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M18 Health and Safety > Final prep > Flashcards

Final prep Flashcards

1
Q

Who leads quarantine at EATM and how long does it last?

A

Dr Greer, vet staff (DVM), between 1-6 months

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2
Q

What is required for an animal to be released from quarantine?

A

3 consecutive negative fecals, back to back, 10-14 days inbetween each. Zookeeper’s responsibility to collect.

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3
Q

What is the effect of stress on an animal’s health?

A

Stress lowers immunity. Can bring out dormant viruses, animal can easily get sick and make other animals sick.

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4
Q

How is rabies transmitted, what is its life cycle

A

via saliva in a bite wound, into the bloodstream into CNS causing seizures, hallucinations, then death

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5
Q

Main reservoir host of rabies in CA

A

skunks and bats

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6
Q

How long can rabies live in a host before symptoms appear? After symptoms appear, how long until the host dies?

A

4 weeks. Death within 10 days

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7
Q

Explain the progression of rabies symptoms in humans

A

Once symptoms occur, the virus is already in the brain and fatal. Starts as flu-like symptoms. Progresses to cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, abnormal behaviors, hallucinations, hydro-phobia, insomnia, coma, death.

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8
Q

Prevention for rabies

A

vaccinate all animals
practice caution when handling stray dogs and wildlife
after exposure, get vaccinated

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9
Q

is rabies viral or bacteria?

A

viral

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10
Q

What is an enteric disease

A

a disease that affects the GI tract. Enteric diseases always present with vomiting and diarrhea

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11
Q

What is the #1 cause of food poisoning in humans?

A

Escherichia coli (E.Coli).

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12
Q

Define enterotoxins

A

produces toxic gas once in intestines. Can do permanent damage, very zoonotic.

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13
Q

Main reservoir of E. Coli

A

Cattle, Also pigs, rabbits, horses, dog, raccoons, birds

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14
Q

Symptoms of E. Coli

A

Bloody D and V, abdominal cramps

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15
Q

Transmission of E. Coli

A

fecal/oral. Uncooked meat, contaminated water runoff, produce exposed to manure fertilizer, unpasteurized milk and juice, between person to person

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16
Q

Diagnosis of E. Coli

A

Fecal culture

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17
Q

Treatment of E. Coli

A

usually not needed, sometimes antibiotics, advanced cases may require hospitalization/ supportive care

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18
Q

How is E.Coli preventable

A

good hygiene, wash produce, treated water, pasteurized milk and juice, cook meat

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19
Q

Is E. Coli bacterial or viral?

A

bacterial

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20
Q

What is Cryptosporidiosis (crypto)

A

protozoan parasite. Not a true parasite. Still bacterial. Hardy organism, can withstand some disinfectants and chloride

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21
Q

Transmission of Crypto

A

fecal contaminated water and food and direct contact. Can be aerosolized

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22
Q

Who does crypto usually affect

A

young animals

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23
Q

Symptoms of Crypto

A

severe watery diarrhea, inappetence, weight loss. Can be asymptomatic

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24
Q

Diagnosis of Crypto

A

fecal analysis oocysts

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25
Q

Treament of Crypto

A

usually not needed.

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26
Q

Prevention of Crypto

A

keep enclosures dry, remove feces, disinfect, practice good hygiene, boil drinking water, clean produce, pasteurize

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27
Q

Is Salmonellosis (salmonella) bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

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28
Q

Where is salmonella found

A

in warm and cold blooded animals. Species specific. Found everywhere- high likelihood of susceptibility.

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29
Q

Transmission of salmonella

A

Everywhere. Eating fecal contaminated foods

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30
Q

Symptoms of salmonella in humans, pigs, horses, fowl, and ruminants

A

Humans- D, V, cramps, fever, can be asymptomatic.
Pigs- bloody D
Horses- abortion, arthritis, D
Fowl- raw eggs, egg shell
Ruminants- fever, D, abortion, abdominal pain

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31
Q

Diagnosis of salmonella

A

fecal culture, serology (bloodwork)

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32
Q

Treatment of salmonella

A

usually not needed

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33
Q

Prevention of salmonella

A

wash hands, pasteurize, SLOW defrost, safe animal handling, cook food, clean water, wash fruits and veggies

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34
Q

Is Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter) bacterial or viral?

A

bacterial

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35
Q

Main resevoir of Campylobacteriosis

A

birds. Others- mammals

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36
Q

2 main types of Campylobacteriosis

A
  1. C. Jejuni
  2. C. fetus
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37
Q

C. Jejuni symptoms for humans

A

1 cause of D in the US. Nausea, V, D, cramping, fever

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38
Q

C. Jejuni symptoms for animals

A

young animals are susceptible.
Cattle- D, fever, mastitis
Sheep- abortion
Poultry- asymptomatic resevoirs

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39
Q

Transmission, diagnosis and treatment of C. Jejuni

A

T- fecal/oral
D- serology
T- usually not needed

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40
Q

C. fetus hosts

A

cattle and sheep

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41
Q

Transmission and Symptoms of C. fetus in animals

A

Cattle- SID- endometritis, abortion
Sheep- oral- fetal death, endometritis, septicemia (bloodstream infection)

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42
Q

Diagnosis, treatment, and control measures of C. fetus

A

D- immediate culture, antibody section testing, blood culture for humans
T- cattle tend to recover, humans antibiotics
C- sanitation, vaccines for animals, artificial insemination

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43
Q

Is Yersiniosis (yersinia entercolitica) bacterial or viral?

A

bacterial

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44
Q

Yersiniosis requires what element to survive

A

iron

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45
Q

Hosts of yersiniosis

A

pigs

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46
Q

Symptoms of yersiniosis

A

animals- D, mild
humans- asymptomatic, D, septicemia, fatal

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47
Q

Diagnosis of yersiniosis

A

fecal culture

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48
Q

Is Clostridium bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

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49
Q

4 main types of Clostridium

A
  1. C. Pertrigens
  2. C. Difficile
  3. C. Botulism (Botulinum)- not an enteric disease
  4. C. Tetani (tetanus)
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50
Q

Where is C. Pertrigens found

A

in the intestines of humans and animals. Grows rapidly.

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51
Q

Transmission of C. Pertrigens

A

fecal contaminated food (poultry, gravy, dried meats)
Improper storage temperatures

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52
Q

Symptoms of C. Petrigens

A

produces an enterotoxin that causes D

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53
Q

Hosts of C. Difficile

A

humans and mammals

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54
Q

Transmission of C. Difficile

A

Can be found in soil, sand, hay, fomites.
fecal/oral. Not usually food. health care facilities/surfaces

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55
Q

Diagnosis of C. Difficile

A

fecal culture

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56
Q

Treatment of C. Difficile

A

antibiotics not recommended

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57
Q

Overall tendencies of enteric diseases

A

Most are fecal-oral
Elderly and children, young animals susceptible
Usually cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Usually self- limiting
Preventable!
Any disease can have complications (primary or secondary) and can be lethal

58
Q

What is the #1 bacterial cause of death in the world

A

tuberculosis. Also known as red death, wasting disease, white plague, or consumption

59
Q

bacteria Mycrobacterium and its names for humans, animals, and non-zoonotic human leprosy

A

Human- M. tuberculosis
Animals- M. Bovis
Human leprosy- M. Leprae

60
Q

Latency of Mycrobacterium

A

asymptomatic not contagious

61
Q

How is Mycrobacterium transmitted

A

aerosolized from lungs through coughing, talking, singing. Drinking unpasteurized milk products (ingested)

62
Q

Mycrobacterium affects which main organ

A

lungs. can then move to other organs and can be fatal

63
Q

M. Tuberculosis (humans) transmission

A

reverse zoonosis (humans are main resevoir host)

64
Q

Clinical signs of M. Tuberculosis

A

cough, fever, chest pain, bloody phlegm

65
Q

Diagnosis of M. Tuberculosis

A

TB skin test

66
Q

Treatment of M. Tuberculosis

A

Antibiotics, up to 6 months

67
Q

Prevention of M. Tuberculosis

A

education, testing, hygiene

68
Q

Elephant tuberculosis clinical signs

A

weakness, weight loss, coughing, exercise intolerance– by the time you see them it’s too late

69
Q

Elephant tuberculosis diagnosis

A

trunk wash culture, serology, skin test- not accurate

70
Q

Elephant tuberculosis treatment

A

antibiotics 12-18 months, fatal

71
Q

Elephant tuberculosis prevention

A

trunk washes= training, regular TB tests for staff, hygiene

72
Q

M. Bovis transmission for humans and animals

A

Humans- ingestion of unpasteurized milk, raw cattle meat, cutaneous cuts, respiratory rare
Animals- ingestion, cutaneous (scratches), aerosol, asymptomatic carriers occur, symptoms vary between species.

73
Q

M. Bovis main reservoir host

A

cattle

74
Q

M. Bovis diagnosis

A

skin test works well in cattle. primates-serology

75
Q

M. Bovis treatment

A

antibiotics

76
Q

M. Bovis prevention

A

pasteurization, hygiene, education, surveillance programs

77
Q

is anthrax bacterial, viral, or parasitic and what is its name

A

bacterial. Bacillus anthracis

78
Q

2 life stages of anthrax

A

vegetative- inside the body, causes disease
spore- in environment (dirt), dormant, does not cause disease

79
Q

what does sporulation require

A

poor nutrients (outside host)
presence of oxygen

80
Q

3 forms of anthrax

A

cutaneous- biting flies, contact with infected wool, hide, soil, tissues
GI- undercooked meat
aerosolized- (inhaled) tanning hides, processing wool on bone. Most fatal of all types

81
Q

Diagnosis of anthrax in humans

A

culture, PCR, nasal swabs, blood test (blood, skin, secretions)

82
Q

Treatment of anthrax

A

60 days antibiotics.

83
Q

Occupational risks of anthrax

A

textile mills, wool sorters, lab workers, vet staff, tanneries, bone processors, slaughter horses, mill handlers

84
Q

Prevention of anthrax

A

Humans- vaccine for at risk groups like military and travelers
Immigration vaccine series- annual booster, five injections over 18 weeks
Do not open carcasses because it releases spores into the air. Pasture with dead animal should be abandoned. herd may be culled, rest of herd quarantined, possibly treated

85
Q

Anthrax can be used as biological warfare true or false

A

true. Was recently an active threat to US with multiple positive cases

86
Q

is Listeria bacterial, viral, or parasitical

A

bacterial

87
Q

Listeria transmission

A

fecal oral

88
Q

Listeria hosts

A

mammals, fish, insects, waters, milk/cheese, feces, nasal discharge, soil, hay

89
Q

Animal and human clinical signs of listeria

A

Animal- encephalitis, depression, incoordination, segregation, facial paralysis, abortion, mastitis, death
Human- healthy individuals rarely get sick, flu-like symptoms develop into confusion, incoordination, convulsions, meningitis, abortion

90
Q

Diagnosis of listeria

A

Humans: culture blood, spinal fluid, aborted fetus, can culture suspect food source
Animals: brain culture of deceased

91
Q

Treatment of listeria

A

antibiotics

92
Q

Prevention of listeria

A

cook meat, pasteurize, avoid soft cheeses and smoked meat, hygiene

93
Q

is Leptospirosis bacterial, viral, or parasitic

A

bacterial

94
Q

transmission of lepto

A

urine

95
Q

Hosts of lepto

A

skunks, over 160 mammalian species, humans, rodents, raccoons, deer, squirrels, opossums

96
Q

One of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world

A

leptospirosis

97
Q

Clinical signs of lepto

A

humans- mild, flu-like, complications, kidney, liver, heart damage, some recover without treatment, 100 cases cause critical illness
Animals- pain, bloody urine, diarrhea, abortions, anemia, congestion, multiple others

98
Q

Diagnosis of lepto

A

serology

99
Q

Treatment of lepto

A

antibiotics, sometimes long term

100
Q

Prevention of lepto

A

vaccines, hygiene. No vacc for humans and horses and not approved for cats. Only for cattle, pigs, dogs

101
Q

4 kinds of Brucellosis (bacteria Brucella)

A
  1. B. abortus- cattle, bison, humans…
  2. B. suis- pigs
  3. B. canis- dogs
  4. B. melitensis- sheep
102
Q

B. abortus (brucellosis in humans)- AKA undulant fever transmission

A

unpasteurized products, direct contact, inhaling aerosol

103
Q

Brucellosis in humans clinical signs

A

flu-like symptoms, weight loss, recurrent fever that spikes at night, arthritis, testicular inflammation, spontaneous abortions

104
Q

Diagnosis of Brucellosis in animals and humans

A

Animals- serology
Humans- blood or fluid culture

105
Q

Treatment of Brucellosis in animals and humans

A

Animals- no effective treatment, can try neutering
Humans- antibiotics

106
Q

Prevention of Brucellosis in animals and humans

A

Not a problem in US due to vaccination and surveillance programs

107
Q

Q fever- bacteria Coxiella burnetii hosts

A

cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, sometimes ticks

108
Q

C. burnetii transmission

A

birthing fluid, placenta, milk, urine, feces, inhalation, ingestion (rare)

109
Q

C. burnetii clinical signs

A

flu like symptoms that may progress to confusion, hepatitis, endocarditis
*Can be acute or chronic
-Depends on how long symptoms last and the damage it causes

110
Q

C. burnetii diagnosis

A

serology

111
Q

C. burnetii treatment

A

antibiotics and antimalarial drugs

112
Q

C. burnetii prevention

A

no vaccine. practice good hygiene

113
Q

Vectors of parasites

A

bugs, larvae, microscopic protozoans

114
Q

lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) transmission

A

bacterial disease transmitted by tick bites

115
Q

What is the most common arthropod borne disease in USA

A

lyme disease

116
Q

resevoir host of the infected ticks of lyme disease

A

white-tailed deer and white-footed mouse

117
Q

Clinical signs of lyme disease

A

often not shown: anorexia, fever, lameness, swollen joints, organ failure, CNS damage, (aggression, confusion, seizures)

118
Q

3 stages of lyme disease in humans

A
  1. Early, localized (visible). Flu-like symptoms, bullseye rash, appears 3 days- 1 month
  2. Early, disseminated. Bacteria enters bloodstream, numb extremities, stiff neck, facial paralysis, appears 2 wks, 3 months
  3. Persistent infection. Limb numbness, meningitis, severe headaches, irregular heart rhythm. Develops weeks to years after, often not diagnosed until it gets this bad
119
Q

Diagnosis of lyme disease

A

rash, serologic testing one month after bite

120
Q

Treatment of lyme disease

A

antibiotics

121
Q

Prevention of lyme disease

A

vaccine for animals not humans, insect repellant, tick check

122
Q

Plague (yersinia pestis) transmission

A

bacterial disease transmitted by rodent fleas (lives in their intestines)

123
Q

Plague affects cats or dogs more

A

cats are sensitive with 50 % fatalities, dogs usually get mild sickness

124
Q

3 types of plague in humans

A
  1. bubonic plague- swollen, blackened lymph nodes, aches, exhaustion 75% mortality
  2. Pneumonic plague- lungs, aerosolized, contagious from person to person. 90% mortality
  3. Septicemic plague, plague multiplies in bloodstream, blacked skin, usually fatal
125
Q

Diagnosis of plague

A

clinical signs, fluid analysis

126
Q

Treatment of plague

A

antibiotics- must be started as soon as symptoms appear

127
Q

Prevention of plague

A

Rodent and flea control

128
Q

Why was the plague the deadliest of all pandemics in human history

A

poor sanitation, pest control. Kills 200 million people in the 1300s.

129
Q

Toxoplasmosis (protozoan toxoplasma gondii) main location for sexual reproduction

A

cat intestines

130
Q

Transmission of toxoplasma gondii

A

feces, raw meat (oocysts imbed in muscle), inhalation sporulated oocysts (litter box), transplacental

131
Q

Diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii

A

biopsy, fluid analysis, serology- does not diagnose active infection

132
Q

Treatment and clinical signs of toxoplasma gondii

A

humans often asymptomatic, animals rarely get sick. Treatment usually not necessary

133
Q

Prevention of toxoplasma gondii

A

cooked meat, good hygiene, keep litterboxes clean

134
Q

Giardia (protozoan parasite) 2 phases

A

cysts and trophozoiten

135
Q

Transmission and carriers of giardia (AKA travelers diarrhea)

A

fecal oral. Found in water, dirt, feces. humans and almost all animals are carriers

136
Q

Diagnosis of giardia

A

direct smear, serology, rapid snap test

137
Q

Treatment of giardia

A

sometimes not needed, antibiotics, dininfecting

138
Q

Prevention of giardia

A

good hygiene, safe water, do not kiss animals

139
Q

Scabies (sarcoptes scabei) AKA sarcoptic mange clinical signs

A

lay eggs in skin that cause severe irritation, causes skin lesions, dramatic hair loss, severe itchiness

140
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of scabies

A

skin scrape and treat with antiparasitic meds, Revolution

141
Q

3 main types of worms

A

Roundworm- 5 species are zoonotic. Live and reproduce in intestines, eggs can live in environment for years, transmission fecal oral, diagnosis fecal, visible worms, treatment dewormer
Hookworm- 7 zoonotic species, Ancylostoma Spp, attach to intestine wall and feed on it. Transmission- ingestion, skin penetration, cutaneous larval migrans
Tapeworm- 3 zoonotic species, Hermaphroditic segmented worm, transmitted by ingested fleas, looks like rice. Echinococcus Spp- causes cysts that may require surgical removal, can take years to develop signs

M18 Health and Safety (3 decks)

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