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Gen Bio 115 > FINAL memorization stuff > Flashcards

FINAL memorization stuff Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mullerian mimicry vs batesian mimicry

A

Mullerian: 2 harmful species mimic each other
Batesian: a harmless species mimics a harmful one

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2
Q

fundamental niche vs realized niche

A

fundamental: what organism can accomplish under IDEAL conditions
realized niche: lifestyle and resources organism actually pursues

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3
Q

Intraspecific vs interspecific competition

Competition: need same resource

A

intraspecific: within the same species
interspecific: between different species

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4
Q 
\+/- of each
Competition: 
Predation: 
Herbivory:
Parasitism: 
Mutualism:
A 
Competition: -/-
Predation: +/-
Herbivory: +/-
Parasitism: +/-
Mutualism: +/+
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5
Q

adaptations by prey vs adaptations by predators

A

Predators: claws, fangs, venom, speed, camouflage and mimicry ex. thermoreception by rattlesnakes

Prey: flee, live in groups

a) mechanical defense: ex. porcupines
b) chemical defense: ex. skunks
c) aposematic coloration: warning coloration-ex.-frogs store poison in skin
d) cryptic coloration: camouflage; colors or markings that blend into physical surroundings

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6
Q

species abundance vs species richness

A

species richness: # of DIFFERENT spp that live w/in a community
species abundance: spp evenness/refers to proportion of each sp

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7
Q

relationship between diversity and community stability

A

the higher the diversity in a community: the more productive, make more biomass, better able to withstand environmental stress, more resistant to invasive species

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8
Q

energetic hypothesis

A

only 10%of nrg stored in organic matter of each level transferred to the next level

  • food chain length limited by inefficient nrg transfer
  • predicts food chains should be larger in habitats of higher photosynthesis production
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9
Q

Phenotypic variation vs genetic variation

A

Phenotypic variation: observable differences between individuals

  • sometimes an either/or situation: you have or you don’t
  • sometimes traits on continuum: human height, skin color- influenced by more than one gene

Genetic variation: differences among individuals in gene or nucleotide sequence
Sources of genetic variation:
- point mutation: new allele
- large scale changes in chromosome structure
- rapid reproduction: very short generation time in prokaryotes- more mutations per unit time– more variation
- sexual recombination: source of most genetic variation among organisms that sexually reproduce; unique combination of alleles from parents

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10
Q

conditions required for HW equilibrium

A
  1. no mutation
  2. random mating
  3. no natural selection
  4. very large population (no genetic drift)
  5. no gene flow between populations
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11
Q

SEQ major mechanisms of evolution

A

mutation–>non-random mating–> natural selection–>genetic drift–>gene flow

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12
Q

Mutation as a major mechanism

A
  1. Any heritable change in DNA
  2. random and permanent
  3. One allele → different allele - immediate change to gene pool
  4. Not always Passed on
    a) Somatic cells - not passed to offspring
    b) Very harmful - cleared by natural selection
    c) Could be neutral - no change to protein structure or function
  5. Importance of Mutations
    a) Very little effect on allele frequencies
    b) Especially in large populations
    c) But: Source of genetic variation
    d) → raw material for natural selection - variation
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13
Q

Nonrandom mating as a major mechanism of evolution

A
  1. Random mating: each individual in population equally like to mate with any individual of opposite sex
    a) Random mixing of gametes
  2. Nonrandom mating: no random mixing of gametes
  3. Example: Inbreeding
    a) Mating of closely related individuals - genetically similar
    b) Common when mating based on proximity, especially if low
    mobility
    c) Can change allele frequencies and genotype frequencies - more homozygotes
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14
Q

Natural selection as a major mechanism of evolution

A
  1. Important evolutionary mechanism
  2. HW assumes all individuals have an equal ability to mate and produce
    viable offspring
  3. Almost never true - variation exists, resources limited
  4. → nonrandom changes in allele frequency
  5. Selection decreases genetic diversity
  6. Selection acts on Phenotype
    a) Morphs: contrasting phenotypes (e.g. red and white flower)
    b) Polymorphic: population with 2 or more morphs at detectable frequencies
    • Populations must be polymorphic for natural selection to operate
  7. Modes of Selection
    • 3 types of selection can change phenotype distribution: stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection
  8. Modes of Selection (fig. 23.13)
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15
Q

Stabilizing selection vs. Directional selection vs. Disruptive selection

A

(1) Stabilizing selection
(a) Selects intermediate phenotypes
(b) Common in stable environments
- Example: Human birth weight

(2) Directional Selection
(a) Selection for one phenotypic extreme
(b) Shifts phenotype distribution towards that extreme
- Examples: Antibiotic resistance; Break size in finches

(3) Disruptive Selection
(a) Selection for both phenotypic extremes over
intermediate state, occurs when the environment is
highly variable
- Example: Flu vaccine

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16
Q

Genetic drift as a major mechanism

A
  1. Random changes in allele frequency - chance events
  2. Decreases genetic diversity with population
  3. Examples:
    a) 10 plants, 5 red, 5 white, cow randomly eats 3
    b) Large change in allele frequency
  4. Drift is stronger in smaller populations
  5. Special cases of genetic drift
    a) bottleneck effect
    b) founder effect
17
Q

bottleneck effect vs. founder effect

A

bottleneck effect: size of pop. drastically reduced
- surviving pop. has different allele freq. from ancestral pop.

founder effect: small number of individuals colonize a new habitat
- gene pool of new population different from parent population due to small sample size

18
Q

Biological species concept

A
  1. Group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring
  2. Share common gene pool
  3. Gene flow between populations of same species
  4. No gene flow with different species - reproductive isolation
19
Q

Limitations of biological species concept

A
  1. Extinct/fossil species
  2. Asexual species
  3. Viruses/microbes
  4. But generally useful for extant sexual species
20
Q

morphological species context vs. ecological species concept

A

morphological species concept:

a) species distinguished by shape/structure
b) applies equally well to sexual, asexual, extinct species
c) disagreement over which features are most important

ecological species concept:

a) species define by ecological niche- how individuals interact with living and nonliving parts of the environment
b) works for sexual and asexual organisms, but must be extant

21
Q

prezygotic isolation mechanisms

A
  1. Habitat Isolation
    a) Overlapping geographic range, but live/breed in different areas
    (1) Rarely interact, no opportunities to mate
  2. Temporal Isolation
    a) Overlap, but breed at different times - different times of the year, season, day
    • Example: Dendrobium, genus of orchids - flower on different days, only open for 1 day
  3. Behavioral Isolation
    a) Species-unique behaviors enable mate recognition
  4. Mechanical Isolation
    a) Mating attempted but sexual structures incompatible
  5. Gametic Isolation
    a) Molecular or chemical differences between species - egg and sperm incompatible
    b) Common in aquatic organisms - release gametes into water
    c) But sometimes fertilization occurs between 2 species
22
Q

allopatric speciation vs sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric: Geographic isolation → drift or selection → divergence

  1. Mechanisms of Separation
    a) Geographic barriers
    • Mountain range, river, land, bridge, falling water level
  2. Migration
    a) Small offshoot population → isolation from parent population
    • Example: Crickets in Hawaiian Islands
  3. Chance Events
    a) Random events can isolate sub-populations
    • Example: Storm separates small population - may explain island populations
  4. Experimental Allopatric Speciation
    a) Flies divided into 2 populations → different diets
    b) 40 generations, reintroduced

Sympatric: Reproduction isolation without geographic isolation

  1. Sympatric Speciation Mechanisms
    a) Polyploidy: Having >2 sets of chromosomes → Reproductive isolation
    b) Within single species
    c) Or in hybrids
  2. Sexual Selection
    a) Selection for different traits in males and females
    b) Can become a barrier to reproduction between subpopulations
  3. Habitat Differentiation
    a) Subpopulation uses habitat or resources not used by the rest of population
    b) Can lead to habitat isolation
    c) Example: North American apple maggot fly
    d) Habitat isolation → temporal isolation → postzygotic barriers
  4. Sympatric Speciation Can be Rapid
    a) Example: Japanese snails
    b) Single gene causes shell to spiral in different directions
    c) Genitalia no longer oriented correctly → mechanical barrier
23
Q

SEQ Linnaean classification system

A

each taxonomic level is MORE INCLUSIVE than the one “below” it
- upside down triangle

DKPCOFGS

24
Q

interpret a phylogeny (components)

A
  1. branch points/nodes: divergence of 2 evo lineages from a CA
  2. sister taxa: group of organisms that share immediate CA; closest relatives
  3. root: branch that represents most recent CA of all taxa on tree
  4. basal taxon: lineage that diverges early on in groups history; 1st to diverge from CA
  5. polytomy: branch with >2 descendant groups
25
Q

CC monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups

A

monophyletic: a CA and all of its descendants
paraphyletic: a CA and SOME of its descendants
polyphyletic: two distantly related species but not most recent CA

26
Q

CC homologous and analogous traits

A

Homologous: character inherited from common ancestor; useful for cladistics
Analogous (homoplasies): character is the similar bc of similar use not bc of common ancestry; not useful for cladistics

27
Q

CC exponential and logistic growth models

A

exponential:
1. every member of pop. reproduces at physiological capacity
2. population growing at max
3. rinst=rmax
4. dn/dt=rinstN
5. J shaped curve
ex. bacteria reproduce super fast
6. is exponential growth realistic?
- not indefinitely
- limitations on resources, etc
- some pop. exhibit exponential growth for a short period

Logistic:

  1. considers environmental resistance
  2. growth rate slows as population reaches limit
  3. carrying capacity k
    a) Largest population that can be maintained for an indefinite period by a particular environment
    b) Assumes no change in environment
    c) Accurate assumption? → really bad assumption
  4. S-shaped curve: starts as exponential and slows as N approaches K
  5. dN/dt=rinstN ( ( K-N ) /K )
  6. realistic logistic model:
    a) popK, pop shrinks
28
Q

CC life history strategies

A

semelparous: 1 large reproductive effort
- insects, plants, fish, etc
- done in species where offspring survival rate is low
- highly variable, unpredictable environment
- adults less likely to survive

Iteroparus: reproduce many times

  • done in species where environ is more stable/less variable
  • adults more likely to survive
  • major negative: INTENSE amount of competition in resources
29
Q

main variables of life history

A
  1. age at first reproduction
  2. how often the organism will reproduce
  3. how many offspring per reprod. episode
30
Q

CC density dependent and density independent limits to population size

A

density independent factors: environmental factors that operate without relation to population density

  • usually abiotic elements of nonliving world
    • ex. volcanic eruption, pond drying up
  • birth rate or death rate don’t change with pop. density
  • usually associated with r-selection

Density dependent factors: environmental factors that affect pop. density; changes in pop density

  • biotic factors ex. competition, disease, waste, predation, parasites
    • intraspecific competition
  • negative feedback system
31
Q

r-selected species VS. k-selected species

A

r:

  • small body size
  • early maturity
  • little to no parental care
  • lots of offspring
32
Q

r-selected species VS. k-selected species

A 
r:
- small body size
- early maturity
- little to no parental care
- lots of offspring (high r)
- short life span
environment of r: variable, temporary in stability, unpredictable--> lowers prob. of long-term survival

k:

  • pop. size close to k most of the time
  • relatively stable environment
  • long life span
  • slow development
  • highly competitive
  • defense against predators
33
Q

r-selected species VS. k-selected species

A 
r:
- small body size
- early maturity
- little to no parental care
- lots of offspring (high r)
- short life span
environment of r: variable, temporary in stability, unpredictable--> lowers prob. of long-term survival

k:

  • pop. size close to k most of the time
  • relatively stable environment
  • long life span
  • slow development
  • highly competitive
  • defense against predators
  • parental care
  • low r value (low reproductive rate)

MOST species fluctuate under BOTH r and k selected species

Gen Bio 115 (2 decks)

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