FINAL Parts 1-3 Flashcards
C. Apparently occurred at least once-when life on earth began.
D. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge, the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.
B. These two forms of aquaporin will have identical sequences of amino acids.
A. 5’-ATGC-3’ with 5’-GCAT-3’
D. C60H102O51
C. C
Horizontal line
C. They are manufactured on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
A. Can do work
A. All cells all the time
False.
All figures need revision except for answer C (crossed chromosomes) which is correctly drawn
A. Each egg Has a 1/4 chance of having either blue long, blue shorts, orange long, or orange shorts combinations.
B. Transferring pollen from one individual to the female reproductive organ of another individual.
A. Only eukaryotic cells
D. Increase the frequency of mutations in all genes.
D. At certain sites along an intron
E. Allowing an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions
C. Allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once.
D. Insertion of external DNA into the cell.
E. Find which of the students has which alleles.

B. Knowledge and availability of the normal allele of the defective gene, and ability to introduce the normal allele into the patient, and an ability to express The introduced Jean at the correct level and time, and tissue site within the patient.
A. DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell
A. Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity
C. The viral genome codes for specialized enzymes not in the host.
E. Reverse transcriptase
D. A dominant disorder
D. Bioinformatics
D. Hey sequence that is found to have a particular function in the nematode is likely to have a closely related function in vertebrates.
C. Lateral gene transfer
B. Transform
C. I, III, and IV
A. There are introns
B. The lac operon would be transcribed continuously.
C. An operon
B.
C. CAP would be transcribed.
B. Beta galactosidase will not be produced.
E. Inducer
E. Allosteric regulation of the repressor
E. Lac operon will function normally
D. Genes of regulons are silenced by a common repressor
A. Post-translational control
A. Parking brake
B. Always produce B-galactosidase
A. Activation of a repressor by a co-repressor
E. The structural genes will be transcribed continuously.
True
B. A polyadenylation, or Poly (A), signal
False
C. A hairpin secondary structure forms in the RNA transcript, and it separates from the RNA polymerase
C. Post-transcriptional modification removes the introns
A. Ribozymes
A. AAA
B. 1,2,3,5,4
D. The two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter.
B. Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing
B. A site
A. Removal of the 5’ UTR also removes the 5’ cap and the mRNA will quickly degrade.
B. UUC
A. Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms.
 A. The discovery of RNA viruses that synthesize DNA using reverse transcriptase.
D. The genetic code evolved before the different domains diverged.
A. A single antibody gene can code for different related proteins, depending on the slicing that takes place post-transcriptionally
A. A base pair deletion
C. Deletion of two nucleotides.
A. If UGA, Usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only) in a different organism
D. Met-Ser-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu
B. 3’ UCA 5’
B. More than one codon Can specify the addition of the same amino acid
D. Is the basic unit of the genetic code
B. At least in some cases, a single gene must code for more than one protein
D. Either an insertion or deletion of a base.
E. 3’ to 5’ along the template DNA strand
Be. Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene in transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins synthesis takes place.
A. With xeroderma pigmentosa or lacking complete mismatch repair systems
D. One strand of the DNA molecule.
E. To add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing DNA strand
B. T4 protein and T4 DNA
C. DNA polymerase
A. The deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate substrates
B. Single strand DNA binding proteins
A. A reduction in chromosome length and gametes
C. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins of replication.
C. Gaps left at the 5’ end of the lagging strand
C. On average, six times each time the entire Genome of a cell is replicated
A. Light from an incandescent bulb
C. The proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase was not working properly
D. The ability to exercise single strand damage and replace it.
A. Recessive
B. All sharp-spined progeny
A. Peas only reproduce by cross-fertilization.
B. One allele is dominant.
A. Green and yellow offspring
A. Blending inheritance
B. Environmental factors such as soil pH
True
D. 1/4
True
True.
B.
True
E. 1 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1 = 1/4
D. Deployed, and the chromosomes are in each composed of a single chromatid
C. Karyotyping
B. Crossing over
A. Sexual reproduction
True
C. Two
B. Anaphase I
E. Mitosis and meiosis II
A. 1/2 blue short and 1/2 orange Short gene eggs
C. Enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species
True
D. One chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene
false
D. Anaphase 1
C. Tumor suppressors
D. There seems to be a gap or a lag in the cell cycle, between the synthesis of DNA and cell division
B. In the S phase of the cell cycle
E. No chromosomes in the center of the cell
B. ll
A. Separation of sister chromatids
B. Activates a CDK molecule when it reaches a sufficient concentration.
B. the attachment of microtubules to kinetochore’s
C. Normal growth and cell function
E. The degradation of E2F
A. A mature egg arrested in M phase
B. Plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell wall building blocks On the metaphase plate, animal cells form a cleavage furrow
C. The cleavage furrow of eukaryotic animal cells
C. Pass the G2 checkpoint
A. Photosynthesis and respiration
C. Bacterial and eukaryotic photoautotrophs
E. They protect against oxidative damage from free radicals.
D. Cyanobacteria using photosystem ll
D. To produce NADPH and ATP
C. The CO2 acceptor concentration would increase when the CO2 is cut off but decrease when the light is cut off
D. Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
B. Cyclic electron flow
C. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions

C. Both function as electron carriers, but NADP has a phosphate group and NAD+ does not
C. The products of light dependent reactions are used in light independent reactions
E. P700
A. Light-capturing reactions, Calvin cycle
D. Synthesis of ATP
E. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
C. Catabolic pathways
A. Two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced
C. Retained in the two pyruvates
C. NAD+, FAD and electrons
C. The extraction of energy from high energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
C. Act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
B. ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
D. Oxygen
True
B. Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease
D. The translocation of proton sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondria
True
D. Loses electrons and loses energy
D.
True.
C. The activation energy for the reaction increases with reactant concentrations.
True
A. Increase rate of reaction by lowering activation energy
D. Hydrophobic
A. The activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot easily be surmounted at room temperature
C. Feedback inhibition.
D. Changing the shape of the enzymes active site
D. Competitive inhibition
E. A cofactor necessary for enzyme activity
C. Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or the reactants involved in the two reactions are very similar in size and shape.
B. The catalyzed reaction will have the same delta G
D. It is lost to the environment
B. Lysosomes
D. Phagocytosis
E. Ribosome
E. Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Vacuole
C. Synthesize large quantities of lipids
D. Golgi apparatus
D. The 20 amino acid serve as a signal peptide sequence that directs the forming polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are cleaved off during processing
B. ER—Golgi—vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
B. No ribosomes are attached to its surface
C. Microtubial, muscle contraction
E. Chloroplasts and mitochondria
E. All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
D. Compared to carbohydrates, fatty acid chains have a higher ratio of bond with high potential energy to bonds with low potential energy
C. Is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks
C. Their electrochemical gradients
True
C. A substance that blocks sodium ions from binding to the cotransport protein will also block the transport of glucose
A. ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient
C. There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane
A. Passive transport
False
C. Aquaporins
A
B.
A. In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration
D. Amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
E. Maltose
C. the geometry of the bonds is different and the Shapes of enzyme active sites are highly specific
E. Peptidoglycan
D. Carbohydrates are molecules that have high energy electrons.
C. A peptide bond
D. Monosaccharide
A. The amount of branching that occurs in the molecule
C. Glucose versus glycogen
D. Chitin
B. The number of carbon atoms
A. As a disaccharide
D. Grow H. Pylori in a test tube with a glycoprotein that has its terminal NAG removed.
E. A major structural component of plant cell walls
B. They can all form bonds between polymer chains that create parallel strands
C. A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, a sugar
b. DNA consists of two nucleotide strands, RNA consists of one that often folds on its self
E. These numbers demonstrate there are 10 rungs, or steps, on the DNA ladder for every turn of the helix
B. There phosphate groups
True
D. One end has an unlinked 3’ hydroxyl, the other end has an unlinked 5’ phosphate 
A. - (Negative)
A. Complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases
B. The sugar and the base
C. It does not function as a catalyst
D. ATP
B. Zubia
A.
D.
A
E. Proteins
D. In the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid jeans
C. Primary structure
A. Hydrolysis
A. Primary
A. The components of the R-group
C. Proteins may fluctuate Between an active an active forms, Where portions of the protein are discovered
E. Primary, secondary, and tertiary
A. Reduce entropy
B. Substrates interact with R-groups at the enzymes active site
D. The protein has quaternary structure
C. Results in a peptide bond
A. Cysteine
A. Nonpolar covalent bonds
B. There is a large increase in entropy
D. Forward and reverse reactions continue with no net affect on the concentrations of the reactants and products
False
A. 100x
C. Has a heat of vaporization that is higher than that for most other substances
D. Molecular formula
B. Carboxyl
B
D. 15 protons and 15 electrons
E. Some carbons in nature have more neutrons
D. Both hydroxyl and carboxyl
B. 2
False
C. Giraffes have longer necks so that they can reach food sources unavailable to other animals
B. Tania’s approach
E.
C. A theory
D. Have appeared in both flasks
C. a-c-g-a-A-G-C-T-A-G-a-g-a-c-a
C. Maggots do not arise spontaneously, but from eggs laid by adult flies.
True
D. Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon, hypothesis typically address more specific issues.
B. Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking
B. Is used to synthesize messenger RNA
A. The experiment supports the hypothesis that maggots arise only from eggs laid by adult flies
False
A. The differences are genetic. A female will produce either all flower like caterpillars are all twig like caterpillars
