Final microbiology+physiology+pathanatomy+pathphysiology Flashcards
Can the Allosteric enzymes be subjected to feed-back inhibition by the end products?
yes they can be subjected to feed back inhibition by the end products
How many sites do the allosteric enzymes have?
They have an active site for catalysis and an allosteric site for regulation.
Is the removal of a specific compound from allosteric sites catalysed by specific enzymes?
No, there is no need for catalyzation of specific enzymes to remove specific compound from allosteric site
Through what kind of bonds do the allosteric sites of allosteric enzymes bind specific molecules?
Through non covalent bonds
Proton motive force is used for ATP synthesis by what?
By ATP synthase
How is proton motive force generated?
It is generated when electron transfer along the respiratory chain causes transfer of proton from mitochondrial matrix into trans membrane space.
In tricarboxylic acid cycle the reaction between succinate and fumarate produces what?
NADH+ H+
What are properties of intercellular receptors?
- Their duration of response is hours to days
- They are in the cell
- The activity of an intercellular receptor and gene expression is regulated by lipophilic ligand.
What is phase 2 in metabolism of a drug?
-conjugation
Plasma level of the drug is 100mg/mL, kinetics is linear and half life is 1 hour. After what time will the plasma level of the drug be negligible?
After 6-8 hours
Does the half life of a drug have an effect on the distribution?
No, Elf-life has no effect on the distribution
What test or studies are required to demonstrate that the medicinal product B is generic of the medical product A?
Bioavailability studies (the percentage dose of a drug that can be found in systemic circulation uncharged) studies for both medicinal products.
What is the loss of drug from the body called?
-Elimination
Response is most rapid following the binding of a ligand to what?
-Ligand-gated ion channels
Gefintib binds tyrosine kinase of epithelial growth factor receptors on cells of most solid tumors of epithelial origin. How should receptors of gefitinb be classified?
The receptors of gefitinb can be classified as enzyme linked receptors
A drug given intravenously as a 150 mg single dose results in a peak plasma concentration of 5 micrograms/mL. Calculate the apparent volume distribution in liters assuming a rapid distribution and negligible elimination.
30
A drug with a half life of 2 hours is administered by continuous intravenous infusion. How many hours are necessary to read 50% of its steady state level?
2
Phenobarbital is weak acid with pKa=7.3, what percentage of its molecule in urine is protonated (non ionised) at urinary pH of 5.3?
1
A medicinal product is any substance or combination of substances….
-Presented as having properties for treating disease in human beings
-which may be administered to human beings to modify physiological functions by excreting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action
-which may be administered to human beings to correct physiological functions by excreting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action
-which may be administered to human beings to restore physiological functions by excreting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action
presented as having properties for preventing disease in human beings
What is the science of interaction between chemicals and living organism called?
Pharmacology
Reversible transfer if a drug from the blood to various tissue of the body is?
Distribution
What is the movement of a drug from its site if administration into the blood called?
Absorption
Plasma volume from with certain substance has been removed per unit of time?
Clearance
Can the action potential be elected by the depolarisation of the cell membrane?
Yes, it can be elected in any tissue cell of the organism
In nerve cell when its at rest, what does electrical gradient do?
Electrical gradient drives k+ into the cell
Is Na+/K+ pumps used for exchange of gases between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid?
NO its not for that.
But Na+/K+ pumps can be used for cotransport of organic molecules, electrical activity of nerve cells and even production of body heat.
30 year old man sustains a left femoral fracture in a skiing accident, and his leg is placed in a plaster cast. after the leg has been immobilised for several weeks, the diameter of the left calf has decreased. This change is most likely result from which of the following processes?
-Atrophy
Give the example below the correct explanation:
-Disease result from medical treatment…
latrogenic
Give the example below the correct explanation:
Many factors have influence on the development of the disease…
Multifactorial
Give the example below the correct explanation:
disease is caused by health care environment…
nosocomial
Give the example below the correct explanation:
Disease which ethology is unclear…
idiopathic
What is the condition for Exacerbation of the disease?
Increase severity of the signs or symptoms
What is the condition for complication of the disease?
Additional new symptoms occur during the disease
What is the condition for remission of the disease?
No symptoms of the disease
What is the condition for recidivous of the disease?
Renewed disease
What does the clinical death include?
-Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of BLOOD CIRCULATION and BREATHING, the two criteria necessary to sustain the lives of human beings and of many other organisms
- arrest of circulation
- respiration arrest
Bacterial cells do not have one specific structure in their cell walls, one specific acid. what is it?
Teichoic acid
There is one bacterial structure that is involved in bacterial adherence mechanism, what structures is it?
Capsule
Can you name components of bacterial cell wall?
- lipteichoic acid
- capsular polysaccharide
- peptidoglycan
- lipopolysaccharide (gram -)
What does endotoxins cause?
Septic shock
( a life-threatening condition that happens when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection)
Do eukarayotes have a true nucleus?
yess
Please mention one example of unstable, heat-labile protein?
Exotoxin
Is that true that antiviral resistance testing is management of viral infections that can be treated with antivirals as well?
Yes true
Which of the following types of drugs will have maximum oral bioavailability?
-largely hydrophobic, yet soluble in aqueous solutions
Which of the following is true about blood brain barrier?
-lipid soluble drugs readily cross the blood brain barrier
A 40 year old male patient (70 kg) was recently diagnosed with infection involving methicillin resistant S aureus. He received 2000 mg of vancomycin IV loading dose. the peak plasma concentration of vancomycin was reported to be 28.5 mg/L. The apparent volume of distribution is:
-1 L/Kg
A 65-year old female patient (60 kg) with a history of ischemic stroke was prescribed clopidogrel for stroke prevention. She was hospitalised again after 6 months due to recurrent ischemic stroke. Which of the following is a likely reason she did not respond to clopidogrel therapy. She is a:
poor CYP2D6 metaboliser fast CYP1A2 metaboliser poor CYP2E1 metaboliser fast CYP3A4 metaboliser poor CYP2C19 metaboliser
-poor CYP2C19 metaboliser
The following statements concerning Antigens are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
Every antigen is immunogen and is able to induce an immune response
Which one is NOT the component of the bacterial cell wall?
Capsular polysaccharide
Which one of the bacterial structures involved in bacterial adherence mechanism?
Capsule
The following statements concerning the Endotoxins are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
Endotoxins are secreted by the living Gram+ and Gram- bacteria.
Which one of the following statement concerning the major characteristics of
Eukaryotes is CORRECT?
They do have a true nucleus
The following statements concerning Exotoxins are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
- Exotoxins are the integral part of the cell wall of Gram- bacteria
Which one of the following statements concerning the Fungi is NOT CORRECT?
- Fungi can be stained by Gram staining method
- Fungi have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan – containing muramic acid
Which one of the following statement concerning Gram-positive (Gram+) bacteria is CORRECT?
- Gram+ bacteria contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan
The following statements concerning Antigens are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
Every antigen is immunogen and is able to induce an immune response
Which one is NOT the component of the bacterial cell wall?
Capsular polysaccharide
Which one of the bacterial structures involved in bacterial adherence mechanism?
Capsule
The following statements concerning the Endotoxins are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
Endotoxins are secreted by the living Gram+ and Gram- bacteria.
Which one of the following statement concerning the major characteristics of
Eukaryotes is CORRECT?
They have a true nucleus
The following statements concerning Exotoxins are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
Exotoxins are the integral part of the cell wall of Gram- bacteria
Which one of the following statements concerning the Fungi is NOT
CORRECT?
- Fungi can be stained by Gram staining method
- Fungi have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan – containing muramic acid
Which one of the following statement concerning Gram-positive (Gram+) bacteria is CORRECT?
Gram+ bacteria contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Which one of the following statement concerning Gram-negative (Gram-) bacteria is CORRECT
Gram- bacteria has an outer membrane
The following statements concerning the pathogenicity (virulence) are correct, EXCEPT ONE?
Pathogenic microorganisms species are equal in virulence
Which one of the following statements concerning the Plasmids is NOT CORRECT?
Plasmids does not occur in eukaryotes
Which one of the following statements concerning the major characteristics of Prokaryotes is CORRECT?
They do not have a true nucleus
Which one of the following is a proper name of the microorganism?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following statements concerning the bacterial endospores (spores) IS CORRECT?
Spores consist of the bacterium DNA, ribosomes and large amounts of dipicolinic acid.
Which one of the following statements concerning the Viruses IS NOT CORRECT?
Viruses have a capsule (FALSE), THEY HAVE ONLY CASPID
In microbiology, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial (like an antifungal, antibiotic or bacteriostatic) drug that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Is that true?
Yes, true, mic is the minimal inhibitory concentration for antibiotics in the presence of a drug that will inhibit the the growth of bacteria
The following bacterial structure are involved in bacterial adherence mechanism except of one:
??????????????
Ribosomes
Is it true that Ig M predominates in primary immune response and can cross the placenta?
NO, not true, they don’t cross placenta
Synthesis of proteins in microorganisms is inhibited by?
Antibiotics
Why is a bacterium called a prokaryotic organism?
bacterium is a one-celled organism that does not have a true nucleus
Each of the following statements concerning the surface structures of bacteria is correct EXCEPT:
Bacterial flagella are nonantigenic in humans because they closely resemble human flagella in chemical composition.
Each of the following statements concerning peptidoglycan is correct EXCEPT:
It is thinner in gram-positive than in gram-negative cells.
Each of the following statements concerning bacterial spores is correct EXCEPT:
Their survival ability is based on their enhanced metabolic activity.
The MAIN host defense against bacterial exotoxins is:
IgG and IgM antibodies
Each of the following statements concerning bacterial and human cells is correct, except:
Bacteria derive their energy by oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria in a manner similar to human cells
The cell wall of gram negative bacteria has:
- have an outer membrane
- have lipopolysaccharides
Each of the following events involves the recombination of DNA, except:
conjugation and transfer of an R (resistance) factor
Each of the following statements concerning the bacterial endotoxin is correct, except:
They bind to specific cell receptors, whereas exotoxins do not
Each of the following statements concerning the mechanism of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is correct, except:
resistance genes are rarely transferred by conjugation
The following statements concerning the IgG are correct, except:
IgG is predominant in primary immune response
Each of the following statements concerning IgM is correct, except:
can cross the placenta
What is serology?
Serology is based on the determination of :
Species-specific antigens of microorganism
Each of the following statements concerning bacterial spores is correct EXCEPT ONE:
their survival ability is base on their enhanced metabolic activity
Most human’s bacterial pathogens?
Facultative anaerobes
Which of the following statements concerning the microorganisms are correct?
Microorganism are the subject to microbiology
- Microorganism can be one cell of cluster cells that can be seen only by using a
microscope
Which of the following statements concerning the eukaryotes are correct?
- Eukaryotes do have nucleus
- Eukaryotes do have a nuclear membrane
Which of the following statements concerning the Prokaryotes are correct?
- Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria
- Prokaryotes do not have true nucleus
Which of the following statements concerning the Prokaryotes are correct?
- Ziehl-Neelsen ZN method is used to stain mycobacterium spp.
- Mycobacterium spp. requires a selective medium to grow
Can Candida spp. cause opportunistic fungal infections?
yes, Candida spp. causes opportunistic fungal infections
Which of the following statements concerning the viruses are correct?
- Viruses are very small infectious agents (18-300 nm )
- Viruses can replicate only inside the living cell
The following statements concerning the endotoxins are correct except:
- Endotoxins usually denatured by boiling
- Endotoxins by chemical nature and proteins (LPS)
The following statements concerning the antigens correct except?
- Not all immunogens are also antigens
- all antigens are also immunogens
The following statements concerning the IgM are correct EXCEPT:
- IgM in blood exists as monomer
- Responsible for allergic reaction
The following statements concerning the IgG are correct EXCEPT:
- Predominates in primary immune response
- IgG in blood exists as pentamer (Ig M in blood exists as a pentamer not Ig G)
Methods of studying viruses are :
- Cells structure
- Electron microscopy
Which one of the following concerning endotoxins is not Correct!
- Endotoxins are relatively heat labile toxins
Which ONE of the following statements concerning plasmids is NOT correct?
Plasmids are used in genetic engineering to reproduce recombinant genetic material
Which one of the following statements concerning pathogenicity (virulence) is NOT CORRECT!
Pathogenic microorganisms lack the inherent ability to cause diseases.
The following statements concerning the bacterial flagella are correct except!
- Bacterial flagella are made up of the teichoic acid
- Bacterial flagella are made up of the protein pillin
The following statements concerning the Mycobacterium spp. are correct Except:
- Mycobacterium spp do not have cell wall
- Mycobacterium spp belong to eukaryotes
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS CONCERNING THE MYCOPLASMA SPP ARE CORRECT EXCEPT
Mycoplasma are stained by ziehl-neelsen staining technique
The following statements concerning the viruses are correct except:
- Viruses belong to prokaryotes
- Infectious caused by viruses can always be cured with antibiotics
The Following statements concerning candida spp are correct except?
- Candida spp are not opportunistic human fungal pathogens
- Candida spp . belong to prokaryotes
What is candida spp?
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida.
The prokaryotic 70S ribosomes consist of :
- A 50 S and 30S subunits
The process in which bacteria from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage is called?
Transduction
Which one of the following statements concerning antigens are not correct?
Each antigen can be called immunogen
Which one of the following statements concerning bacterial endospores is NOT CORRECT?
Antibiotic resistance are effective against spores as much as good as against vegetative bacteria
The following statement concerning the histological figures in Microbiology sciences are correct , EXCEPT ONE!
Robert Koch Invented an Elisa test
-Engvall and Perlmann invented Elisa test
The following statements concerning the infection are correct , EXCEPT ONE
Persistent infection is rapid ,short -term and self limiting infection
——>its actually slow and long term
If the patient has antigen (detected by Western Blot Technique) it probably means that the infection is still alive. And if the patient has antibodies (detected by ELISA technique) it probably means that the patient has had the virus at some fairly recent time , but may no longer have an active infection.
Is it true or false?
I think it’s true, since the description of Elisa and WB technique are both true.
The following Microorganism are not Gram stained, except one:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What are the 3 types of diseases of fungi?
- Mycoses
- Mycotoxicores
- Opportunistic mycoses (a fungal infection that usually causes disease in people with weak immune system, even in healthy people)
What statement about action potential listed below is correct:
-It (action potential) can be elicited by the depolarisation of cell membrane
In the nerve cell at rest the:
- Electrical gradient drives K+ into the cell
Na/K+ pumps are used for all of the following function, except for the :
-(not used in) exchange of gases between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
Diffusion of solutes through a membrane with the use of a transport protein is called:
-Faciliated diffusion
Increase of K+ concentration in the fluid around the neuron
-Will lead to depolarization
Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane by:
-Passive diffusion through th lipid bilayer
Which ionic current is largely responsible for the repolarization phase of an action potential in axons?
-outward flux (outflow) of potassium ions
Movement of Na+ ions into the nerve fiber during the upstroke of the potential is:
-primary active transport
In nerve cell at the peak of action potential is :
- Electrical gradient drives K+ into the cell
- Electrical gradient drives Na+ out of the cell
Just remember that in action potential the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron. Like when you are inside negative abut everyone else is positive.
Passive diffusion of active substances:
-it goes down the concentration gradient
The membrane potential of a particular cell is at the k+ equilibrium. The intracellular concentration for k+ is at 150 mmol/L and the extracellular concentration for k+ is at 5 mmol/L
What is the resting potential?
- 97 mv
What compensatory hypertrophy?
- Happens after some injury or disease, example when there are:
1. congenital or acquired cardiac defects —> in case of valvular ostial stenosis
2. arterial hypertension (increase in pulmonary or systemic circulation)
3. lumens of pulmonary blood vessels become narrow
4. when scar after myocardial infraction is formed (A heart attack, myocardial infarction, happens when one or more areas of the heart muscle don’t get enough oxygen.)
What is Restitution?
Restitution: defects of connective tissue, bone, epidermis, mucosa are replaced with tissues identical to the damaged one.
WHAT TERM MEANS “cause of disease”?
-Etiology means cause of disease
