Final p1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which activities are increased by sympathetic axons during the “fight or flight” response?
A
Heart rate and breathing
2
Q
A neurologist explains the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of CSF flow?
A
Lateral ventricles → third ventricle → fourth ventricle → central canal or subarachnoid space
3
Q
What function does the superior colliculus serve?
A
Vision
4
Q
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland?
A
Partly through nerves and partly by releasing hormones
5
Q
During a medical lecture, a professor explains that the parasympathetic nervous system is also called the
craniosacral system. Why is this name used?
A
It involves cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord.
6
Q
f a patient experiences impaired processing of sensory information (except smell), which brain structure might be damaged?
A
Thalamus
7
Q
What role does the substantia nigra play in the midbrain?
A
It facilitates readiness for movement by releasing dopamine
8
Q
What connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body?
A
Peripheral nervous system
9
Q
Which statement correctly distinguishes between a
ganglion and a nucleus?
A
A nucleus is a cluster of neurons inside the CNS, while a ganglion is outside the CNS.
10
Q
What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A
To cushion the brain and provide buoyancy
11
Q
What does Lamina IV receive from the thalamus?
A
Axons related to sensory information
12
Q
Which scenario best illustrates the role of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making?
A
Choosing whether to eat a free pizza after a big meal
13
Q
What is the anterior zone of the prefrontal cortex important for?
A
Making decisions and evaluating actions for the best
outcome
14
Q
Who was the doctor known for performing surgeries with unconventional tools, such as a metal pick?
A
Walter Freeman
15
Q
Which brain area contains four parallel bands of cells next to the central sulcus?
A
Postcentral gyrus
16
Q
researcher needs to monitor brain activity changes with millisecond precision. Which imaging technique should they choose?
A
MEG
17
Q
How does fMRI differ from standard MRI?
A
fMRI measures hemoglobin levels instead of water
molecules
18
Q
Why are Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) scans only available at certain facilities?
A
They require a cyclotron, which is a costly device.
19
Q
If a person is reading during an fMRI scan, and the
comparison task involves looking at the text in an unfamiliar language, which brain area will likely show increased activity
during reading?
A
Language areas
20
Q
What does ventral mean?
A
Toward the stomach
21
Q
If two structures are both on the left side, or both on the right, what is their relationship
A
Ipsilateral
22
Q
What is a sulcus in the brain?
A
A groove that separates one gyrus from anothe
23
Q
What is a sulcus in the brain?
A
A groove that separates one gyrus from another
24
Q
What is the function of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord?
A
They receive sensory input.
25
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
Vegetative activities
26
Which of these controls breathing, heart rate, and salivation
The cranial nerves
27
Which of these is part of the forebrain?
Hippocampus
28
Which structure provides most of the direct input to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
29
What is the pathway of visual messages from the receptors to the brain in the vertebrate retina?
From receptors to bipolar cells, then ganglion cells, then to the brain
30
What is the pathway of visual messages from the receptors to the brain in the vertebrate retina?
From receptors to bipolar cells, then ganglion cells, then to the brain
31
How do bipolar cells and ganglion cells contribute to the process of vision?
Bipolar cells relay signals from receptors to ganglion cells, which send signals to the brain
32
What are the two types of visual receptors found in the vertebrate retina?
Rods and cones
33
How does the distribution of rods and cones affect color vision?
Cones are concentrated in the fovea, providing color vision there, while rods are in the periphery
34
What is the main way in which mammalian species vary in their cerebral cortex?
Brains differ in their size and degree of foldin
35
In which of these ways do primates differ from elephants in their cerebral cortex?
Primates have more neurons per unit volume.
36
In which of these ways do primates differ from elephants in their cerebral cortex?
Primates have more neurons per unit volume.
37
What is the relationship between columns and laminae in the cerebral cortex?
Each column crosses through one lamina after
another.
38
Where is the primary visual cortex?
Occipital Lobe
39
Where is the primary somatosensory visual cortex?
Parietal lobe
40
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal Lobe
41
Where is the primary motor cortex?
Frontal Lobe
42
The main functions of the prefrontal cortex include which of the following?
Working memory and weighing the pros and cons of a possible action
43
What is the binding problem?
The question of how we perceive separate sensations as part of a single object
44
According to the trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) theory, how do we perceive color?
By comparing the responses of three types of cones
sensitive to different wavelengths
45
What do horizontal cells in the retina do?
They inhibit neighboring receptors.
46
In humans, what crosses to the contralateral hemisphere at the optic chiasm?
Half of each optic nerve, the part representing the nasal half of the retina
47
What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?
sharpen borders
48
In contrast to parvocellular neurons, magnocellular neurons are more sensitive to
movement
49
If someone is born with dense cataracts on both eyes, and the cataracts are removed years later, what happens?
The person gains some vision, but remains impaired on object recognition, motion vision, and depth perception.
50
Which part of the visual cortex is primarily responsible for processing information about movement?
MT (Middle Temporal area)
51
In the visual cortex, what type of information is the V4 area primarily responsible for processing?
Color and Form
52
What is the primary purpose of parallel processing in the visual cortex?
To process visual information faster and more efficiently
53
Which of the following statements about the dorsal stream in the visual cortex is correct?
It helps determine the location and motion of objects
54
In the context of visual processing, the ventral stream is often called the:
What" pathway
55
The first demonstration that a brain area controlled a particular aspect of behavior pertained to which type of behavior?
Language
56
Which of the following is a method to inactivate a brain area temporarily?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
57
What does the optogenetic technique enable researchers to test?
The functions of a particular type of neuron
58
What does the optogenetic technique enable researchers to test?
The functions of a particular type of neuron
59
EEG and MEG are advantageous for measuring which of the following?
Changes in brain activity over very short periods
of time
60
Which of these is the first step for positron-emission tomography (PET)?
Inject a radioactive chemical into the blood
61
Which of these is the first step for positron-emission tomography (PET)?
Inject a radioactive chemical into the blood
62
What is one advantage of fMRI over PET scans?
The fMRI technique does not expose the brain to
radioactivity
63
Comparing MRI and fMRI, which one(s) measure the responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field? Which one(s) show which brain areas are most active at the moment
Both measure responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Only fMRI shows which brain areas are most active at the moment
64
It results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve. What is it?
Nerve deafness or inner-ear deafness
65
The ______ of a sound is the number of compressions per second, measured in hertz (Hz, cycles per second.
Frequency
66
It is the tone quality or tone complexity.
Timbre
67
It is included in the outer ear, the familiar structure of flesh and cartilage attached to each side of the head.
Pinna
68
What part of the ear vibrates when sound waves reach the middle ear? It connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the oval window
Tympanic membrane or eardrum
69
What is the chemical found in hot peppers such as
jalapeños that stimulates the receptors for painful heat?
Capsaicin
70
A sensation that is unique among senses because it always evokes an emotion, an unpleasant one.
Pain
71
What do you call the drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects?
Placebo
72
Chemicals derived from or similar to marijuana that block certain kinds of pain. What are they?
Cannabinoids
73
What sensation do Chimpanzees respond with bursts of panting that resemble laughter?
Tickle
74
What type of sense enables a small animal to find food, avoid certain kinds of danger or even locate mates?
Chemical senses
75
They are in the taste buds located in papillae on the
surface of the tongue
Mammalian taste receptors
76
What area of the cerebral cortex responds to the touch aspects of tongue stimulation?
Somatosensory
77
What happens when an olfactory receptor is stimulated?
Its axons carries impulses to the olfactory bulb
78
It is the experience some people have in which stimulation of one sense evokes a perception of that sense and another one also.
Synesthesia
79
What is a sex-linked gene?
A gene on either the X or Y chromosome
80
What is a sex-limited gene?
A gene that has greater effects on one sex than the
oth
81
What does a microdeletion remove
Part of a chromosome
82
How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutation?
An epigenetic change alters gene activity without
replacing any gene.
83
How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone protein alter gene activity?
A methyl group turns genes off. An acetyl group loosens histone’s grip and increases gene activation
84
Most estimates of heritability of human behavior use what type(s) of evidence
Comparisons of twins and studies of adopted children
85
What is the difference between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins?
MZ twins develop from a single egg, whereas DZ
twins develop from two eggs.
86
Which of the following offers strong evidence that environmental changes can largely counteract the effect of a gene?
The effects of diet on children with phenylketonuria
(PKU
87
Which of these is responsible for evolutionary changes in a species
Individuals with certain genes reproduce more than
average.
88
What, if anything, can we predict about the future of human evolution?
People will become more like whichever people tend
to have the most children
89
What, if anything, can we predict about the future of human evolution?
People will become more like whichever people tend
to have the most children
90
Why do human infants show a grasp reflex?
The reflex was advantageous to infants of our remote ancestors
91
What is the term for the physical structure and organs characteristic of mammals, including humans, that feature a vertebrate skeleton, warm-blooded metabolism, hair or fur, mammary glands, and complex organ systems?
Mammalian body
92
What is the term for the sensation or feeling that an amputated or missing limb is still present, often accompanied by pain, itching, or other sensations?
Phantom limb
93
What is the medical condition characterized by reduced blood flow to a body part or organ, resulting in inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery, often leading to tissue damage or dysfunction?
Ischemia
94
What is the medical condition characterized by abnormal fluid accumulation in body tissues, leading to swelling, inflammation, and increased pressure?
Edema
95
What term refers to new nerve fibers or blood vessels that grow from existing ones, forming connections to compensate for damaged or blocked pathways, promoting recovery and compensatory function?
Collateral Sprouts
96
What term describes the increased sensitivity of neurons, muscles, or glands to neurotransmitters or stimuli following nerve damage or denervation, leading to exaggerated responses?
Denervation super-sensitivity
97
What is the term for a serine protease enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, initiating fibrinolysis and dissolving blood clots?
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
98
The child is at risk for intellectual disabilities if not managed properly. The parents are wondering how the environment might influence the severity of the condition, given that PKU is highly heritable.
Question: How might the environment modify the effects of PKU in this child?
The environment can help modify the severity of PKU by controlling the child's diet, specifically by limiting phenylalanine intake.
99
You observe a person helping a stranger by carrying their groceries, even though they don't know each other. Later, the stranger helps the person in return when they need assistance Question: What is the primary function of this act of altruism?
To enhance the survival and propagation of one's own genes, either directly or indirectly.
100
Imagine a population of rabbits where some individuals are better at finding mates and producing offspring, while others are simply better at surviving but produce fewer offspring. Over time, which factor will most influence the traits of the next generation?
Question:
How does natural selection operate according to the principles of reproduction rather than survival alone?
Natural selection favor; traits that enhance reproductive success, even if they don't directly improve survival.
101
During a family picnic, one sibling notices that their younger brother is in trouble and helps him, even though it costs them some time and effort.
Question:
What is kin selection, and how does it relate to altruism in this situation
Kin selection involves helping relatives because it increases the likelihood of passing on shared genes.
102
You're in a classroom, and a student asks what term Charles Darwin preferred to use for the process of evolution.
Question;
Why did Charles Darwin prefer the term "descent with modification" to describe evolution?
It highlights the gradual changes in species through time.
103
You're explaining evolution to a high school biology class, and a student asles about Lamarck's theory of evolution.
It suggests that acquired traits during life can be inherited
104
Imagine you are breeding dogs and selectively breed them for specific traits, such as size or coat color.
Question:
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
Artificial selection involves human intervention, while natural selection is driven by. survival and reproduction.
105
Mutations and Evolution:
A scientist notices a rare genetic variation in a population of beetles, which makes them better able to survive in a new environment.
Question:
What role do mutations play in the process of evolution?
Mutations create genetic variation, which can lead to beneficial traits in future generations.
106
. You observe an infant holding tightly to their parent's finger using the instinctive grasp reflex, which is common in many mammalian species.
Question:
What is the significance of the grasp reflex in infants from an evolutionary perspective
It is a leftover trait from evolutionary ancestors that helped infants cling to their mothers for protection.
107
. A couple has several children, some of whom grow up to have large families, while others have only a few children.
Question:
What is the relationship between genetic fitness and the number of offspring produced?
Genetic fitness is linked to the number of surviving offspring produced.
108
A couple has identical twin daughters. One twin develops schizophrenia, while the other remains healthy. What factor likely contributed to the development of schizophrenia in one twin?
Environmental factors triggering gene expression
109
A bird population migrates to a new habitat with limited food resources. Over time, birds with stronger beaks dominate the population. What drove this change?
Natural Selection
110
A firefighter risks their life to save relatives trapped in a burning building. What evolutionary principle explains this behavior?
Kin selection
111
A firefighter risks their life to save relatives trapped in a burning building. What evolutionary principle explains this behavior?
Kin selection
112
Suppose you have high sensitivity to tasting PTC. If your mother can also taste it easily, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s ability to taste it?
If your mother has high sensitivity taste to PTC, we can make no predictions about your father. You may
have inherited a high-sensitivity gene from your mother, and because the gene is dominant, you need only one copy of the gene to taste PTC.
113
Suppose you have high sensitivity to tasting PTC. If your mother can also taste it easily, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s ability to taste it?
1. If your mother has high sensitivity to the taste of PTC, we can make no predictions about your father. You may have inherited a high-sensitivity gene from your mother,and because the gene is dominant, you need only one copy of the gene to taste PTC.
114
Suppose you have high sensitivity to the taste of PTC. If your mother has low sensitivity, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s taste sensitivity?
2. If your mother has low sensitivity, you must have inherited your high-sensitivity gene from your father, so he must have high sensitivity.
115
How does a sex-linked gene differ from a sex-limited gene?
4. A sex-linked gene is on the X or Y chromosome. A
sex-limited gene is on an autosomal chromosome, but
activated in one sex more than the other.
116
How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutation?
5. A mutation is a permanent change in part of a chromosome. An epigenetic change is an increase or decrease in the activity of a gene or group of genes.
117
What are the main types of evidence to estimate the heritability of some behavior?
One type of evidence is greater similarity between the monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. Another is resemblance between adopted children and their biological parents. A third is a demonstration that a particular gene is more common than average among people who show a particular behavior
118
Suppose someone determines the heritability of IQ scores for a given population. Then society changes in a way that provides the best possible opportunity for everyone within that population. Will heritability of IQ increase, decrease, or stay the same?
Heritability will increase. Heritability estimates how much of the variation is due to differences in genes. If everyone has the same environment, then differences in environment cannot account for much of the remaining differences in IQ scores. Therefore, the
relative role of genetic differences will be greater.
119
What example illustrates the point that even if some characteristic is highly heritable, a change in the environment can alter it?
Keeping a child with the PKU gene on a strict low phenylalanine diet prevents the mental retardation that the gene ordinarily causes. The general point is that sometimes a highly heritable condition can be modified environmentally
120
Many people believe the human appendix is useless. Will it become smaller and smaller with each generation?
No. Failure to need a sturcture does not make it smaller in the next generation. The appendix will shrink only if people with a gene for a smaller appendix reproduce more successfully than other people do.
121
What are plausible ways for possible altruistic genes to spread in a population?
Altruustic gene could spread because they facilitate
care for one’s kin or because they facilitate exchanges of favors with others (reciprocal altruism). Group selection may also work under some circumstances, especially if the cooperative group has a way to punish or expel an uncooperative individual.
122
Suppose someone identifies a “gene for” certain aspects of development. How might that statement be misleading
Almost any characteristic depends on more than one
gene, as well as influences from the environment
