitral regurgitation detected by Doppler in structurally normal hearts:
-Are a rare finding
-Vary greatly from one echocardiography laboratory to another
-Are a common finding
-Depend on respiration
Are a common finding
