Final part of final Flashcards
Personality definition
An enduring set of internally-based characteristics that create uniqueness and consistency in a person’s thoughts and behaviors.
MMPI
Objective personality measure that assesses both personality traits and the presence of mental illness
- In its second version and is the most widely used objective personality measures used by trained psychologists.
- Major psychological disorders
- Unique= way traits chosen - unique traits in people with disorders picked out
MMPI personality profile
Certain profiles with specific patterns of response found to be associated with different psychiatric disorders and personality characteristics
- Medical, personal, and correctional setting uses
Projective techniques
Psychoanalytically based on Freud’s belief in unconscious.
- Ambiguous stimuli may be an inkblot/ drawing of an ambiguous situation (TAT).
- No correct answers, and reliability estimates of projective techniques are low (which means that there is no validity)
Rohrschach inkblot test
Look at blot, what do you see
- When responding to an inkblot, a participant may give an elaborate answer; however, different clinicians often come to very different conclusions about responses because scoring is vague and highly subjective.
Historical approaches to personality
Bumps (phrenology): skull bumps= regions of brain enlargement
- Psychograph: Measured bumps
Blots: As described
Bodies: fluid types and somatotypes
Neo-Freudian approach to personality
Agrees with Freuds basic ideas, but disagrees in some areas:
- Jung’s collective consciousness: universal human experiences, archetypes representing personality style
- Adler’s striving for superiority
- Horney’s need for security: Given by caregivers, moving toward people, moving against people, moving away
Humanistic approach to personality
Free will and personal growth
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Roger’s self theory: Parents set up conditions of worth
- unconditional positive regard= acceptance without conditions, empathy
Social-cognitive approach to personality
Processes by which people develop certain cognitions about themselves are based on noting the consequences of their behaviour and observing the behaviour of others across a variety of situations.
- Bandura’s self system
- Rotter’s social learning, control
Biological approach to personality
The perspective on personality assumes personality characteristics are a function of various biological factors, including behavioral genetics, the neurological perspective, and an evolutionary perspective.
Trait approach to personality
Uses factor analysis & stat techniques to tell number and kind of traits
- Eysenck’s three factor: extra/introversion (higher arousal), neuroticism/stability, psychotics (high test)/impulse control
- The big 5 (OCEAN): openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Defense mechanism of Ego, repression
Ways to avert the expression of id impulses without conscious awareness.
- Repression: the ego removes the threatening stimulus from conscious awareness.
Psychosexual stages
- Oral 2 (mouth): Conflict w/ weaning from feeding - learned delay gratification/overindulgence
- Anal 2-3 (anus): Conflict w/ toilet training - right time & place/cleanliness, mess, inappropriate
- Phalic 3-6(genitals): Conflict w/ competition w same sex parent for affection of other - appropriate sex role/problems w dealing w people in power
- Latency 7-11(none): Conflict w/ practicing sex role behaviour w same sex - same sex role behaviours/sexism, racism, stereotyping
- Genital 11+ (genitals): Conflict w/ expression of feelings w/ opposite sex - healthy affection/intimacy issues
Erogenous zone
Area of the body associated with pleasure.
Fixation
According to Freud, if one did not successfully navigate a psychosexual stage, he or she would become stuck at that stage, which would subsequently affect one’s personality development and behavior in adulthood.
Regression
A defense mechanism where an individual reverts to an earlier stage of psychosexual development in times of stress.
Anxiety (reality, moral, neurotic)
Reality: Serves as a warning sign for real danger.
Moral: Serves to notify the superego that the ego is considering violation one’s moral code.
Neurotic: Warns the ego of threatening expressions of id impulses at a level of conscious awareness
Archetype
Universal knowledge stored in the collective unconscious by a variety of thought patterns and behaviour rituals that persist over time
- Jung: proposed three of these archetypes were the persona (patterns of behaviour used in social settings), the shadow (darker, more primitive side to personality), & the self (considered most important because it unites all aspects of one’s personality)
Locus of control (LOC)
A personality construct that represents the degree to which individuals believe that they are in control of their outcomes and experiences.
Learned helplessness
After repeated attempts to avoid an unpleasant outcome fail, a person or animal may give up and stop trying even though future success would be possible.
Delay of gratification
The ability to resist the temptation for something desirable that is immediately available in favor of waiting for something more desirable but required waiting some span of time (that may vary).
- willpower.
Delay of gratification
The ability to resist the temptation for something desirable that is immediately available in favour of waiting for something more desirable but required waiting some span of time (that may vary).
- willpower.
Extraversion-introversion
Eysenck’s three factor
- Level of cortical arousal (neuronal activity)
- Thought that introverts have higher levels of arousal than extraverts so extraverts need to seek out eternal stimulation to raise the level of arousal in brain to more optimal level
Neuroticism-impulse control
Eysenck’s three factor
People high on neuroticism stability dimension tend to be overly anxious, emotionally unstable and easily upset
- Thought this was because of a more reactive sympathetic nervous system (flight/fight)
