Final (People) Flashcards
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- 1876-1948
- Considered the “sole spokesman” for Indian Muslims
- A lawyer like Gandhi and was extremely successful
- He was a member of the INC party in the the1920s and was thought of as a Hindu-Muslim ambassador for unity, but he left the INC → disagreed with Gandhi’s radical methods.
- He was deeply westernized (moved to England in 1931, and often gave speeches in English), but returned to Indian politics in 1934 and transformed the Muslim League.
- During WWII, collaborated with the British. He was aware of the promises the British made to Palestine and did not want the same to happen to India (a major collaborator)
- Lahore Resolution
- Advocated for the two-nation theory
Inhabited by two separate nations for Hindus and Muslims - Feared about Britain’s withdrawal there would be a Hindu majority and leave Indian Muslims unsafe and not advocating for themselves politically
Significance:
- Political Advantage for himself and his followers in Cooperation with the British/Mutually advantageous relationship
- sharing of ideas and techniques
Subhas Chandra Bose
- 1897-1945
- originally part of the INC, he formed his own army called the Indian National Army
- eventually, he moved in a different direction than the INC and chose to align with the NAzis in order to defeat Great Britain
- He recruited 20,000 Japanese POWs to with against the British in South East Asia
- he was never that militarily successful, but he did capture the attention of many Indians
Significance/connection(s): use of violence
“The enemy of my enemy is my friend”
Lord Mountbattan
- Viceroy of India and was overseeing the Radcliffe Boundary Commission. - - He supported the boundary because he felt like the partition was inevitable
- In May of 1947, Mountbatten announced that the boundary must be drawn by August 15th, 1947. He did not consult people on the rushed deadline and felt that a crunched timeline would “concentrate the mind”
- Mountbatten then delayed the announcement to August 16th, 1947 which means that anyone who lived in Southeast Asia did not know if they were in Pakistan or India on Independence day
Significance/connection(s): imperial interest and strategy, maintaining prestige → rushing to get out of India
Mountbatten was a controversial figure → walking the line between the best interests of India vs. saving British face (it’s never about the colonized people)
Cyril Radcliffe
Over saw the Radcliffe Boundary Commission
“Qualified” because he was a respected lawyer, but ultimately had no experience in India
No consultation and made decisions by himself and deliver the decision to Mountbatten
A British lawyer, who had never been to India and was ignorant of the situation, was sent to decide the fate of millions of people.
Significance/connection(s): Fatigue from those working on the RCC, working under huge pressure creating urgency → decisions mafe under pressure are rarely the best decision
Leo Amery
- Key committee member during the Palestine commission and he was a “strategic zionist” who favored Jewish aims over Muslim aims
- When the new partition was proposed, it did not have an arab state and was mostly a Jewish state (Recalculation of British interests )
- He also believed in order for this partition to be successful, it must be implemented quickly
See pp for quote (10/13 i think)
Christian and strategic zionist
Significance/connection(s): India Palestine connection within the imperial structure?
Archibald Wavell
- 1941-1943 Commander in Chief in India
- 1943-1947 Viceroy in India (second to last viceroy in India)
- Distinguished military career in the middle east
- Since Churchill and him did not get along, Churchill sent him to India to “get rid of him.” Churchill essentially wanted to get Wavell out of his way
- Although Wavewell observed India’s impact on Palestine and vice versa, no one asked him his thoughts on the Palestine Partition
- Wavell learned about the partition 7 months after it was created and not only was he angry, but he was worried the partition would distress Indians and cause another Khalafat movement
Significance:
- connections between regions and international sharing of ideas
- Role of British fears in Indian reaction, orientalism, legalized lawlessness (military tribunals)
Field Marshal Archibald Wavell
- 1918: Palestine Invasion general staff
- 1937-38: General officer commanding in Palestine
- 1940-1941 Commander in chief India
- August 1937: General officer commanding british forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan
- Advocated military tribunals
- “Dealing w/ their rebellion was a very unsatisfactory and intangible business”
- Since Churchill and him did not get along, Churchill sent him to India to “get rid of him.”
- Churchill essentially wanted to get Wavell out of his way
- Although Wavewell observed India’s impact on Palestine and vice versa, no one asked him his thoughts on the Palestine Partition
- Wavell learned about the partition 7 months after it was created and not only was he angry, but he was worried the partition would distress Indians and cause another Khilafat movement
Significance/connection(s): Connections between regions and international sharing of ideas(worked in both Pakistan and India), Role of British fears in Indian reaction, orientalism, legalized lawlessness (military tribunals)
Zafarullah Khan
- Pakistani Foreign Minister
- Pakistani diplomats were against partition
- He says that Palestine and Palestine were different situations
Immigration - British presence and complex economic ties
- Size (smaller geographically)
- Consent
- Demographic distribution
- The lawyer who argued for the Muslim league case in the Radcliffe Boundary Commission
- In private his views were more nuanced he says that the partition of Palestine is the only solutions
- Contradiction opinions public vs private
Significance/connection(s): One primary sources can differ than others (public speeches may not be the full story)/overlapping figure between Palestine and Pakistan
*Overlapping figure (Palestine and Pakistan)
Chaim Weizmann
- 1874-1952
- A Russian-born biochemist who was charismatic and had a wide range of connections.
- In 1905, he moved to England and during WWI he offered scientific knowledge to the allied powers (explosives)
- In 1920, he became the president of the World Zionist Organization. He then served as the head of the Jewish Agency, and the head of the WZO again from 1935-1946.
Weizmann asked the United Nations for partition as the only feasible solution for Palestine
Saw partition as the only way to achieve Zionist goals - Chaim Weizmann: “There is great similarity . . . between the Indian problem and our problem here [in Palestine]. . . . A Palestinian Pakistan would be a rational way out.”
- Jewish Agency lawyer: Indian partition only shows “the tremendous ingenuity of Britain’s political thinking, its elasticity in detail as compared with its rigidity in the main objectives”
Significance/connection(s): big part of UNSCOP, advocated Zionist posistion, analogy
