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PNS Final > Final Material > Flashcards

Final Material Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The parasympathetic NS and the sympathetic NS work in concert w/ one another, not in opposition.

A

True

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2
Q

Parasympathetic pre-gang fibers are carried in which cranial nerves?

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2, S3, S4 spinal nerves

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3
Q

In general, CN 3, 7, & 9 will supply structures in the __, whereas CN 10 will supply structures in the _____.

A

Head (3,7,9)

Neck, Thorax, & Abdomen (10)

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4
Q

What structures do S2, S3, S4 supply?

A

Distal digestive system and urogenital system

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5
Q

Where are pre-gang cell bodies located from CN3?

A

Accessory oculomotor n. (Edinger Westphal)

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6
Q

The ciliary ganglion is associated with which parasympathetic CN?

A

CN 3

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7
Q

Post-gang parasymp carried in short ciliary nerves supply which 2 muscles?

A

Ciliaris

Sphincter pupillae

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8
Q

Which eye muscle is used when we are focusing on closer objects?

A

Ciliaris

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9
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies of ____(CN) are located in the superior part of the salivary nucleus?

A

CN 7

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10
Q

At what point does the greater petrosal nerve leave the facial nerve?

A

Geniculate ganglion

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11
Q

What structures will the greater petrosal nerve eventually supply?

A

Lacrimal gl
nasal gl
palatine gl
pharyngeal gl

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12
Q

What nerve combines with the lingual nerve to reach the submandibular ganglion?

A

Chorda tympani

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13
Q

What structures will the chorda tympani supply with parasympathetics?

A

Submandibular gl
Sublingual gl
Oral mucosa
Lingual gl of anterior tongue

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14
Q

T/F: The glossopharyngeal nerve’s pre-gang cell bodies are located in the superior part of the salivary nucleus.

A

False: CN 9-inferior part of salivary n

CN 7-superior part of salivary n

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15
Q

Which glands are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Parotid gland and posterior lingual gland

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16
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies of the Vagus Nerve are located in which nucleus?

A

Posterior nucleus of the Vagus

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17
Q

The Vagus nerve’s pathway to the heart is carried in which nerves?

A

Superior Cardiac N.

Inferior Cardiac N.

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18
Q

The pathway to the heart from the Vagus Nerve reaches which 3 structures?

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle–>subendocardial branches

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19
Q

CN 10 reaches what structures in the lungs?

A

Constriction of bronchial musculature

Increased secretion of bronchial glands

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20
Q

Vagal parasympathetics reach the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus via what nerves?

A

Anterior and Posterior Vagal trunks (note..no longer right and left vagal trunks)

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21
Q

T/F: The posterior vagal trunk supplies the spleen and kidneys.

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: The kidneys motor supply is strictly sympathetic.

A

True

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23
Q

Which plexuses supply the distal part of the digestive tract?

A

Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
Superior Hypogastric Plexus
Inferior Mesenteric Plexus

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24
Q

What is the main target of parasympathetics sent to the urinary bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle–>emptying of bladder

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25
Q

From what cord levels do sympathetics arise from?

A

Lateral horn of T1-L2/L3

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26
Q

Symp preganglionic fibers release ___.

A

Acetylcholine

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27
Q

The sympathetic trunk extends from the ____ ____ ganglion to the ____ ____.

A

Superior cervical ganglion to the ganglion impar

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28
Q

T/F: There is a ganglion associated with every cord level.

A

False: 21-22 ganglion

3 C, 11 T, 4 L, 4 S

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29
Q

T/F: Ganglia in the cervical region lie posterior to the carotid sheath.

A

True

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30
Q

Ganglia are found anterior to the neck of the ribs in the ___ ____; whereas the ganglion are found on the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies in the ___ ___.

A

Upper thoracic; Lower thoracic

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31
Q

The __ cervical ganglion may fuse with the 1st thoracic ganglion to form the ___ ___.

A

Inferior; Stellate ganglion

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32
Q

The upper 4 cervical ganglion fuse to form what ganglion?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

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33
Q

T/F: The superior cervical ganglion is the largest of the cervical sympathetic ganglion.

A

True

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34
Q

Which branches from the superior cervical ganglion travel to the pharynx, larynx, and heart?

A

Medial branches

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35
Q

The anterior branches from the superior cervical ganglion follow which blood vessels?

A

Common carotid arteries

External carotid arteries

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36
Q

T/F: The inferior cervical ganglion is the smallest of the cervical ganglion.

A

False middle=smallest

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37
Q

The middle cervical ganglion is located at the level of __.

A

C6

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38
Q

Thyroid branches to the thyroid and parathyroid glands are from the ___ cervical ganglion.

A

middle

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39
Q

Which ganglion lies at the level of C7 transverse process and neck of the first rib?

A

Inferior cervical ganglion (possibly stellate ganglion if fused)

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40
Q

T/F: All 12 thoracic nerves have a gray and white ramus communicans.

A

True

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41
Q

T/F: The upper five thoracic ganglion supply structures in the thoracic cavity

A

True

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42
Q

How many splanchnic nerves are associated with the lower 7 segments of the thoracic sympathetic trunk?

A

3: Greater, Lesser, and Least

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43
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve is formed by which ganglia, that terminate in the celiac ganglion.

A

Greater=T5-T9/T10

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44
Q

Which splanchnic nerve terminates in the renal plexus and is made up solely of the T12 ganglion?

A

Least splanchnic N

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45
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve is made up from which ganglia and ends as which ganglion?

A

T9-T10/T11; aorticorenal ganglion

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46
Q

Which lumbar nerves have white ramus communicans and which have gray ramus communicans?

A

White-L1, L2

Gray-L1-L5

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47
Q

Pre-gang, symp fibers to head and neck come from where and synapse where?

A

T1 and T2 nerves; synapse in superior cervical ganglion

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48
Q

Sympathetics to the heart typically involve which thoracic nerves?

A

T1-T4

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49
Q

T2-T4 nerves carrying sympathetics to the lungs will synapse in which ganglia?

A

Second, third, and fourth thoracic ganglia

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50
Q

T/F: Upper extremity symp carried in T3-T9; whereas lower extremity symp carried in T10-T12.

A

False: Upper ex: T3-T7

Lower ex: T10-L2

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51
Q

T5-T12 levels will carry sympathetics to where?

A

Abdominal viscera

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52
Q

Pelvic viscera symp information comes from what thoracic levels?

A

T10-L2 (same as lower extremity)

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53
Q

The superior cervical ganglion sends branches to which cranial nerves?

A

CN 9, 10, 12

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54
Q

T/F: The internal carotid nerve is a branch from the superior cervical ganglion that will eventually divide into lateral and medial branches.

A

True

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55
Q

The internal carotid plexus is formed by which nerve: lateral internal carotid or medial internal carotid?

A

Lat–internal carotid plexus

Med–cavernous plexus

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56
Q

What structures do symp traveling from the medial internal carotid nerve through the ciliary ganglion supply?

A

Ciliaris
Dilator pupillae
Tarsus muscles of the upper eyelid

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57
Q

Branches accompanying the inferior thyroid artery supplying the thyroid gland originate from which cervical ganglion?

A

Middle cervical ganglion

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58
Q

T/F: Laryngopharyngeal branches are from the superior cervical ganglion whereas cardiac branches come from each of the cervical ganglia.

A

True

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59
Q

Which thoracic ganglia send post-gang symp fibers to the thoracic aorta?

A

T1-T5 ganglia

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60
Q

What is the main contribution to the esophageal plexus?

A

Vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves; symp from the greater splanchnic nerves

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61
Q

What are the 3 contributions to the thoracic aortic plexus?

A
  1. Vagus n
  2. Greater splanchnic n
  3. T1-T5 symp ganglia
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62
Q

T/F: Parasymp stimulation from the pulmonary plexus results in bronchial dilation

A

False: …bronchial constriction

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63
Q

What is the largest prevertebral plexus?

A

Celiac plexus

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64
Q

What are the 3 pairs of well-defined ganglia associated with the celiac plexus?

A
  1. celiac
  2. superior mesenteric
  3. aorticorenal
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65
Q

Which artery does the suprarenal plexus accompany?

A

Middle suprarenal artery

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66
Q

What is the 2nd largest prevertebral plexus?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus

67
Q

The eyes are derived from which of the following: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

68
Q

What part of the eye is mesodermally-derived?

A

Fibrous coats (sclera and cornea)

69
Q

T/F: If pressure increases in the eye, the sclera and cornea will bulge.

A

False: sclera retains shape but cornea may bulge

70
Q

Where do extraocular muscles attach?

A

Sclera

71
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The transition point between sclera and cornea

72
Q

T/F: The primary refractory part of the eyeball is the cornea, not the lens.

A

True

73
Q

Which layer of the cornea is continuous with the conjunctiva?

A

Corneal epithelium

74
Q

T/F: The endothelium is the largest part of the cornea.

A

False: Substantia propria is largest

75
Q

T/F: The vascular tunic consists of the choroid, the lens, and the iris

A

False: …choroid, ciliary body, and iris

76
Q

Where is the only spot that the choroid is firmly attached to the sclera?

A

Where the optic nerve penetrates the sclera

77
Q

What is the main purpose of the ciliary body?

A

Suspend the lens

78
Q

T/F: The ciliary body produces the aqueous fluid.

A

True

79
Q

T/F: The ciliary muscle contracts to become more concave, allowing for near vision.

A

False: convEx is nEar…concAve is fAr

80
Q

What is the colored part of the eye that divides the anterior segment into anterior and posterior chambers?

A

Iris

81
Q

Which 2 muscles control the size of the pupil?

A 
Sphincter pupillae (parasymp)
Dilator pupillae (symp)
82
Q

Which tunic of the eye is considered to be a specialized portion of the brain?

A

Nervous tunic or retina

83
Q

Which layer of the retina contains rods and cone cell bodies?

A

Outer nuclear layer

84
Q

T/F: Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells at the outer plexiform layer.

A

False: …at the inner plexiform layer

85
Q

Which layer of the retina is the glial boundary separating the retina from the vitreous body?

A

Inner limiting membrane

86
Q

Where do ganglionic cells synapse?

A

Lateral geniculate body

87
Q

What is the spot in the retina with no photoreceptors, where major blood vessels enter the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

88
Q

_ ___ is the middle of the macula lutea and also is the area of clearest vision.

A

Fovea centralis

89
Q

T/F: Only cones are found in the macula lutea.

A

True

90
Q

__ __ __ is the site where aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber of the eye.

A

Scleral venous sinus

91
Q

If the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked, aqueous humor can accumulate leading to increased pressure causing which condition?

A

Glaucoma

92
Q

T/F: The lens of the eye is avascular.

A

True

93
Q

What happens to the lens to cause cataracts?

A

Lens becomes less transparent

94
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Lens getting harder with age, making near vision difficult

95
Q

What gelatinous substance fills the posterior segent?

A

Vitreous body

96
Q

What is the structure that connects the optic nerve to the posterior aspect of the lens and has no purpose in adults?

A

Hyaloid canal

97
Q

What structure did the hyaloid canal contain in a fetus?

A

fetal hyaloid artery

98
Q

What 4 structures make up the lacrimal apparatus?

A
  1. Lacrimal glands
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Lacrimal sac
  4. Nasolacrimal duct
99
Q

What structure drains tears into the lacrimal sac and can be closed in young infants?

A

Lacrimal ducts

100
Q

Where will the nasolacrimal duct drain tears into?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

101
Q

What sort of substance do tarsal glands secrete?

A

Oily substance to coat tears and prevent them from evaporating

102
Q

All arteries to the eyeball are branches of the ____ artery.

A

Ophthalmic

103
Q

How many short ciliary arteries are they and where do they go?

A

6-12 arteries forming a ring around the optic nerve

104
Q

Where do the anterior ciliary arteries run?

A

Over and under the eyeball

105
Q

What is the only artery to supply the retina?

A

Central retinal artery

106
Q

Which artery(ies) of the eye do not have a venous counterpart?

A

Short ciliary arteries

107
Q

Sensory for the ciliary body, iris, and cornea travel via what nerves?

A

Long ciliary nerves, (the rest of the eyeball’s sensory travels in the short ciliary nerves)

108
Q

Post-gang symp from the ___ plexus pass thru the ___ ganglion to reach the ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles.

A

Cavernous plexus; ciliary ganglion

109
Q

Where do post-gang parasymp fibers heading to the ciliaris and sphincter pupillae originate from?

A

Ciliary ganglion

110
Q

What is the placode?

A

Ectodermal thickening on the lateral head of an embryo

111
Q

Which comes first the auditory pit or the auditory vesicle?

A

Pit–>vesicle–>membranous inner ear

112
Q

What 2 structures make up the external ear?

A

Auricle and External acoustic meatus

113
Q

T/F: The 3 extrinsic muscles of the ear are the anterior, posterior and inferior auricular muscles.

A

False: anterior, posterior and SUPERIOR auricular muscles

114
Q

Modified sweat glands within the external acoustic meatus produces what?

A

Cerumen

115
Q

How would one perform an otoscopic examination?

A

Pulling lobule out, down and forward

116
Q

Which CN does not innervate the external ear somehow: CN 2, 5, 7, 10?

A

CN 2 (5-sensory, 7-motor, 10-sensory)

117
Q

Sympathetics to the external ear come from which cervical ganglion?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

118
Q

What is the space between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear?

A

Middle ear

119
Q

T/F: The 3 small bones of the middle ear are the incus, malleus, and the stapes.

A

True

120
Q

What are the 2 muscles found within the middle ear?

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

121
Q

The roof of the middle ear is formed by the petrous portion of which bone?

A

Temporal bone

122
Q

What thin layer of bone separates the middle ear from the internal jugular vein?

A

Floor or Jugular wall

123
Q

In which structure does the tympanic branch of CN 9 pass through?

A

Floor or Jugular wall

124
Q

What is the pyramidal eminence?

A

Opening in the posterior wall of the middle ear which allows for the passing of the tendon of the stapedius muscle

125
Q

What 3 openings are present in the carotid wall?

A
  1. Opening for pharyngotympanic tube
  2. Tensor tympani passage opening
  3. Chorda tympani exit opening
126
Q

What is the boundary between the middle ear and the inner ear?

A

Labyrinthine or medial wall

127
Q

The ___ is the impression made by the cochlea found on the medial wall.

A

Promontory

128
Q

Which of the middle ear bones is the largest?

A

Malleous

129
Q

What is the order of bones from inner ear to outer ear?

A

Stapes, incus, malleus

130
Q

T/F: The malleus is in contact with the tympanic membrane and the stapes is in contact with the oval window.

A

True

131
Q

What nerve supplies sensory from the middle ear?

A

Tympanic n of CN 9

132
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the inner ear?

A

Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

133
Q

The membranous labyrinth is bathed in what?

A

Perilymph

134
Q

What are the 3 semicircular canals orientation?

A

Anterior, posterior, and lateral

135
Q

What fluid is found within the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

136
Q

What is the duct that connects the saccule and the utricle?

A

Utricosaccular duct

137
Q

The bony part of the cochlea consists of a tube coiled around what bony structure?

A

Modiolus

138
Q

What are the 3 channels within the cochlea?

A
  1. Scala vestibuli
  2. Cochlear duct
  3. Scala tympani
139
Q

What is the point at which the scala vestibuli communicates with the scala tympani?

A

Helicotrema

140
Q

What forms the base of the scala vestibuli?

A

Oval window

141
Q

The round window is the base of what structure?

A

Scala tympani

142
Q

How is the cochlear duct anchored to the outer wall of the cochlea?

A

Spiral ligament

143
Q

The vestibular membrane separates which two structures?

A

Scala vestibuli above from the cochlear duct below

144
Q

_____ is the membrane that separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?

A

Basilar or spiral membrane

145
Q

Where do you find the spiral organ?

A

Floor of the cochlear duct, attached to the basilar membrane, covered by the tectorial membrane

146
Q

What is the spiral organ sensitive to?

A

Frequency and amplitude of sound waves

147
Q

Where does most of the amplification occur: the ossicles or the oval window?

A

The oval window 17x

Not the ossicles…only 1.2x

148
Q

Information received by the receptors in the spiral organ is transmitted to the ___ nerve.

A

Cochlear nerve

149
Q

What makes up the vestibular labyrinth?

A 
Two sacs (saccule and utricle)
Three semicircular ducts
150
Q

The scala vestibuli is filled w/ ___ and the cochlear duct is filled with ___.

A

s. vestibule: perilymph

cochlear duct: endolymph

151
Q

What do all parts of the vestibular labyrinth contain?

A

Endolymph

152
Q

What are maculae?

A

Hairlike sense organs found within the utricle and saccule

153
Q

What are the maculae bathed in?

A

Endolymph

154
Q

T/F: The utricle detects centrifugal and vertical accelerations

A

True

155
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

Linear accelerations

156
Q

What are crista?

A

Sense organs in the ampulla of each semicircular duct that are sensitive to acceleration, (particularly rotational acceleration)

157
Q

T/F: The superior branch carries information from the anterior and posterior semicircular ducts.

A

False: Superior –anterior and lateral sc ducts & utricle

Inferior –posterior sc duct and saccule

158
Q

Which branch carrying info from the vestibular labyrinth is larger: the superior or inferior?

A

Superior

159
Q

Sympathetics to the labyrinth come from which 2 plexuses?

A

Cavernous and/or Internal Carotid Plexuses

160
Q

Where are the cell bodies for axons of the cochlear nerve?

A

Spiral ganglion

161
Q

Where are cell bodies for axons of the vestibular nerve?

A

Vestibular ganglion

162
Q

Where is information in the vestibular nerve carried to?

A

Vestibular nuclear complex of M.O

Cerebellum

163
Q

Where does the cochlear nerve synapse?

A 
Superior olivary nucleus (M.O.)
Trapezoid nucleus (M.O.)
164
Q

Information from the lateral lemniscus will travel where?

A

Inferior colliculi and Medial geniculate bodies

–> Temporal lobe (B.A. 41 and 42)

PNS Final (1 decks)

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