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Ecol 419 > Final material > Flashcards

Final material Flashcards

1
Q

Week 9 What are 4 natural ecological disturbances? What are four anthropogenic ecological disturbances?

A

Natural- Wildfires, Floods, inwd storms, drought
Anthropogenic- Invasive species, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, pollution

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2
Q

Are daily freeze thaw cycles small scale events?

A

yes

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3
Q

Are glaciations small scale events?

A

no, large scale events

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4
Q

are animal disturbances small scale events?

A

yes

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5
Q

Define disturbance?

A

Is a relatively discrete event in time that changes the structure of poplns, communities, and ecosystems, which causes changes in resource availability or the physical environment

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6
Q

What’s the difference between novel disturbances and frequent ones?

A

novel rare (for ex invasive species), frequent are casual

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7
Q

What is resilicience?

A

properties of ecosystem to enhance their capacity to sustain structure and function

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8
Q

What is the definition of ecological succession?

A

is the process of regrowth following a perturbation that open up a large space

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9
Q

Explain primary succession?

A

is when you just have rock which then goes to non living to forest community.
The pioneer stage is dominated by lichens, the intermediate stages are dominated by grasses and shrubs that are shade intolerant, and the climax community has shade tolerant trees

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10
Q

Explain secondary succession?

A

You start off with some degree of soil, get event like natural fire, and then get pioneer species, intermediate species, and climax community at a much faster time scale than primary succession.

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11
Q

What happens to the soil properties during succession? What do we see a increase in?

A

soil depth
nitrogen
organic matter ‘moisture retention

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12
Q

What happens to the soil properties during succession? What do we see a decrease in?

A

see decrease in pH and phosphorus

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13
Q

What ecosystem changes do we see during succession? What is increased?

A

biomass
primary production
nutrient retention

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14
Q

What are the three mechanisms that drive ecological succession? describe them

A

Facilitation (one species modifies the area which then allows other species to live there)
Inhibition (species modifies the area so that later species are inhibited through competition, parasitism, predation
Tolerance (species live in the area under stress and don’t effect settlement of other species)

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15
Q

What are the four phases of species in successional stages? Give examples

A

Establishment phase (ex grasses)
Early succession phase (ex shrubs)
transition phase-mid succesion phase (young forest, pines)
climax (mature forest)

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16
Q

What is a regime shift?

A

when the resilience of an ecosystem is exceeded, ie the boundaries and ecosystem condition are exceeded

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17
Q

High resilience ecosystems have what kind of diversity?

A

high diversity

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18
Q

When did Alberta experience an extreme fire season?

A

in 2019

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19
Q

What are the adaptations trees have to fire? List the four

A

serotinous cones (need heat to release seeds)
fire resistant bark
Crown sprouting (part of crown burns and causes dormant buds to grow)
Basal sprouting (subtearran buds regrow)

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20
Q

What are the 4 benefits of forest fires?

A

They promote plant diversity
It controls competition (by removiing dominating species)
it thermally prune slower limbs (good because they don’t acc provide energy, can’t get sunlight cause of shade.
Controls insect and disease by wiping the slate clean

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21
Q

What five things are needed for fire to be enacted as a management practice?

A

Low intensity fires
Supporting plants for food and basketry
Clearing out underbrush (reduces fire fuel)
facilitate shunting
knowing the history of fire suppression

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22
Q

What four things do forest fires get described by?

A

type (ground, surface, crown fire (which are hot and travel from surface and have intense long lasting damage)
frequency (more litter result in more frequency)
size
Intensity

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23
Q

How is climate change impacting fires?

A

It’s increasing wildfire season, increasing wild fires risk by driving up temps and making forests drier, and burning more land

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24
Q

Week 10 What is landscape heterogeneity?

A

Is patchiness (is areas that are similar), that are spatially complex

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25
Q

What is landscape heterogeneity formed by(four factors)?

A

Its formed in response to
topography (geologic processes that shape the dimensions of the landscape, can be water available at the tops of peaks versus bottom or soil)
environmental gradients (certain organisms can live in certain environmental conditions that forms a landscape patch)
disturbance (fire or anthropogenic disturbances affects landscape)
biological interactions (affects all other components)

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26
Q

What are the two levels we look at in landscape heterogeneity?

A

Habitat level (focuses on a set of conditions, looking at species that make use of those habitat)
Landscape level (looks at a variety of environmental conditions)

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27
Q

Whatare the ranges of environmental conditions impact on landscape heterogeneity?

A

If we have a set of conditions that work for most organisms you have optimal range, zones in which you still have organism outside of the optimal range do exist but the organisms have more physiological stress (physiological stress zone)
We can have zones in which the environmental conditions are too harsh and that results in an intolerance, zone, organisms can’t live there, this then effects which organisms we see where and what type of patchiness we see

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28
Q

What effects the optimal ranges of environmental conditions?

A

adaptation and compition

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29
Q

How does wind impact landscape heterogeneity? Use an example?

A

In areas with thick vegetation, air will move faster as wind moves through forest so open field has slow movement of air, simple structure has somewhat faster, primary forest has fastest

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30
Q

How does light impact landscape heterogeneity? Use an example?

A

If there’s shade in certain areas versus others that creates a temperature gradient which influences water availability as well which influences landscape heterogeneity

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31
Q

How does diurnal variation impact landscape heterogeneity?

A

Influences temperature, ocean movement, microhabitats which impact landscape heterogeneity

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32
Q

Why does landscape space matter?

A

Need it for migration, movement, and dispersal

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33
Q

What is spatial structure?

A

is focused on scale incorporates grain size (resolution, a coarse resolution of landscape will cause you detect changes at large scales) and extent (size of patch)

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34
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

Is series of patches dissected by other things

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35
Q

What are edge effects? What are they caused by?

A

Edge effects are changes in biodiversity along the boundary of a habitat (to make it in a patch or on the edge of a patch)caused by fragmentation. More fragmentation equals more edge effect.

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36
Q

What are edge species? Where do we find them?

A

For example deer, they want to graze low lying grassy areas but also tuck into forests

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37
Q

What are interior species?

A

Species that need space to forage, or escape predators, they prefer staying inside the patch

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38
Q

What three things do edge effects impact?

A

structure, function, and biodiversity, but they don’t have always negative or positive effects for all species

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39
Q

Does habitat loss impact biodiversity?

A

yes negatively

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40
Q

What are the 6 impacts of habitat fragmentation?

A

Increased edges (as you increase perimeter area, skews community to be more edge populations)
Human-wildlife interactions (vehicular interactions, or domesticated areas, or increased patches you have to go through to forage food which leads them to be more exposed o predators)
Genetic inbreeding-isolating leads to this
exposure
disease
invasive species (colonizing)

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41
Q

What is a corddior?

A

an area that has been opened (for exmple powerline, pipeline, roads) these create habitat fragmentation and have edge effects on either side.

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42
Q

How do we minimize edge effects?

A

Have stepping zones- for example shrubs that slowly increase (stops sudden wind profile) or tiny patches to allow species to traverse wider spaces

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43
Q

What are negative effects of corridors?

A

Can corral animals and make them more vulnerable to predators. For ex: pipeline corridors- have taller shrub cover, this draws in prey which draws in predator- makes the risk for prey species like caribou higher

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44
Q

How can corridors be used as a conservation tool?

A

They can be protected routes that let wildlife move between habitats, it’s designed for the specific species behaviour, safety, and needs, and can be under or overpasses

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45
Q

What is the arguement against corridors?

A

That it creates a buffet for predators, found that it doesn’t happen

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46
Q

What is the yellowstone to yukon project?

A

building patchwork between these two areas to create path for animals, is a project that shows abiotic factor impact biology which impacts landscape and then impacts biology

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47
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

Benefits provided by natural systems that contribute to our well being and health

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48
Q

What are some examples of ecosystem services? Why do we put a value to it?

A

pollination, wetland habitats that provide water, timber supply. Value it to show that they give more worth than maybe the anthropegenic projects that need to built on them

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49
Q

How does habitat fragmentation affect landscape level temperatures (abiotic factors)?

A

Yes, we know this through hypothesis called the edge warming hypothesis and vegetation breeze hypothesis

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50
Q

What is the edge-warming hypothesis?

A

Where the edges are warmer than the interior because they have more solar radiation and not shade within the patch

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51
Q

What is the vegetation breeze hypothesis?

A

There’s differences in evapotranspiration due to shade and stuff, makes movement of air through patch go up which creates precipitation which causes breeze and says there is less warming on patches.

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52
Q

What hypotheses is correct, edge warming or breeze?

A

Albedo and evapotranspiration determine the Land surface temperature which can go up and down depending on the fragmentation of the patches, on a more fragmentation patch level the evapotranspiration dominates- see vegetation breeze hypothesis dominant.

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53
Q

Week 11 Anthropogenic Impacts

A
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54
Q

What are the 5 climateimpacts of warming?

A

experience heatwaves (consecutive days with very high temps) or droughts (lack of ppt)
Heavy ppt events
Dust storms (wind picks up fine particles)
Desertification (ecosystem transfer to a desert type)
Shifting climate zones
- expansion of arid zones and contraction of polar areas

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55
Q

What do the 5 impacts of warming ultimately do to feedback loops?

A

Throws them off, disrupts them

56
Q

Land use contributes how much to anthropogenic GHG emission?

A

25%

57
Q

What are the sources of net anthrophogenic green house gas emission?

A

CO2 from deforestation at 13%
CH4 from rice and ruminant livestock 44%
N20 from fertilizer use gives 81%

58
Q

What is bigger goals in controlling GHG emissions(4 goals)?

A

Reduce them, enhance carbon uptake, improve food security, and promote globally equitable diets

59
Q

Describe the reservoirs, fluxes (long term and short term) of the water cycle?

A

Reservoirs- Sea, groundwater, glaciers ice caps and snow, permafrost, biological water
Fluxes- evaporationtranspiration, precipitation (short term, effected by seasonal variation but a lot more available)
groundwater movement and fluxes in deep ocean (reliable, operates at long time cycle)

60
Q

The water cycle largely resides in what?

A

The ocean

61
Q

How do warming of air impact the water cycle? How do land use changes impact soil moisture (like going from rainforest to pasture)?

A

Warm air holds more moisture which leads to more evaporation, precipitation and a feedback loop where wet areas become wetter and dry areas become dryer.
If you turn rainforest to pasture you get less sunlight absorbed, these land use changes can cause soil moisture content to decrease as it gets warmer and is important for land management (irrigate versus not irrigate)

62
Q

What are the fast processes exchanged with in the carbon cycle? What about the slow processes?

A

When carbon gets exchanged with atmosphere and ocean, vegetation, soils, and freshwater.
Weathering of rocks and oceanic sediments will be slow fluxes of carbon

63
Q

What are the 10 major pools in the carbon cycle? What are the 10 fluxes? Draw it out refer to slide 8 in week 11 1

A

Deep water
Surface water
Sediments
atmosphere
rocks
wetland soil
soils
permafrost
vegetation
biota
Fluxes are
ocean flux
fires
cement
fossil fuels
land use change
land sink
soil erosion
heterotrophic respiration
weathering
river outgassing

64
Q

What is the role of the global carbon cycle? What effects can it do?

A

role as sink as increased CO2 results in a prolonged growing season and forest regrowth (increased forest cover)
This can cause cooling or warming effects, more forest cover in tropical regions results in cooling from enhanced evapotranspiration
increased forest cover in boreal regions results in warming due to reduced albedo

65
Q

How does the global methane cycle effect the atmosphere? How long does it stay, what is it controlled by, how efficient is it?

A

Methane absorbs more infrared radiation then carbon dioxide so it’s more efficient, but gets broken down fast so it doesn’t stay in atmosphere as long as CO2, is produced under anaerobic conditions, the global methane cycle is controlled by geologic, pyrogenic and biogenic sources (for example weathering of methane reserves, burning (wildfires), (biogenic sources breakdown of materials).

66
Q

What removes most of the anthropogenic atmosphere methane?

A

atmospheric reactions remove 95% of anthropogenic ch4, it doesn’t stay in as long as carbon

67
Q

What biogenic contributer is large to atmospheric methane?

A

Methane released from livestock is a large contributor to methane release is a biogenic source

68
Q

Methane can’t be broken down unless it’s what?

A

released

69
Q

Land provides the basis of what?

A

the basis for human livelihoods and well being

70
Q

What are the lands things that it gives us?

A

Primary productivity, supply of food, freshwater, and ecosystem services

71
Q

What are the four main pressures on land ecosystems (what causes degradation of them)?

A

conversion of natural ecosystem to managed land, urbanization, pollution, and climate change

72
Q

How does the global trend of population growth impact land ecosystems (what increases)?
Furthermore, what are the consequences of intensified land and freshwater use?

A

Global population growth impacts land ecosystems, cropland increases, and nitrogen fertilizer increases, also intensification of land and freshwater use result in the declining biodiversity, loss of natural ecosystems, and increase in GHG emissions

73
Q

Week 11 part 2

A
74
Q

What is the major pool in the nitrogen cycle?

A

atmosphere

75
Q

How is nitrogen brought down from it’s large pool?

A

Through biological processes, make nitrogen available

76
Q

How is nitrogen cycled once it’s made it’s way into biological systems?

A

It becomes tightly cycled in the terrestrial ecosystem

77
Q

In general what produces more nitrogen? Human or natural production?

A

Human production

78
Q

How is N2O produced (naturally and anthropgenically)?

A

nitrification and denitrification
is formed during fertilizer production

79
Q

How much more effective of a GHG is N2O compared to CO2?

A

is 200x more effective

80
Q

What kind of air particles do N2O form?What does this interact with in the atmosphere?

A

It forms aerosols that undergoes reactions in the atmosphere and interacts with ozone

81
Q

What has more nitrogen transfer terrestrial to aquatic or vice versa?

A

You get increased nitrogen transfer from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems

82
Q

What three ways is nitrous oxide released?

A

Agriculture
- is released through fertilizer and breakdown of N in manure and urine (so live stock increased, increases this)
Transportation
-Burning of fossil fuels (cars, trusks)
Industry
-Byproduct of synthetic fertilizer production

83
Q

What three primary GHG contribute to climate change?

A

CO2, N2O, CH4

84
Q

Is the nitrogen cycle and carbon cycle coupled?

A

yes

85
Q

What happens to carbon cycle if nitrogen is limited?

A

You have reduced plant photosynthesis and growth
Plants grow more roots and less shoots (more brown ecosystem and less green)
soil microbes metabolize soil carbon slowly

86
Q

What happens to carbon cycle if nitrogen is surplus?

A

Plant growth is enhanced
Plants grow more shoots and leaves, less roots
Microbes may metabolize soil carbon more quickly, releasing co2 to atmosphere

87
Q

How has climate change shifted species ranges?

A

They’ve shifted species ranges to higher latitude/elevation (as it’s colder)
- Upward shift in forest/alpine tundra ecotone
-Northward shift in deciduous/boreal forest ecotones
(has more forests and is colder)

88
Q

How has climate change shifted phenological events?

A

It shifts spring phenological events earlier because it becomes warmer earlier

89
Q

How does climate change effect wildlife diseases?

A

Increases them

90
Q

How does climate change effect population extinction?

A

Leads to local population extinctions

91
Q

How does climate change effect wildlife and drought?

A

Increased area burned by wildlife, more drought

92
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems remove how much carbon and emit how much?

A

They remove 2.5-4.3 Gt per year and emit 1.6 Gt per year

93
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems are a vital what?

A

A vital global ecosystem service

94
Q

What types of terrestrial ecosystems prevent release of stored carbon?

A

Tropical rainforests, artic permafrost, peatlands

95
Q

How many Gt of carbon is in the vegetation, permafrost, and soil

A

3500

96
Q

What regarding the ecosystem can shift terrestrial ecosystems from carbon sinks to carbon sources?

A

Deforestation, thawing of permafrost, drying/draining/burning peatlands (as they play large role in housing carbon)

97
Q

How can climate change exacerbate land degradation processes? What 9 things does it increase and how sure are we that they do?

A

Rainfall intensity (likely)
Flooding (medium confidence)
Drought frequency and severity (medium confidence)
Heat stress (certain)
Dry spells (certain)
Wind
Sea level rise (very likely)
Permafrost thaw (very likely)
Coastal erosion

98
Q

What is desertification?

A

Is described as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub humid areas

99
Q

What causes desertification?

A

It’s caused by increased air temp which causes evapotranspiration and decreased precipitation

100
Q

About how much of land area is affected by desertification?

A

25% of total land area

101
Q

What does desertification result in in terms of rangeland and cropland, and what does that then result in in terms of finance?

A

Results in degradation of rangeland and cropland, this results in widespread poverty

102
Q

How does climate change effect food security?
How does it impacts on crop yields, animal growth rates, and the spread of agricultural pests and diseases affect the stability of global food production and trade, and what strategies can be implemented to mitigate these effects while ensuring sustainable access to food resources?

A

individual crop yields are impacted on latitude (maize and wheat decrease with increasing temps in low lat regions, maize and beats and wheat than increase in high lat regions), animal growth rates are effected by climate change, agricultural pests and diseases are caused by climate change (the range of species that shift can cause things we don’t want to shift around), can expedite food lost and waste (at 25-30%)
the variability in food production due to climate change causes increased variation in prices and yield, trade buffers this instability this can displace effects of overconsumption and impact flow of water and nutrients

103
Q

What’s an example of food trade buffering climate change impacts on food production?

A

Taking tropical fish and farming them and then feeding them to BC salmon

104
Q

What do we want to limit warming to? How do we do this?

A

1.5 degrees celsius, reduce emissions but also have nature based solutions

105
Q

What are nature based solutions?

A

These are enhancing processes we already have and maximizes efficiency of mitigating emissions or carbons storage

106
Q

What are the two types of solutions that we have? What do they impact?

A

Landscape solutions
Soil-vegetation solutions
They impact ecosystem services to reach our sustainable goals

107
Q

To be effective what 3 things does nature based solutions require?

A

requires deep understanding of nature’s functioning and processes
Needs less maintenance (want it to be sustained over long time spans)
require long time spans

108
Q

What kind of approach do nature based solutions require?

A

A system approach- look at the environment holistically

109
Q

What kind of sectors of sustainable development goals (ecosystem services) do nature based solutions incorporate? What do they minimize? What do they maximize?

A

Maximize regulating, provisioning, and cultural
Minimize tradeoffs for things such as water supply reduction, wildfire risk, pollution, and reduced yields

110
Q

What is the precautionary principle?

A

Lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used a reason for postponing cost effective means to prevent environmental deterioration

111
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Meet human development goals without compromising future generations

112
Q

Week 12 part 1

A
113
Q

What are tradeoffs?

A

decisions between environmental, social, and economic activities

114
Q

What are the four components of economic frameworks of ecosystems? What do we want them to look like?

A

Natural capital (renewable and non-renewable resources)
Built capital (tools, machines, buildings)
Human capital (people’s health, knowledge, skills, motivation)
social capital (capacity to act collectively)
-Want a higher overall wealth of the system

115
Q

What are the three ecosystem services?

A

Provisioning services (growth of food, wood, fuel)
Regulatory services (are things like climate regulation, water quality control, disease control)
Cultural services (is recreation, tourism, aesthetic/spiritual benefits)

116
Q

If we want to maintain ecosystem processes what do we have to about the ecosystem services?

A

Manage them

117
Q

If monetary value always wins over non monetary benefit what kind of benefit will we get?

A

Short term benefits

118
Q

The valuation of ecosystem services is important why?

A

To show that loss of ecosystem services is not free, if we value money we get short term benefit

119
Q

Ecosystem management aims to sustain/enhance what?

A

sustain/enhance functional properties of ecosystems such as:
soil resources
Biodiversity
Disturbance regime

120
Q

What are the four state factors in social processes? What are social processes impacted by?

A

The four state factors are physical infrastructure, institutions, Citizens, businesses
These are all impacted by ecosystem processes

121
Q

Describe the functional property of ecosystems called soil resources?

A

Soil resources are key variables that regulate ecosystem processes (provide important nutrients to plants and support higher trophic levels)

122
Q

What 5 things effects the quantity of soil resources? How?

A

Weathering/deposition- increases soil resources
erosion- causes loss
plant canopy- increases soil resources by due to reduced precipitation of soil under the canopy
litter layer- if high increases soil resources, if removed increases erosion of soil resources
Decomposition- breaks down litter layer and increases soil resources

123
Q

What ( 5 things) can biodiversity do for ecosystems?

A

-Helps ecosystems sustain a wide range of ecosystem processes
-Can minimize magnitude and extent of novel changes (disturbances to environments)
-Can support high production
-Resistance to invasive species (becauses there’s less niches to exploit and resources)
Pest control- makes system resistant to this as there’s natural predators which can control the pest outbreak

124
Q

What is the disturbance regime and what does it do for ecosystems?

A

Shapes structure and functioning of ecosystems, promotes landscape diverisity and fosters resilience in a system

125
Q

What 4 things can we make forest management do that supports ecosystem services?

A

Have nutrient supply rates to support rapid growth
have the harvest rates be equal to the rate og regeneration
have species diversity maintained
have logged patches

126
Q

What’s the difference between steady state resource management and ecosystem stewardship?

A

stewardship more holistic, focuses on goals, sustaining socioecological systems, delivery of ecosystem services, embraces uncertainty, gets stakeholders involved, uses disturbance as feedback loops, and concerns itself with biodiversity, well being and adaptive capacity

127
Q

Science needs to be salient means what?

A

that we provide the science and worh with the people using it in real time

128
Q

What’s the difference between single and double loop learning?

A

in single loop you look at adjusting desires in double loop you reevaluate the entire model your looking at and alter policies

129
Q

How is soil carbon becoming available into the atmosphere?

A

through disturbance, decomposition and eventual release

130
Q

How do we reduce soil carbon becoming available in the atmosphere?

A

Improve retention of water, nutrients
▪ Promote growth and microbial diversity
▪ Biochar doesn’t break down as much as other organic matter, lower decomposition
rate, holds carbon

131
Q

What’s the tradeoff of biochar?

A

When it mixes into the soil it creates tillage

132
Q

How do forest carbon sinks shift to sources of carbon? What are barriers associated with it?

A

They have pests that affect soil health and forest fires that shift sink to source

133
Q

How do we mediate forest carbon sinks?

A

reduce slash burning and using the residual material (wood fibre) [instead of burning it]
for bioenergy

134
Q

What are barriers and solutions to accessing lower carbon power options?

A

Expensive retrofits
○ Grants and loans for energy efficient improvements of older buildings
○ Fluctuations of demand, rolling blackouts to manage high demand
○ Building codes
○ Biomass energy with CCS

135
Q

What are the barriers and solutions to mitigating transportation fuels carbon output?

A

Barriers: lack of infrastructure
* Transition pathways: build corridor of cost-effective H2 suppl

136
Q

What are the barriers and solutions to mitigating bio-products carbon output?

A

Barriers: many alternative fuels not better on emissions
* Solutions: green cement (replaces cement with other components) & cure mix with carbon
dioxide

Ecol 419 (3 decks)

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