Final Part 2

Question 1

Electronegativity

Answer 1

Chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom.

Question 2

Ionic Bonds

Answer 2

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 3

Covalent Bonds

Answer 3

Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

Question 4

Polar Covalent

Answer 4

Unequal sharing of electrons

Question 5

Non-polar Covalent

Answer 5

Equal sharing of electrons

Question 6

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 6

a weak bond where a positive hydrogen atom is near a negative oxygen atom

Question 7

Water is critically important

Answer 7

• Humans composed of 70-95% of water
• Waters cohesive nature
• Waters ability to moderate temperature
• Floating ice
• Versatility of water as a solvent

Question 8

The Four categories of macromolecules

Answer 8

• Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) made of Polysaccharides
• Proteins (polypeptides) made of amino acids
• Nucleic Acids (polynucleotides) made of nucleotides
• Lipids (not polymers) made of 2 different kinds of monomers-glycerol-fatty acids

Question 9

Carbohydrates Biological function

Answer 9

• Metabolic fuel
• Energy storage
• Structural support

Question 10

Proteins biological function

Answer 10

• Structural Protein
• Storage
• Contractile
• Transport
• Enzymes

Question 11

Nucleic Acids biological function

Answer 11

• Genetic blueprint (building proteins, gene regulation)
• Transmission of genetic material from generation to generation
• DNA….RNA

Question 12

Lipids Biological function

Answer 12

• Long term energy storage: fats and oils

* Hormones: steroids

Question 13

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 13

Found in bacteria and Archaea, simple

Question 14

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 14

Found in protists, plants, fungi, & animals, complex

Question 15

Plasma Membrane

Answer 15

All cells bounded by this

Question 16

Cytosol

Answer 16

internal Fluid in cell

Question 17

Chromosomes

Answer 17

Carry genes made of DNA

Question 18

Ribosomes

Answer 18

Build proteins according to the instructions from genes

Question 19

Cell membrane

Answer 19

Hydrophilic heads. Hydrophobic bodies. Composed of phospholipids and proteins

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

Chief executive of cell, DNA in cell contain genes, these store info to produce protein

Question 21

Endomembrane System

Answer 21

1. Nuclear Envelope
2. ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
3. Golgi
4. Lysosomes
5. Vacuoles
6. Plasma Membrane

Question 22

Not a part of endomembrane

Answer 22

1. Chloroplasts

2. Mitochondria

Question 23

Laws of Thermodynamics

Answer 23

1. It can be changed from one form to another

2. Each time it converts, some energy is lost as heat

Question 24

ATP

Answer 24

• Stores energy obtained from food
• Release’s it later as needed
• Acts as an energy shuttle

Question 25

Cellular respiration

Answer 25

Animals get energy from their food through this process, converts chemical energy into food
Glucose + Oxygen →Carbon Dioxide & Water + ATP
c6h12o6+6o2 → 6co2+6h2o

Question 26

Photosynthesis

Answer 26

Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy (stored in the bonds of sugars, we consume these molecules as food)
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose & oxygen
6co2+6h2o → c6h1206+6o2

Question 27

Function of DNA

Answer 27

Cells genetic blueprint.

DNA is packaged as chromosomes

Question 28

Diploid (2n)

Answer 28

Somatic cell, in mitosis genetically identical

Question 29

Hapolid (1n)

Answer 29

sex cell (gametes), genetically unique

Question 30

Cell cycle

Answer 30

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, G1, S, G2, cytokinesis
Flow of genetic info – DNA→RNA→Protein

Question 31

Transcription

Answer 31

Transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA (initiation, elongation, termination)

Question 32

Translation

Answer 32

Transfer of info from RNA to protein

Question 33

DNA THIS —AGTC

Answer 33

TO THIS —TCAG

Question 34

RNA AAACCGGCAAAA

Answer 34

UUUGGCGUUUU

Question 35

Recombinant DNA

Answer 35

Combine 2 different pieces of DNA from 2 different sources (usually different species) to form a single DNA molecule

Question 36

PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Answer 36

A segment of DNA can be targeted and copied quickly and precisely

Question 37

GEL electrophoresis

Answer 37

Sorting Molecules by electrical charge and size

Question 38

Gene Therapy

Answer 38

A gene from a normal individual is cloned and inserted into a non-harmful virus, bone marrow cells are taken from infected patient and infected with recombinant virus the virus inserts itself into bad cell.

Question 39

GMO’s

Answer 39

Genetically modified organisms, one or more genes by artificial means

Question 40

Variation

Answer 40

Traits are genetically controlled & vary within populations

Question 41

Inheritance

Answer 41

Genetic traits are inherited and passed to offspring

Question 42

Selection

Answer 42

Organisms with traits that enhance survival live and pass on their genes to the next generation.

Question 43

Time

Answer 43

Evolution takes a long time

Question 44

Genetic Drift

Answer 44

Change in Gene pool due to chance

Question 45

Gene Flow

Answer 45

– a Population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of an area

Question 46

Natural Selection

Answer 46

1) species produce excessive #’s of offspring

2) Variation among individuals of a population

Question 47

Major Evolutionary Branch points

Answer 47

• True Tissue s
• Body symmetry
• Body cavities

Question 48

Major Invertebrates Phyla

Answer 48

• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Flatworms
• Round worms
• Annelids
• Arthropods
• Molluscs
• Echinoderms

Question 49

Vertebrate Evolution and diversity

Answer 49

• Tunicates
• Lancelets
• Hagfish
• Lampreys
• Cartilaginous Fish
• Boney Fish
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Mammals