Final new material

Question 1

entropy

Answer 1

measure of the matter and/or energy dispersal within a system,
often described as a measure of the disorder of the system

Question 2

Gibbs free energy

Answer 2

energy available to do work

G<0 exergonic/spontaneous
G>0 endergonic/ not spontaneous
G = 0 equilibrium

Question 3

non spontaneous process

Answer 3

process that requires continual input of energy from an external source

Question 4

reversible process

Answer 4

can go in both directions under same conditions

Question 5

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

Question 6

second Law of thermodynamics

Answer 6

all spontaneous process involve an increase in the entropy of the universe

Question 7

Third law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero

Question 8

spontaneous change

Answer 8

process that takes place without a continuous input of energy from an external source

Question 9

standard entropy (S*)

Answer 9

entropy for one mole of a substance at 1 bar pressure

tabulated values are usually determined at 25C/298K

Question 10

Standard entropy change

Answer 10

change in entropy for a reaction calculated using the standard entropies

Question 11

standard free energy of formation (G*f)

Answer 11

change in free energy accompanying the formation of one mole of substance from its elements in their standard states

Question 12

standard free energy change (G*)

Answer 12

change in free energy for a process occurring under standard conditions (1 bar pressure for gases, 1 M concentration for solutions)

Question 13

anode

Answer 13

electrode at which oxidation occurs

Question 14

cathode

Answer 14

electrode at which reduction occurs

Question 15

cell potential (Ecell)

Answer 15

difference in potential of the cathode and anode half cells

Question 16

electrolysis

Answer 16

process using electrical energy to cause a nonspontaneous process to occur

Question 17

Faraday’s constant

Answer 17

charge on 1 mol of electrons
F = 96,485 C/mol e-

Question 18

galvanic/voltaic cell

Answer 18

electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous redox reaction takes place

Question 19

standard cell potential (E*cell)

Answer 19

the cell potential when all reactants and products are in their standard states (1 bar or 1 atm for gases, 1 M for solutions), usually at 298.15 K

Question 20

standard electrode potential (E*x)

Answer 20

electrode potential measured under standard conditions (1 bar or 1 atm for gases, 1 M for solutions), usually at 298.15 K

Question 21

spontaneous reactions are ____ exothermic

Answer 21

often
(but not always)