FINAL - Modules 7-11

Question 1

Three components of intracranial pressure (ICP)

Answer 1

Brain tissue, cranial spinal fluid, cranial blood flow

Question 2

Normal range for Intracranial pressure (ICP)

Answer 2

0-15 mm Hg.

Question 3

Components of intracranial pressure explained:

Answer 3

Cerebral blood flow:
(3-10%); autoregulation is used to maintain cerebral perfusion despite changes in systemic blood pressure. When autoregulation is impaired, cerebral blood flow changes in direct relationship to systolic blood pressure.
-coughing, suctioning, and restlessness will increase systolic pressure and cerebral blood flow as well as ICP.
-dilation of blood vessels increases blood flow to the brain and improve oxygenation

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
(8-12%); circulates in a closed system of the ventricles, subarachnoid space, and down and around the spinal column. The arachnoid villi absorb the cerebral spinal fluid. Any changes in the cycle of CSF production, circulation, and absorption can affect ICP.

Brain Tissue:
Last component to adjust to changes in ICP
-brain can compensate for small changes in ICP by partial collapse of the cisterns, ventricles, and vascular systems. When compensation is not sufficient, brain herniation occurs.

Question 4

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 4

Sepsis, shock and other forms of severe systemic inflammation can cause severe lung damage that may require mechanical ventilation

Question 5

Emphysema

Answer 5

Subtype of COPD characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and dilation of air spaces

Question 6

Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are able to bind to hemoglobin

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Dyspnea

Answer 7

Common clinical symptom that is characterized by a subjective perception of difficulty breathing

Question 8

Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is complicated by the fact that supplementary oxygen is ineffective

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 9

Autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by a gene mutation that leads to a defective chloride channel

Question 10

Hypoxemia

Answer 10

Reduction in blood O2 levels

Question 11

The rate of perfusion must exceed the rate of ventilation in order to ensure adequate oxygenation of the blood

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Exercise, allergens, and emotion can all contribute to an asthma attack

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Pleural effusion involves the accumulation of excess fluid within the alveoli

Answer 13

False