Final prep Flashcards
Who leads quarantine at EATM and how long does it last?
Dr Greer, vet staff (DVM), between 1-6 months
What is required for an animal to be released from quarantine?
3 consecutive negative fecals, back to back, 10-14 days inbetween each. Zookeeper’s responsibility to collect.
What is the effect of stress on an animal’s health?
Stress lowers immunity. Can bring out dormant viruses, animal can easily get sick and make other animals sick.
How is rabies transmitted, what is its life cycle
via saliva in a bite wound, into the bloodstream into CNS causing seizures, hallucinations, then death
Main reservoir host of rabies in CA
skunks and bats
How long can rabies live in a host before symptoms appear? After symptoms appear, how long until the host dies?
4 weeks. Death within 10 days
Explain the progression of rabies symptoms in humans
Once symptoms occur, the virus is already in the brain and fatal. Starts as flu-like symptoms. Progresses to cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, abnormal behaviors, hallucinations, hydro-phobia, insomnia, coma, death.
Prevention for rabies
vaccinate all animals
practice caution when handling stray dogs and wildlife
after exposure, get vaccinated
is rabies viral or bacteria?
viral
What is an enteric disease
a disease that affects the GI tract. Enteric diseases always present with vomiting and diarrhea
What is the #1 cause of food poisoning in humans?
Escherichia coli (E.Coli).
Define enterotoxins
produces toxic gas once in intestines. Can do permanent damage, very zoonotic.
Main reservoir of E. Coli
Cattle, Also pigs, rabbits, horses, dog, raccoons, birds
Symptoms of E. Coli
Bloody D and V, abdominal cramps
Transmission of E. Coli
fecal/oral. Uncooked meat, contaminated water runoff, produce exposed to manure fertilizer, unpasteurized milk and juice, between person to person
Diagnosis of E. Coli
Fecal culture
Treatment of E. Coli
usually not needed, sometimes antibiotics, advanced cases may require hospitalization/ supportive care
How is E.Coli preventable
good hygiene, wash produce, treated water, pasteurized milk and juice, cook meat
Is E. Coli bacterial or viral?
bacterial
What is Cryptosporidiosis (crypto)
protozoan parasite. Not a true parasite. Still bacterial. Hardy organism, can withstand some disinfectants and chloride
Transmission of Crypto
fecal contaminated water and food and direct contact. Can be aerosolized
Who does crypto usually affect
young animals
Symptoms of Crypto
severe watery diarrhea, inappetence, weight loss. Can be asymptomatic
Diagnosis of Crypto
fecal analysis oocysts
Treament of Crypto
usually not needed.
Prevention of Crypto
keep enclosures dry, remove feces, disinfect, practice good hygiene, boil drinking water, clean produce, pasteurize
Is Salmonellosis (salmonella) bacterial or viral
bacterial
Where is salmonella found
in warm and cold blooded animals. Species specific. Found everywhere- high likelihood of susceptibility.
Transmission of salmonella
Everywhere. Eating fecal contaminated foods
Symptoms of salmonella in humans, pigs, horses, fowl, and ruminants
Humans- D, V, cramps, fever, can be asymptomatic.
Pigs- bloody D
Horses- abortion, arthritis, D
Fowl- raw eggs, egg shell
Ruminants- fever, D, abortion, abdominal pain
Diagnosis of salmonella
fecal culture, serology (bloodwork)
Treatment of salmonella
usually not needed
Prevention of salmonella
wash hands, pasteurize, SLOW defrost, safe animal handling, cook food, clean water, wash fruits and veggies
Is Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter) bacterial or viral?
bacterial
Main resevoir of Campylobacteriosis
birds. Others- mammals
2 main types of Campylobacteriosis
- C. Jejuni
- C. fetus
C. Jejuni symptoms for humans
1 cause of D in the US. Nausea, V, D, cramping, fever
C. Jejuni symptoms for animals
young animals are susceptible.
Cattle- D, fever, mastitis
Sheep- abortion
Poultry- asymptomatic resevoirs
Transmission, diagnosis and treatment of C. Jejuni
T- fecal/oral
D- serology
T- usually not needed
C. fetus hosts
cattle and sheep
Transmission and Symptoms of C. fetus in animals
Cattle- SID- endometritis, abortion
Sheep- oral- fetal death, endometritis, septicemia (bloodstream infection)
Diagnosis, treatment, and control measures of C. fetus
D- immediate culture, antibody section testing, blood culture for humans
T- cattle tend to recover, humans antibiotics
C- sanitation, vaccines for animals, artificial insemination
Is Yersiniosis (yersinia entercolitica) bacterial or viral?
bacterial
Yersiniosis requires what element to survive
iron
Hosts of yersiniosis
pigs
Symptoms of yersiniosis
animals- D, mild
humans- asymptomatic, D, septicemia, fatal
Diagnosis of yersiniosis
fecal culture
Is Clostridium bacterial or viral
bacterial
4 main types of Clostridium
- C. Pertrigens
- C. Difficile
- C. Botulism (Botulinum)- not an enteric disease
- C. Tetani (tetanus)
Where is C. Pertrigens found
in the intestines of humans and animals. Grows rapidly.
Transmission of C. Pertrigens
fecal contaminated food (poultry, gravy, dried meats)
Improper storage temperatures
Symptoms of C. Petrigens
produces an enterotoxin that causes D
Hosts of C. Difficile
humans and mammals
Transmission of C. Difficile
Can be found in soil, sand, hay, fomites.
fecal/oral. Not usually food. health care facilities/surfaces
Diagnosis of C. Difficile
fecal culture
Treatment of C. Difficile
antibiotics not recommended
Overall tendencies of enteric diseases
Most are fecal-oral
Elderly and children, young animals susceptible
Usually cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Usually self- limiting
Preventable!
Any disease can have complications (primary or secondary) and can be lethal
What is the #1 bacterial cause of death in the world
tuberculosis. Also known as red death, wasting disease, white plague, or consumption
bacteria Mycrobacterium and its names for humans, animals, and non-zoonotic human leprosy
Human- M. tuberculosis
Animals- M. Bovis
Human leprosy- M. Leprae
Latency of Mycrobacterium
asymptomatic not contagious
How is Mycrobacterium transmitted
aerosolized from lungs through coughing, talking, singing. Drinking unpasteurized milk products (ingested)
Mycrobacterium affects which main organ
lungs. can then move to other organs and can be fatal
M. Tuberculosis (humans) transmission
reverse zoonosis (humans are main resevoir host)
Clinical signs of M. Tuberculosis
cough, fever, chest pain, bloody phlegm
Diagnosis of M. Tuberculosis
TB skin test
Treatment of M. Tuberculosis
Antibiotics, up to 6 months
Prevention of M. Tuberculosis
education, testing, hygiene
Elephant tuberculosis clinical signs
weakness, weight loss, coughing, exercise intolerance– by the time you see them it’s too late
Elephant tuberculosis diagnosis
trunk wash culture, serology, skin test- not accurate
Elephant tuberculosis treatment
antibiotics 12-18 months, fatal
Elephant tuberculosis prevention
trunk washes= training, regular TB tests for staff, hygiene
M. Bovis transmission for humans and animals
Humans- ingestion of unpasteurized milk, raw cattle meat, cutaneous cuts, respiratory rare
Animals- ingestion, cutaneous (scratches), aerosol, asymptomatic carriers occur, symptoms vary between species.
M. Bovis main reservoir host
cattle
M. Bovis diagnosis
skin test works well in cattle. primates-serology
M. Bovis treatment
antibiotics
M. Bovis prevention
pasteurization, hygiene, education, surveillance programs
is anthrax bacterial, viral, or parasitic and what is its name
bacterial. Bacillus anthracis
2 life stages of anthrax
vegetative- inside the body, causes disease
spore- in environment (dirt), dormant, does not cause disease
what does sporulation require
poor nutrients (outside host)
presence of oxygen
3 forms of anthrax
cutaneous- biting flies, contact with infected wool, hide, soil, tissues
GI- undercooked meat
aerosolized- (inhaled) tanning hides, processing wool on bone. Most fatal of all types
Diagnosis of anthrax in humans
culture, PCR, nasal swabs, blood test (blood, skin, secretions)
Treatment of anthrax
60 days antibiotics.
Occupational risks of anthrax
textile mills, wool sorters, lab workers, vet staff, tanneries, bone processors, slaughter horses, mill handlers
Prevention of anthrax
Humans- vaccine for at risk groups like military and travelers
Immigration vaccine series- annual booster, five injections over 18 weeks
Do not open carcasses because it releases spores into the air. Pasture with dead animal should be abandoned. herd may be culled, rest of herd quarantined, possibly treated
Anthrax can be used as biological warfare true or false
true. Was recently an active threat to US with multiple positive cases
is Listeria bacterial, viral, or parasitical
bacterial
Listeria transmission
fecal oral
Listeria hosts
mammals, fish, insects, waters, milk/cheese, feces, nasal discharge, soil, hay
Animal and human clinical signs of listeria
Animal- encephalitis, depression, incoordination, segregation, facial paralysis, abortion, mastitis, death
Human- healthy individuals rarely get sick, flu-like symptoms develop into confusion, incoordination, convulsions, meningitis, abortion
Diagnosis of listeria
Humans: culture blood, spinal fluid, aborted fetus, can culture suspect food source
Animals: brain culture of deceased
Treatment of listeria
antibiotics
Prevention of listeria
cook meat, pasteurize, avoid soft cheeses and smoked meat, hygiene
is Leptospirosis bacterial, viral, or parasitic
bacterial
transmission of lepto
urine
Hosts of lepto
skunks, over 160 mammalian species, humans, rodents, raccoons, deer, squirrels, opossums
One of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world
leptospirosis
Clinical signs of lepto
humans- mild, flu-like, complications, kidney, liver, heart damage, some recover without treatment, 100 cases cause critical illness
Animals- pain, bloody urine, diarrhea, abortions, anemia, congestion, multiple others
Diagnosis of lepto
serology
Treatment of lepto
antibiotics, sometimes long term
Prevention of lepto
vaccines, hygiene. No vacc for humans and horses and not approved for cats. Only for cattle, pigs, dogs
4 kinds of Brucellosis (bacteria Brucella)
- B. abortus- cattle, bison, humans…
- B. suis- pigs
- B. canis- dogs
- B. melitensis- sheep
B. abortus (brucellosis in humans)- AKA undulant fever transmission
unpasteurized products, direct contact, inhaling aerosol
Brucellosis in humans clinical signs
flu-like symptoms, weight loss, recurrent fever that spikes at night, arthritis, testicular inflammation, spontaneous abortions
Diagnosis of Brucellosis in animals and humans
Animals- serology
Humans- blood or fluid culture
Treatment of Brucellosis in animals and humans
Animals- no effective treatment, can try neutering
Humans- antibiotics
Prevention of Brucellosis in animals and humans
Not a problem in US due to vaccination and surveillance programs
Q fever- bacteria Coxiella burnetii hosts
cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, sometimes ticks
C. burnetii transmission
birthing fluid, placenta, milk, urine, feces, inhalation, ingestion (rare)
C. burnetii clinical signs
flu like symptoms that may progress to confusion, hepatitis, endocarditis
*Can be acute or chronic
-Depends on how long symptoms last and the damage it causes
C. burnetii diagnosis
serology
C. burnetii treatment
antibiotics and antimalarial drugs
C. burnetii prevention
no vaccine. practice good hygiene
Vectors of parasites
bugs, larvae, microscopic protozoans
lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) transmission
bacterial disease transmitted by tick bites
What is the most common arthropod borne disease in USA
lyme disease
resevoir host of the infected ticks of lyme disease
white-tailed deer and white-footed mouse
Clinical signs of lyme disease
often not shown: anorexia, fever, lameness, swollen joints, organ failure, CNS damage, (aggression, confusion, seizures)
3 stages of lyme disease in humans
- Early, localized (visible). Flu-like symptoms, bullseye rash, appears 3 days- 1 month
- Early, disseminated. Bacteria enters bloodstream, numb extremities, stiff neck, facial paralysis, appears 2 wks, 3 months
- Persistent infection. Limb numbness, meningitis, severe headaches, irregular heart rhythm. Develops weeks to years after, often not diagnosed until it gets this bad
Diagnosis of lyme disease
rash, serologic testing one month after bite
Treatment of lyme disease
antibiotics
Prevention of lyme disease
vaccine for animals not humans, insect repellant, tick check
Plague (yersinia pestis) transmission
bacterial disease transmitted by rodent fleas (lives in their intestines)
Plague affects cats or dogs more
cats are sensitive with 50 % fatalities, dogs usually get mild sickness
3 types of plague in humans
- bubonic plague- swollen, blackened lymph nodes, aches, exhaustion 75% mortality
- Pneumonic plague- lungs, aerosolized, contagious from person to person. 90% mortality
- Septicemic plague, plague multiplies in bloodstream, blacked skin, usually fatal
Diagnosis of plague
clinical signs, fluid analysis
Treatment of plague
antibiotics- must be started as soon as symptoms appear
Prevention of plague
Rodent and flea control
Why was the plague the deadliest of all pandemics in human history
poor sanitation, pest control. Kills 200 million people in the 1300s.
Toxoplasmosis (protozoan toxoplasma gondii) main location for sexual reproduction
cat intestines
Transmission of toxoplasma gondii
feces, raw meat (oocysts imbed in muscle), inhalation sporulated oocysts (litter box), transplacental
Diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii
biopsy, fluid analysis, serology- does not diagnose active infection
Treatment and clinical signs of toxoplasma gondii
humans often asymptomatic, animals rarely get sick. Treatment usually not necessary
Prevention of toxoplasma gondii
cooked meat, good hygiene, keep litterboxes clean
Giardia (protozoan parasite) 2 phases
cysts and trophozoiten
Transmission and carriers of giardia (AKA travelers diarrhea)
fecal oral. Found in water, dirt, feces. humans and almost all animals are carriers
Diagnosis of giardia
direct smear, serology, rapid snap test
Treatment of giardia
sometimes not needed, antibiotics, dininfecting
Prevention of giardia
good hygiene, safe water, do not kiss animals
Scabies (sarcoptes scabei) AKA sarcoptic mange clinical signs
lay eggs in skin that cause severe irritation, causes skin lesions, dramatic hair loss, severe itchiness
Diagnosis and treatment of scabies
skin scrape and treat with antiparasitic meds, Revolution
3 main types of worms
Roundworm- 5 species are zoonotic. Live and reproduce in intestines, eggs can live in environment for years, transmission fecal oral, diagnosis fecal, visible worms, treatment dewormer
Hookworm- 7 zoonotic species, Ancylostoma Spp, attach to intestine wall and feed on it. Transmission- ingestion, skin penetration, cutaneous larval migrans
Tapeworm- 3 zoonotic species, Hermaphroditic segmented worm, transmitted by ingested fleas, looks like rice. Echinococcus Spp- causes cysts that may require surgical removal, can take years to develop signs
